Sex-related reduced weight gains in growing swine fed diets containing deoxynivalenol

A 5-wk feeding trial was conducted with 30 castrated male and 28 female, 5-wk-old crossbred piglets. Three different deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (Z)-contaminated diets were fed: .7, 3.1 and 5.8 ppm DON and 0, .05, and .1 ppm Z, respectively. The animals were fed their respective diets for 4 wk followed by the .7:0-ppm diet during wk 5. Feed intake and weight gain varied in a manner reciprocal to the levels of DON-Z in the diets during the first 4 wk (P less than .05). The castrated males had an overall lower weight gain compared with the females receiving the same diet (P less than .05). Gross postmortem changes were not different in either sex and tended to be most prominent in the pigs fed the lower DON:Z-contaminated diets after the first week, although they were seen in pigs fed the higher DON:Z diets after 4 wk of feeding. Lesions included mild to moderated reddening of the fundic mucosa of the stomach, reddening of the mucosa of the small intestine, and mild to moderate enlargement and edema of the mesenteric lymph nodes. Similarly, the severity of histologic changes tended to vary inversely with the concentrations of DON:Z in the diets after the first week but varied with the concentrations of DON:Z after 4 wk. They consisted of vascular congestion with mild to moderate multifocal erosions and degeneration of the mucosa in the stomach and small intestine. Mild to moderate lymphoid degeneration and depletion were also observed in the Peyer's patches of the intestines, bronchial and mesenteric lymph nodes, spleen, tonsil and thymus.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

The effects of acute exposure to deoxynivalenol on some inflammatory parameters in miniature pigs

Seven miniature pigs were injected intravenously with deoxynivalenol (DON) at 1 mg/kg body weight; afterward, the number of leukocytes in peripheral blood, the luminol-dependent chemiluminescence of neutrophils, the serum or plasma concentration of cytokines and acute-phase proteins were evaluated to determine the effects of acute exposure to DON on inflammatory responses. White blood cell counts were transiently increased at 3, 6, and 12 hr post-injection (PI) due to the increased number of neutrophils. The luminol-dependent chemiluminescence value of neutrophils was significantly elevated at 24 hr PI, indicating the activation of the bactericidal function of neutrophils. Significant increases of interleukin (IL)-8 and tumor necrosis factor-α at 3 hr PI and IL-6 at 6 hr PI were detected in the serum. The concentration of haptoglobin and serum amyloid A was significantly increased at 24 hr PI. These results suggest that acute exposure to DON induced a temporary recruitment of neutrophils in the peripheral blood by IL-8 and subsequent activation of the bactericidal function, and a transient increase of proinflammatory cytokines and acute-phase proteins, indicating the immunomodulatory effects of DON in pigs.     

利用白酒糟固态发酵生产猪用生物饲料的过程分析

试验以固态发酵大曲酒的副产物白酒糟为主要原料,麦麸为主要辅料,采用气压自平衡固态厌氧发酵工艺生产猪用生物饲料。试验分为4个处理组,研究分析了在实际生产条件下白酒糟与麦麸的配比对发酵产品质量的影响,测定分析了发酵原料和发酵成品中的水分、总能、蛋白和粗纤维含量。详细分析了物料温度、乳酸菌含量、酵母菌含量以及乳酸产量随发酵时间的变化过程。试验发现,在环境温度为12~27℃的条件下,发酵进行到72 h左右,乳酸菌和酵母菌的数量达到最大范围（均在107 cfu/g以上）,物料的温度也达到最高（物料的表面温度达到35℃左右）,但是乳酸的产量始终在缓慢增加,168 h以后才基本趋于平稳。白酒糟在发酵原料中的配比越低,发酵体系的代谢活力越强。当白酒糟的配比从60%下降到30%时,乳酸菌和酵母菌的最大值均上升了30%左右,而乳酸的产量增加了近40%。     

Effects of aflatoxin, deoxynivalenol, and their combinations in the diets of growing pigs

