Polycrystalline CVD Diamond Films with High Electrical Mobility

Advances in the deposition process have led to dramatic improvements in the electronic properties of polycrystalline diamond films produced by chemical vapor deposition (CVD). It is now possible to produce CVD diamond with properties approaching those of IIa natural diamonds. The combined electron-hole mobility, as measured by transient photoconductivity at low carrier density, is 4000 square centimeters per volt per second at an electric field of 200 volts per centimeter and is comparable to that of the best single-crystal IIa natural diamonds. Carrier lifetimes measured under the same conditions are 150 picoseconds for the CVD diamond and 300 picoseconds for single-crystal diamond. The collection distance at a field of 10 kilovolts per centimeter is 15 micrometers for the CVD diamond as compared to 30 micrometers for natural diamonds. The electrical qualities appear to correlate with the width of the diamond Raman peak. Also, although the collection distance at the highest fields in the films nearly equals the average grain size, there is no evidence of deleterious grain boundary effects.     

Diamond genesis,seismic structure,and evolution of the Kaapvaal-Zimbabwe craton

The lithospheric mantle beneath the Kaapvaal-Zimbabwe craton of southern Africa shows variations in seismic P-wave velocity at depths within the diamond stability field that correlate with differences in the composition of diamonds and their syngenetic inclusions. Middle Archean mantle depletion events initiated craton keel formation and early harzburgitic diamond formation. Late Archean accretionary events involving an oceanic lithosphere component stabilized the craton and contributed a younger Archean generation of eclogitic diamonds. Subsequent Proterozoic tectonic and magmatic events altered the composition of the continental lithosphere and added new lherzolitic and eclogitic diamonds to the Archean diamond suite.     

湄潭县城规划区景观指数的粒度效应分析

基于贵州省湄潭县2010年航拍遥感影像与2007年的TM(thematic mapper)图像,利用ArcGIS 9.3软件、Fragstats 3.3和SPSS软件,选择了15个景观指数,分析了湄潭县景观指数随粒度变化表现出来的粒度效应,并对景观指数的曲线拟合函数进行了分析与计算.结果表明:在选取的粒度范围内,随着粒度大小的变化,大多数景观指数都表现出明显的粒度效应,说明景观指数对粒度具有尺度依赖性.选取的15个景观指数的粒度效应可以分为总体上升、平稳降低后稳定、波动降低、波动降低后稳定和不规则变化5种情况.另外,数据源分辨率的大小对景观指数的粒度效应也有一定影响.部分景观指数随粒度变化响应的曲线分别可以用线性函数、二次函数、三次函数、反函数、幂函数和对数函数进行拟合.对于湄潭县而言,利用航拍遥感影像进行景观指数分析的适宜粒度范围是2-10 m,利用TM图像进行景观指数分析的适宜粒度范围是55～65 m;建议选取高分辨率影像数据对该研究区的景观格局特征进行分析.     

Terrestrial carbon and nitrogen isotopic ratios from cretaceous-tertiary boundary nanodiamonds

One hypothesis for the origin of the nanometer-size diamonds found at the Cretaceous-Tertiary (K-T) boundary is that they are relict interstellar diamond grains carried by a postulated asteroid. The (13)C/(12)C and (15)N/(14)N ratios of the diamonds from two sites in North America, however, show that the diamonds are two component mixtures differing in carbon and nitrogen isotopic composition and nitrogen abundance. Samples from a site from Italy show no evidence for either diamond component. All the isotopic signatures obtained from the K-T boundary are material well distinguished from known meteoritic diamonds, particularly the fine-grain interstellar diamonds that are abundant in primitive chondrites. The K-T diamonds were most likely produced during the impact of the asteroid with Earth or in a plasma resulting from the associated fireball.     

Eclogitic diamond formation at jwaneng: No room for a recycled component

Eclogitic diamonds have a large range of delta13C values, whereas peridotitic diamonds do not. Paired delta15N-delta13C-N variations in 40 eclogitic diamonds from the Jwaneng kimberlite in Botswana show that neither the influence of recycled biogenic carbon nor the global and primordial heterogeneity of mantle carbon are likely for the origin of the large delta13C range; the data instead support a fractionation process. It is proposed that carbonatitic mantle melts from which diamonds crystallize undergo different evolutions before diamond precipitation, when percolating through either a peridotite or an eclogite. These different evolutions, reflecting the presence or absence of olivine, can account for their respective delta13C distributions.     

