开发绿色水产品是发展渔业经济的必由之路

本文提出在发展渔业经济过程中遇到的一些问题，指出开发绿色水产品是发展渔业经济的必由之路，HACCP认证体系是开发绿色水产品的重要手段和基本保证，中国加入WTO后，面临严峻的国际市场竞争也要求我国水产业积极开发绿色水产品，提高产品质量，加强水产品出口的竞争力。     

绿色水产品的规范化养殖

在追求安全健康产品的全球贸易体系下,发展绿色安全水产品生产势在必行。本文从种苗问题、环境问题、饲养问题及疾病防治问题这四大问题概述了绿色水产品规范化养殖研究进展,并对我国发展绿色水产品养殖提出一定建议。     

加快发展我县绿色水产品的对策和建议

随着绿色食品事业的快速发展,我县也涌现出了闻名国内外的“绿珍珠”牌绿豆等绿色食品,不仅增加了我县的知名度,而且提高了农副产品的市场竞争力和绿色食品的市场占有量。但作为黑龙江省水产品生产基地县的我县尽管水产品产量较高。质量较好,却没有做为“绿色水产品”摆上消费者的餐桌。如何生产更多、更好的无污染、安全、优质、营养价值高的绿色水产品,增加我县水产品的附加值,拓展国内外绿色水产品市场,是摆在我们面前的重要课题。下面,本人仅就加快发展我县绿色水产品谈几点粗浅的认识,与关心和支持我县绿色水产品的领导和专家共同商榷。     

新一代水质改良剂——富藻

实行健康养鱼，生产绿色无公害水产品是今后水产养殖发展的必由之路。目前，水产品同农作物、畜产品一样，存在着安全隐患，特别是2002年，欧盟对我国出口水产品实行禁运，造成了很大的经济损失。同时，农药与药物的残留、水体的环境污染给人们产生了食品安全的恐慌，也打乱了国内市场的供需平衡，使得国内水产品价格不断下滑。如此惨痛的教训，     

探索水产品市场准入制度提高水产品质量安全水平

改革开放以来，随着经济体制的改革，我国渔业也进入一个快速发展的阶段。2012年，全年水产品产量5906万吨，其中，养殖水产品产量4305万吨，捕捞水产品产量1601万吨。然而，随着我国渔业的快速发展，特别是水产养殖业的快速发展，近年来，水产品质量安全事件频发，越来越受到各级政府的重视和社会各界的广泛关注。本文概述了我国水产品市场准入现状，对其存在的问题进行了分析，并提出了如何通过加强水产品市场准入，提高水产品质量安全水平的建议。     

水产品安全与质量监控发展现状与趋势

我国是水产品生产大国，水产品和水产品加工是我国农业的重要组成部分，在国民经济中占有比较重要的比例。本文详细分析了我国水产品质量安全的现状，我国在水产品安全与质量监控中存在的主要问题，论述了水产品安全与质量监控的发展趋势，提出在“十一五”期间重点研究方向。     

推行水产品绿色营销冲破绿色贸易壁垒

作为世界头号渔业大国,我国水产品产量已连续12年位居世界首位,水产品国际贸易已跃升世界第四。入世后,我国水产品国际贸易将迎来机遇和挑战,一方面,削减关税的承诺,我国水产品进口关税将从现行平均25.3％削减到2005年1月1日的平均10.6％。大量国外水产品会涌入我国市场,丰富人们菜篮子,满足不同消费需求;同时我国大量质优价廉的水产品会享有多边公平贸易待遇,进入国际市场参与竞争。另一方面,由于非关税壁垒的作用,尤其是绿色贸易壁垒将会影响和阻碍我国水产品出口。水产品绿色营销充分体现了倡导绿色消费,满足消费者绿色需求,确保消费者食用安全、卫生、方便的绿色水产品,是冲破绿色贸易壁垒的最有效武器。     

关于齐齐哈尔市绿色水产品发展战略的探讨

绿色水产品是指从良好的渔业环境中产出，并达到有关部门制定的绿色食品质量和卫生标准的水产品。近年来，由于环境污染问题日益严重，绿色食品——绿色水产品越来越受消费者欢迎。因此，我们齐齐哈尔地区也只有尽快开发出绿色水产品，才能保证人工养殖的水产品食用安全，保证消费者利益和健康，才能在市场竞争中立于不败之地。所以，齐齐哈尔地区发展绿色水产品势在必行。     

安全水产品及其认证

2003年，我国水产品进出口贸易总量达600多万吨，贸易额超60亿美元，占大农业的20％，己连续多年位居世界第一。虽然我国渔业产业如此庞大，但近年来涉及水产品安全的事件多有发生，水产品安全问题已经成为制约我国渔业发展的瓶颈。2002年出口到欧盟的冻虾仁因氯霉素超标而使我国出口到欧盟的水产品遭到封杀，2003年浙江沿海发生大面积赤潮，上海等地限制浙江水产品进入市场等事件尤为典型。与此同时我国各地纷纷出现诸如无公害食品、绿色食品、健康食品等叫法各异的水产品，使消费者难以辨别，即便是从事水产行业的人员也不理解它们之间的差异。因此，本文就各类安全水产品及其建立做些阐述。     