In 2 studies, the effects of dietary aflatoxin (AF) and deoxynivalenol (DON) were evaluated in growing crossbred barrows. The first study consisted of 4 treatments of 5 barrows each (6 weeks old) at dosages of 0 mg of DON and AF (control), 2.5 mg of DON/kg of feed, 0.75 mg of AF/kg of feed, and 2.5 mg of DON + 0.75 mg of AF/kg of feed. Pigs were fed their respective diets for 21 days. Treatment with DON caused decreases in weight gains, but no other treatment-related differences could be attributed to diets. In a second study, the experimental design consisted of 4 treatments of 5 barrows each (6 weeks old) at dosages of 0 mg of DON and AF (control), 3 mg of DON/kg of feed, 3 mg of AF/kg of feed, and 3 mg of DON + 3 mg of AF/kg of feed fed ad libitum for 28 days. The pigs were observed twice daily for clinical signs, hematologic and serum biochemical measurements were made weekly, and body weights and feed consumption were determined weekly. Body weight gains were significantly depressed by the AF and the AF + DON treatments for days 7, 14, 21, and 28. Body weights and body weight gains were only slightly reduced in the DON treatment. Changes in serum enzymatic activities of alkaline phosphatase, aspartate transaminase, creatine kinase, and gamma-glutamyl transferase were noticed in pigs given treatments with AF alone and those given AF + DON.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

生长肥育猪节粮型配方技术研究

试验研究小麦杂粕型日粮添加不同非淀粉多糖酶制剂对生长肥育猪生产性能的影响,为开发节粮型日粮提供依据。选取体重(59.15±1.56)kg的健康杜×长×大三元杂交猪87头,按体重随机分为3个处理,每个处理3个重复。试验1组饲喂基础日粮+酶制剂1,试验2组饲喂基础日粮+酶制剂2,试验3组饲喂基础日粮+酶制剂1+酶制剂3。结果表明:小麦杂粕日粮中添加酶制剂可使生长肥育猪日增重达973g,料肉比达2.26;其中试验3组日增重显著高于试验1组(P<0.05),试验2组与试验1组和试验3组差别不显著;料肉比试验3组最低,其次为试验2组和试验1组。结论:小麦和杂粕中添加合适的酶制剂可以达到和玉米豆粕同样的生产性能,生长肥育猪日粮中至少可以替代46%的玉米豆粕。     

乳酸菌去除脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇的研究进展

脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(deoxynivalenol, DON)是由镰刀菌属产生的真菌毒素,具有肠道和免疫毒性,在谷物和饲料中污染严重,威胁人类和动物的健康。利用微生物法去除真菌毒素特异性强,效率高且对环境安全,被广泛应用。乳酸菌作为一种益生菌,具有去除DON的能力,同时不会影响产品的品质,成为近年来去除DON的研究热点。本文主要阐述了具有去除DON能力的乳酸菌种类及乳酸菌去除DON的机制,并通过对比其他细菌降解DON的机制和降解酶,推测乳酸菌中可能存在生物降解作用,并对乳酸菌去除DON的应用前景进行了展望。     

Metabolic profile of pigs fed feed containing zearalenone destructor

Zearalenone (ZEA) is a member of macrocyclic lactons family. It is a toxin--phytosteride produced by fungi of Fusarium ssp. genus. Zearalenone contaminates food and animal feeding stuffs and its destruction is difficult. It requires application of particular compounds that would bind zearalenone in the feed or feeding stuff or in the gastrointestinal tract and decrease its bio-accessibility. It should also fulfil all the safety requirements regarding the plant supplements and animals that are fed with this feed. The aim of the study was to estimate if the feed supplemented with different doses of zearalenone and zearalenone destructor causes changes of the metabolic profile in gilts. The results obtained show that applied destructor did not cause negative haematological and biochemical changes in the blood of the gilts examined. It can be suggested that it is a safe feed supplement pigs in prevention of zearalenone micotoxicosis.     

The combination of deoxynivalenol and zearalenone at permitted feed concentrations causes serious physiological effects in young pigs