不同基因型玉米种子籽粒大小与生长关系的研究

本文将四个玉米自交系按照籽粒大小分成8组作为实验材料,探讨了籽粒大小对玉米生长发育及其产量的影响,以便为优良的玉米种子繁育及生产提供参考。研究结果表明,同一自交系的籽粒大小对玉米的生育进程无相关性,对玉米前期生长有一定的影响,对玉米籽粒产量的影响则因自交系而异。     

一种测量积雪粒径的新方法

将积雪粒径的图像与ARCGIS软件相结合,发展了一种获取积雪粒径数据的新方法,在天山北坡军塘湖流域采集了积雪粒径样本,计算出军塘湖流域积雪等效粒径,并与传统方法进行对比.结果表明,用图像采集与ARCGIS软件相结合的方法是可行的,不仅增加了积雪粒径样本的采集量,且提高了粒径数据的精度;数据表明,军塘湖流域融雪期积雪粒径在垂直方向上从表层至底层逐渐增大,水平方向上,随着融雪过程的进行,积雪粒径逐渐增大;同时,同一层面上的积雪粒径之间的差异也越来越大.     

基于染色体片段置换系的野生稻粒长QTL——qGL12的精细定位

【目的】利用野生稻染色体片段置换系以及次级群体,精细定位与水稻粒长相关的QTL,发掘野生稻中影响粒长的新基因,为水稻育种提供遗传材料和基因资源。【方法】利用中国农业科学院作物科学研究所野生稻实验室已构建的野生稻染色体片段置换系群体,定位到一个与粒长相关的QTL——qGL12。在此基础上,选择粒长与受体亲本9311差异显著,且携带qGL12片段的置换系CSSL141与9311回交构建次级分离群体,设计区间内分子标记引物,筛选交换单株,结合粒型表型分析与基因型鉴定,对qGL12进行精细定位。通过扫描电子显微镜检测颖壳细胞,观察细胞的长宽变化,对定位区间内的基因进行基因注释以及测序分析,预测候选基因。【结果】根据整套置换系多个环境下的表型鉴定,qGL12初定位于第12染色体标记RM28621附近;选取携带qGL12的置换系CSSL141作为精细定位的亲本,CSSL141携带4个野生稻导入片段,在多年多点的田间试验中,CSSL141粒长、粒宽、粒重均明显高于9311;利用构建的CSSL141/9311 F2群体将qGL12定位于第12染色体标记RM5479与RM28621之间,影响粒长、粒宽以及粒重,对粒长的贡献率最高,为44.61%。在定位区间内设计了7个多态性分子标记引物,选择目标区间基因型杂合的植株种植F3,通过筛选交换单株,结合交换单株的基因型与表型,将qGL12定位于RM5479与RM28586之间50 kb区间内,为进一步缩短定位区间,在此区间内设计了4个多态性分子标记引物,选择交换单株种植下一代,筛选后得到20株交换单株,结合交换单株基因型与籽粒表型,最终将qGL12定位到第12染色体15.69 kb区间,该区间内有3个候选基因,其中Os12g39650编码一种微管蛋白,Os12g39660编码一种质膜钙转运ATP酶,Os12g39670尚未有明确功能,通过测序分析发现,Os12g39650、Os12g39660在编码区内存在变异;对亲本以及后代交换单株的颖壳细胞进行电镜扫描,发现9311颖壳细胞的长度与宽度均比CSSL141小,CSSL141/9311 F4代群体中,目标区间为野生稻基因型的交换单株颖壳细胞的长度与宽度均比目标区间为9311基因型的交换单株大,表明qGL12通过调控颖壳细胞的大小影响水稻粒长。【结论】利用野生稻染色体片段置换系,将野生稻粒长QTL——qGL12定位于第12染色体15.69 kb区间内,通过调控水稻颖壳细胞的大小影响粒长。该区间内有3个基因。来自野生稻的Os12g39650与Os12g39660与栽培稻等位基因相比,存在自然变异,确定为qGL12的候选基因。     