无公害水产养殖如何规范用药

随着人民生活水平的提高和国家对食品质量安全管理逐渐走上法制化轨道，为适应我国渔业发展新阶段的要求，全面提高水产品质量安全水平，进一步增强水产品国际竞争力，维护消费者合法权益，保护农业生态环境，促进渔业可持续发展，近年来，国家不断加强标准化基地建设，加大无公害食品、有机食品、绿色食品的培育和认证力度，从源头消除水产品不安全隐患，让消费者吃上绿色环保的水产品。在无公害水产品养殖过程中如何用药进行病害防治，成为养殖过程中影响水产品品质的重要环节。     

Developing socioeconomic indicators for fisheries off Alaska: A multi-attribute utility function approach

Ecosystem-based fisheries management requires a holistic assessment of fisheries status that integrates fishery ecosystem indicators for several major objectives such as sustainability, biodiversity, habitat quality, and socioeconomic status. Scientists have already paid much attention to the first three objectives and to the development of their indicators. Although there have been some efforts to develop socioeconomic indicators, relatively less attention has been paid to socioeconomic status and the development of its indicators. In addition, the socioeconomic indicators developed to date are not firmly based on economic theory. We (i) discuss the problems with previous approaches to developing socioeconomic indicators; (ii) present theoretical foundations of a multi-attribute utility function (MAUF) approach in developing socioeconomic indicators; (iii) discuss the issues associated with implementing the MAUF approach for fisheries in Alaska; (iv) present, as an example, several socioeconomic indicators developed using the MAUF approach for a fishery off Alaska; and (v) present results from some sensitivity analyses for the form of utility functions and weights. Future directions are also discussed.     

Putting the fish into inland fisheries – A global allocation of historic inland fish catch

Inland waters support the livelihoods of up to 820 million people and provide fisheries that make an essential contribution towards food security, particularly in the developing world where 90% of inland fisheries catch is consumed. Despite their importance, inland fisheries are overlooked in favour of other water use sectors deemed more economically important. Inland fisheries are also driven by external factors such as climate change and habitat loss, which impedes our ability to manage them sustainably. Using a river basin approach to allocate fish catch, we have provided an integrated picture of how different inland water bodies contribute to global inland fisheries catches. There is a substantial amount of information available on inland fisheries, but it has never been synthesised to build this global picture. Fishery statistics from river basins, lakes, floodplains, hydrobasins, and countries covering a time span from 1960–2018 were analysed. Collation of basin-scale fisheries statistics suggests a global inland catch of ≈17.4 million tonnes (PSE = ±3.93 million tonnes) in 2010, considerably more than the 10.8 million tonnes published by the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), but in line with estimates based on household consumption. The figure is considered a likely maximum due to recent reductions in catches because of closures, threats, and fisheries declines in the most productive fisheries. It is recommended that sentinel fisheries, which are important for food provision, employment, or where threats facing a fishery could cause a deterioration in catch, are identified to provide the baseline for a global monitoring programme.     

Contemporary and emerging fisheries in The Bahamas—Conservation and management challenges,achievements and future directions

The harvest of marine resources has long‐standing cultural and economic importance to The Bahamas and other small island developing states. Tourists and residents place a demand on local marine resources, particularly Caribbean spiny lobster, Panulirus argus (Latreille), queen conch, Lobatus gigas (Linnaeus) and Nassau grouper, Epinephelus striatus (Bloch), and many fishery products are also sold on the global market. Illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing coupled with inadequate regulations and enforcement are the main factors contributing to the decline of Bahamian fisheries along with other anthropogenic impacts. This article reviews the status of fisheries management in The Bahamas using economically and ecologically important species as case studies to highlight conservation successes, knowledge gaps and deficiencies in existing management approaches. The review concludes with an examination of how emerging fisheries and improved conservation management strategies have the potential to improve economic and food security throughout the archipelago.     

Catching industrial fishing incursions into inshore waters of Africa from space

Small‐scale fisheries contribute substantially to the sustainability of coastal communities by providing livelihood and economic opportunities and ensuring food security. However, their geographic range of operation overlaps with that of industrial fisheries, increasing the resource competition, risk of vessel collision and inter‐sector conflicts, while jeopardizing the sustainability of fish stocks. When industrial vessels venture into waters that are reserved to artisanal fisheries, their operations become illegal. In Africa, the extent of such operations, beyond their legal implications, has resulted in severe economic, food security and maritime safety issues. In this paper, we use automatic identification system data derived from satellite technology to predict fishing operations and find that industrial fleets spend 3%–6% of their time fishing within inshore areas reserved for small‐scale fisheries between 2012 and 2016, of the total 4.2 million industrial fishing hours within the Exclusive Economic Zones of African countries. We assessed the total fishing effort by this form of illegal fishing operations at 166 million kWhours at least out of 4.9 billion kWhours in total. We discuss this dangerous form of illegal fishing, which often results in deadly collisions with small‐scale sector operators, increases competition and conflicts over fisheries access, threatens the sustainability of fish stocks, and calls for better governance, and protection.     