Validation of qGSIO,a quantitative trait locus for grain size on the long arm of chromosome 10 in rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Grain size is a major determinant of grain weight and a trait having important impact on grain quality in rice.The objective of this study is to detect QTLs for grain size in rice and identify important QTLs that have not been well characterized before.The QTL mapping was first performed using three recombinant inbred line populations derived from indica rice crosses Teqing/IRBB lines,Zhenshan 97/Milyang 46,Xieqingzao/Milyang 46.Fourteen QTLs for grain length and 10 QTLs for grain width were detected,including seven shared by two populations and 17 found in one population.Three of the seven common QTLs were found to coincide in position with those that have been cloned and the four others remained to be clarified.One of them,qGS10 located in the interval RM6100-RM228 on the long arm of chromosome 10,was validated using F_(2:3) populations and near isogenic lines derived from residual heterozygotes for the interval RM6100-RM228.The QTL was found to have a considerable effect on grain size and grain weight,and a small effect on grain number.This region was also previously detected for quality traits in rice in a number of studies,providing a good candidate for functional analysis and breeding utilization.     

花后干旱对西藏青稞叶片水势、光合生理、籽粒表型和产量的影响

【目的】探索高原环境下青稞花后干旱胁迫响应模型及青稞受旱程度的快速、有效的检测方法,为青稞节水高产栽培提供理论依据和技术参考。【方法】利用干旱棚进行青稞盆栽模拟花后干旱,设轻度(对照灌水量的75%,LD)、中度(对照灌水量的50%,MD)和重度(对照灌水量的25%,HD)干旱胁迫处理,采用WP4C水势仪、LI-6400XT和OS5P便携式脉冲调制叶绿素荧光仪,分别测定叶水势(LWP)、叶蒸发冷却值(ΔT)、光合气体交换参数和叶绿素荧光变量;成熟后获取产量数据;利用数字图像法对籽粒表型进行定量分析,并依粒二维面积大小将籽粒划分大、中、小3个粒级。【结果】干旱水平与叶水势呈线性正相关,而与叶蒸发冷却值(ΔT)呈线性显著负相关(P0.05),两者均能灵敏反映青稞受旱程度。LD、MD和HD处理与CK相比,干旱胁迫导致旗叶净光合速率(P_n)、气孔导度(gs)、胞间CO_2浓度(C_i)、蒸腾速率(T_r)、最大荧光(F_m)、PS II的最大量子效率(F_v/F_m)、PS II的实际光量子产量(ΦPSII)、光化学淬灭(qP)、光合电子传递的相对速率(ETR)呈降低趋势,而气孔限制(L_s)、初始荧光(F_o)、非光化学淬灭(NPQ)呈上升趋势,且MD和HD处理较CK对以上参数差异明显。随着干旱胁迫的加重,青稞千粒重、籽粒产量、单株粒重、干物质积累量和经济系数降低趋势愈明显。相关分析表明,干旱胁迫诱导gs降低,直接导致?T上升,间接引起FWP下降,使得Fo、NPQ上升,F_m、F_v/F_m、ΦPSII、ETR、qP和P_n降低,进而引起粒二维面积、粒周长、粒长和粒宽减小,而粒圆度值增大;小粒占比明显增加,而大粒占比明显下降。【结论】LWP和?T对青稞花后干旱胁迫反映灵敏,可作为评价其受旱的指标。随着干旱胁迫加重,青稞旗叶光合和叶绿素荧光参数的变化加大,并造成5个籽粒表型性状值及粒级逐渐减小,最终导致千粒重、单穗粒重、籽粒产量、干物质积累量和经济系数下降。     

玉米主要穗部性状的变异及相关性分析

为了明确玉米主要穗部性状的遗传变异规律,分析重要穗部性状间的相关性。以组合HN4*QN17 自交衍生形成的包括287 个家系的F2：3群体及其相应的亲本作为试验材料,按照随机区组排列进行田间试验。应用Excel2003 和DPS2000 对9 个主要穗部性状数据资料进行变异特性和相关性分析。结果表明,穗部性状呈双向超亲分离,9个穗部性状变异系数的大小两试验点（海南三亚和山东青岛）具有较好一致性,性状变异系数的大小顺序为秃尖长>穗粒重>行粒数>穗长>百粒重>穗行数>穗轴粗>穗粗>出籽率;除秃尖长外,穗粒重与其他7个性状均达到极显著的正相关关系,穗粒重与各性状的相关性大小顺序依次为行粒数>穗长>穗粗>百粒重>穗轴粗>出籽率>穗行数。说明秃尖长、穗粒重、行粒数、尧穗长性状变异系数大,在分离世代中有较广泛的选择空间;秃尖长与穗长、穗轴粗与穗粗性状间呈显著正相关性,在育种实践中同步改良这些性状有一定难度;穗行数与行粒数、穗行数与穗粗性状间的显著正相关性,在育种中同步提高这些有利性状是可行的。穗部性状间的变异规律和关联性可为该组合二环系选育中性状的取舍提供一定理论参考。     

Abundance of Type II Diamonds

More than 1300 natural microdiamonds, mostly averaging 0.0015 carat, were studied for transparency to ultraviolet radiation, lambda2537. Of most of them, of this size, 16 percent were completely transparent (presumably type II); 27 percent, completely absorbent (presumably type I). The remainder transmitted partially. The number of type-II diamonds is unexpectedly very high; a considerable proportion of microdiamonds may begin life as type II, later incorporating absorbent type-I material.     

Mapping and genetic validation of a grain size QTL qGS7.1 in rice(Oryza sativa L.)

Grain size is a major determinant of grain weight, which is one of the components of rice yield. The objective o this study was to identify novel, and important quantitative trait loci(QTLs) for grain size and weight in rice. QTLs were mapped using a BC_4F_4 population including 192 backcross inbred lines(BILs) derived from a backcross between Xiaolijing(XLJ) and recombinant inbred lines(RILs). The mapping population was planted in both Lingshui(Hainan, 2015) and Fuyang(Zhejiang, 2016), with the short-and long-day conditions, respectively. A total of 10 QTLs for grain length, four for grain width, four for the ratio of grain length to width, and 11 for grain weight were detected in at least one environment and were distributed across 11 chromosomes. The phenotypic variance explained ranged from 6.76–25.68%, 14.30–34.03%, 5.28–26.50%, and 3.01–22.87% for grain length, grain width, the ratio of grain length to width, and thousand grain weight, respectively. Using the sequential residual heterozygotes(SeqRHs) method, qGS7.1, a QTL for grain size and weight, was mapped in a 3.2-Mb interval on chromosome 7. No QTLs about grain size and weight were reported in previous studies in this region, providing a good candidate for functional analysis and breeding utilization.     

广东湛江高桥红树林湿地沉积柱粒度特征

红树林是一种特殊的生物海岸类型,具有多种生态系统服务功能。以广东湛江高桥红树林湿地为研究区,在英罗湾的湾内和湾口的两片红树林集中分布区,沿水动力梯度,垂直于海岸布设两条样线进行柱状取样,并采用矩值法计算平均粒径、分选系数、偏度和峰度等粒度参数,分析了沉积物在水平和垂直方向上的粒度特征,旨在了解研究区红树林湿地生境演变过程。结果表明:1)沉积物以粉粒和砂粒组分为主,随着红树林发育成熟度和沉积过程,红树林内带和表层样点均呈细化趋势。2)粒度分布曲线可以看出,红树林外带更多受水动力条件的影响,样点沉积过程相似,内带的沉积因水动力条件和生物过程的影响而复杂,但白骨壤纯林的沉积环境相对稳定。3)粒度参数受水动力条件和生物地貌过程影响,空间异质性显著。水平方向上,湾内样线自内带向外表现为平均粒径变小(质地粗化)趋势,湾外样线平均粒径变化趋势性不明显,但有红海榄群落分布的中间带样点的粒度更细;沉积物分选性属于较差到差,频率曲线呈负偏到很正偏,峰度呈平坦到尖锐的分布。垂直方向上,自表层向下平均粒径减小、分选性变差、偏态值增加、峰态增加,反映出林下环境的沉积过程。4)相关性分析表明,粒度参数与不同粒级体积含量相关,平均粒径和峰度参数与黏粒、粉粒含量正相关而与砂粒含量负相关,分选系数和偏度与细颗粒物含量显著负相关。粒度参数之间的相关性表现为平均粒径与峰度正相关,而与分选系数和偏度负相关,分选系数与峰度负相关,偏度与峰度负相关。研究区沉积物的形成过程有多种作用共同参与,红树林的存在改变了海岸的水动力条件而影响沉积过程,研究结果对于了解百年尺度上红树林湿地的生物地貌形成过程具有一定意义。      