关于发展象山现代渔业的思考

发展现代渔业是当前海洋与渔业经济面临的新任务新挑战,本文作者结合当地渔业的发展实际,分析了渔业发展当前存在的问题,并就＂十二五＂期间如何发展现代渔业进行探讨。     

Trends,current understanding and future research priorities for artisanal coral reef fisheries research

Artisanal coral reef fisheries provide food and employment to hundreds of millions of people in developing countries, making their sustainability a high priority. However, many of these fisheries are degraded and not yielding their maximum socioeconomic returns. We present a literature review that evaluates foci and trends in research effort on coral reef fisheries. We describe the types of data and categories of management recommendations presented in the 464 peer‐reviewed articles returned. Identified trends include a decline in articles reporting time‐series data, fish catch biomass and catch‐per‐unit effort, and an increase in articles containing bycatch and stakeholder interview data. Management implications were discussed in 80% of articles, with increasing frequency over time, but only 22% of articles made management recommendations based on the research presented in the article, as opposed to more general recommendations. Key future research priorities, which we deem underrepresented in the literature at present, are: (i) effectiveness of management approaches, (ii) ecological thresholds, trade‐offs and sustainable levels of extraction, (iii) effects of climate change, (iv) food security, (v) the role of aquaculture, (vi) access to and control of fishery resources, (vii) relationships between economic development and fishery exploitation, (viii) alternative livelihoods and (ix) integration of ecological and socioeconomic research.     

Diagnosis and management of small-scale fisheries in developing countries

Small‐scale fisheries (SSF) make important but undervalued contributions to the economies of some of the world’s poorest countries. They also provide much of the animal protein needed by societies in which food security remains a pressing issue. Assessment and management of these fisheries is usually inadequate or absent and they continue to fall short of their potential as engines for development and social change. In this study, we bring together existing theory and methods to suggest a general scheme for diagnosing and managing SSF. This approach can be adapted to accommodate the diversity of these fisheries in the developing world. Many threats and solutions to the problems that beset SSF come from outside the domain of the fishery. Significant improvements in prospects for fisheries will require major changes in societal priorities and values, with consequent improvements in policy and governance. Changes in development policy and science reflect these imperatives but there remains a need for intra‐sectoral management that builds resilience and reduces vulnerability to those forces beyond the influence of small‐scale fishers.     

Evolution of marine fisheries management in China from 1949 to 2019: How did China get here and where does China go next?

China is the world’s biggest fishing nation and a major player in the global seafood trade. Its fisheries development can decisively influence the global seafood trade, food security and marine conservation. In recent years, significant changes have taken place in China’s fisheries management priorities, policies and regulations. In this paper, we review the evolving fisheries management practices in China to delineate changes in the management policies, methods and their performances from 1949 to 2019. We determined that the following issues impede the development, implementation and enforcement of fisheries policies and regulations, namely the large size of the fishing fleet, large and poorly organized fisheries population, the “hidden” fishing capacity, uniform management approaches that sometimes fail to account for local conditions, lack of clearly defined and allocated fishing rights, limited data quality and availability, insufficient fisheries monitoring programmes, absence of a robust scientific input framework and insufficient stakeholder involvement. Combining those problems with China’s current management initiatives, we propose recommendations for China’s future fisheries reforms. We hope this paper can inform China’s marine fisheries policies and provide valuable references for further researches related to China’s sustainable fisheries management.     

渔业生态系统方法简述

考虑到生态系统状态对渔业的重要影响,渔业生态系统方法(Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries,EAF)把对生态的关注加入渔业管理框架中,并以生态系统管理和渔业管理2个理论为基础,扩展了传统渔业管理的框架:以生态系统健康与人类福利的依存关系为基础,关注多物种管理,均衡生态、人文和制度3个维度的目标,实现渔业的可持续发展。本研究介绍了EAF的由来、定义、基本原则以及功能要素,概述了EAF的实践基础和模型构建的技术路径,对比了EAF与EBFM的异同。虽然EAF的理论和实践仍处于完善和发展阶段,但确为渔业管理的发展方向,介绍EAF对促进我国渔业可持续发展具有重要意义。     

Filling a blank on the map: 60 years of fisheries in Equatorial Guinea

Despite a scarcity of pertinent information, it has been possible to reconstruct time series of marine fisheries catches for Equatorial Guinea from 1950 to 2010 using per capita fish consumption and population numbers for small‐scale fisheries, catch rates and number of vessels for industrial fisheries and discard rates to estimate the discarded bycatch. Small‐scale fisheries, industrial large‐scale fisheries, domestic and legal and illegal foreign fisheries and their discards are all included. Total catches were estimated at 2.7 million tonnes over the time period considered, of which 653 000 t were caught domestically compared to 187 000 t reported by FAO. This shows that fisheries have more importance for Equatorial Guinea's food security than the official data suggest. In contrast to what is suggested by official figures, fisheries were shown to be strongly impacted by civil and political unrest; notably, they declined overall because of civil and political conflicts, socio‐demographic dynamics, and a growing role of the newly discovered oil resources, which directly and indirectly threaten the food security of the people of Equatorial Guinea.