^60Co-γ射线诱导重庆面包麦M2代群体变异及聚类分析

用^60Co-γ射线诱变辐射重庆面包麦的干种子,对M2代的农艺性状和品质性状进行变异相关分析及聚类分析等。结果表明：在农艺性状中,变异系数大小为：总重＞粒数＞退化小穗数＞千粒重＞穗长＞小穗数＞株高;在品质性状中,变异系数大小为：淀粉＞沉降值＞形成时间＞稳定时间＞湿面筋＞蛋白质＞硬度指数＞吸水率＞出粉率＞容重。筛选出一个农艺性状变异类型,一个品质性状变异类型。当遗传距离为80.31时,可将202株分为5类。     

Evidence for multiple sources of diamond from primitive chondrites

Fine-grained diamonds, the most abundant form of circumstellar dust isolated from primitive meteorites, have elemental and isotopic characteristics that are dependent on the host meteorite type. Carbon isotopic compositions vary from -32 to -38 per mil, and nitrogen associated with the diamond changes in overall abundance by over a factor of four from 0.2 to 0.9 weight percent, between ordinary and CM2-type chondrites. Although the ratio of carbon to nitrogen evolves in a distinctive way during combustion of diamond separates, metamorphic degassing of nitrogen is not the main cause of the differences in nitrogen content. The data suggest that intrinsic differences must have been inherited by the diamonds at the time of their formation and that the diamonds were distributed heterogeneously in the solar nebula during condensation. However, the hypothesis that a distinct nitrogen carrier remains hidden within the diamond cannot be ruled out.     

Remobilization in the cratonic lithosphere recorded in polycrystalline diamond

Polycrystalline diamonds (framesites) from the Venetia kimberlite in South Africa contain silicate minerals whose isotopic and trace element characteristics document remobilization of older carbon and silicate components to form the framesites shortly before kimberlite eruption. Chemical variations within the garnets correlate with carbon isotopes in the diamonds, indicating contemporaneous formation. Trace element, radiogenic, and stable isotope variations can be explained by the interaction of eclogites with a carbonatitic melt, derived by remobilization of material that had been stored for a considerable time in the lithosphere. These results indicate more recent formation of diamonds from older materials within the cratonic lithosphere.     

不同库容类型杂交早籼稻品种源库结构对垩白的影响

 【目的】揭示不同库容量类型早籼稻品种齐穗期源库结构对稻米垩白的影响。【方法】以18个杂交早籼稻品种为材料,采用聚类分析法将供试品种按库容量分为大、中、小3种类型,研究不同类型品种源库结构、灌浆特性和垩白的差异,分析源库结构对籽粒灌浆和垩白的影响。【结果】齐穗期LAI、灌浆期净同化率等大库容类型＞中库容类型＞小库容类型,而单位库容的叶面积、茎鞘重和净同化率等则相反;籽粒灌浆速率大库容类型＜中库容类型＜小库容类型,而灌浆历期则相反;稻米垩白粒率和垩白度则表现为大库容类型＞小库容类型＞中库容类型。【结论】大、中库容类型品种,灌浆物质不足,灌浆速率低,垩白粒率和垩白度高,宜采取扩源措施降低稻米的垩白粒率和垩白度;小库容类型品种灌浆物质充足,灌浆速率快,垩白粒率和垩白度也高,宜采取扩库措施降低稻米的垩白粒率和垩白度。     

Start of the Wilson cycle at 3 Ga shown by diamonds from subcontinental mantle

Mineral inclusions encapsulated in diamonds are the oldest, deepest, and most pristine samples of Earth's mantle. They provide age and chemical information over a period of 3.5 billion years--a span that includes continental crustal growth, atmospheric evolution, and the initiation of plate tectonics. We compiled isotopic and bulk chemical data of silicate and sulfide inclusions and found that a compositional change occurred 3.0 billion years ago (Ga). Before 3.2 Ga, only diamonds with peridotitic compositions formed, whereas after 3.0 Ga, eclogitic diamonds became prevalent. We suggest that this resulted from the capture of eclogite and diamond-forming fluids in subcontinental mantle via subduction and continental collision, marking the onset of the Wilson cycle of plate tectonics.