This study was to investigate the effects of the combination of deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZON) on pigs. Twenty-four weaning piglets were divided into a control group fed a diet free of mycotoxins and a toxin group fed a diet containing 1 mg/kg DON and 250 µg/kg ZON. The results showed that supplementation of DON and ZON in diets had extensive effects on pigs. More specifically, DON and ZON caused levels of total protein, albumin, and globulin in sera to decrease (p < 0.05) by 14.5%, 6.5% and 11.3%, respectively, and at the same time increased (p < 0.05) the serum enzyme activities of γ-glutamyltransferase, aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase by 72.0%, 32.6% and 36.6%, respectively. In addition, DON and ZON decreased (p < 0.05) the level of anti-classical swine fever antibody titers by 14.8%. Real-time PCR showed that DON and ZON caused the mRNA expression levels of IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-2, to decrease (p < 0.05) by 36.0%, 29.0% and 35.4%, respectively. Histopathological studies demonstrated that DON and ZON caused abnormalities in the liver, spleen, lymph nodes, uterus, and kidney. The concentrations of DON and ZON used in this study are in line with the published critical values permitted by BML. Our study clearly put the standard and adequacy of safety measures for these toxins into question. The authors suggest that with the increasing availability of cellular and molecular technologies, it is time to revisit the safety standards for toxins in feeds so as to make feeds safer, providing consumers with safer products.     

饲料霉变品质变化及其评价指标探讨

霉变是造成饲料和食品大量浪费的世界性危害．近年来，全球多发的自然灾害（如暴雨、洪涝灾害、干旱和霜冻），加上经济的全球化使谷物和饲料中霉菌和霉菌毒素的污染有加重的趋势。根据联合国粮农组织估算。全世界每年大约有5％～7％的粮食、饲料等农作物产品受霉菌污染．霉变所造成的粮食和饲料经济损失可达数千亿美元。我国一些地区，尤其是南方地区．饲料霉变问题相当严重。     

脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(DON)理化检测方法的研究

比较了检测饲料中脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(DON)的3种方法:薄层层析法(TLC)、高效液相色谱分析(HPLC)、气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS),建立了TLC的定性检测及HPLC的定量检测相结合的方法。同时通过反复试验,结合HPLC检测,确定了以展开剂氯仿:甲醇(90∶10)展开DON毒素的R f值约为0.45。     

Splanchnic nitrogen metabolism by growing beef steers fed diets containing sorghum grain flaked at different densities

The objective of this study was to determine effects of processing method, dry-rolled (DR) vs steam-flaked (SF), and degree of processing (flake density, FD) of SF sorghum grain on splanchnic (gut and liver) N metabolism by growing steers. Diets contained 77% sorghum grain either DR or SF at densities of 437, 360, and 283 g/L (SF34, SF28, and SF22, respectively). Eight crossbred steers (340 kg initial BW), implanted with indwelling catheters into portal, hepatic, and mesenteric veins and the mesenteric artery, were used in a randomized complete block design. Blood flows and net output or uptake of ammonia N, urea N (UN), and alpha-amino N (AAN) were measured across portal-drained viscera, hepatic, and splanchnic tissues. Plasma arterial, portal, and hepatic concentrations of individual amino acids were also measured. Decreasing FD linearly increased (P = .04) net absorption of AAN (51, 73, and 78 g/d for SF34, SF28, and SF22, respectively) and transfer (cycling) of blood UN to the gut (49, 48 and 64 g/d; P = .02). Net UN cycling averaged 38% of N intake across all diets. Hepatic uptake of AAN or UN synthesis, and splanchnic output of AAN and UN, were not altered by FD. Lowering FD linearly increased (P < or = .02) portal-arterial concentration differences for blood AAN and UN and plasma arterial concentrations for alanine. Steers fed SF compared to DR tended to have greater (P = .11) blood UN cycling (percentage of hepatic synthesis; 64 vs 50%) and decreased (P = .03) net splanchnic UN output (30 vs 50 g/d), but other net fluxes of N were not altered across splanchnic tissues. Steam-flaking compared to dry-rolling tended to decrease (P = .12) portal, but not hepatic, blood flow and increased (P < .01) hepatic-arterial concentration differences for blood UN. Except for a decrease (P = .01) in hepatic-arterial concentration differences of glutamine, plasma amino acid concentrations were not altered by feeding SF vs DR sorghum. Processing method (steam-flaking vs dry-rolling) or increasing the degree of processing (by decreasing FD) of SF sorghum grain resulted in greater transfer of blood UN to the gut. Reducing FD also linearly increased the absorption of AAN by growing steers, which explains (in part) published responses of superior performance by steers fed SF grains.     

免疫亲和柱-高效液相色谱法检测青贮饲料中的呕吐毒素

本实验建立了免疫亲和柱净化-高效液相色谱检测青贮饲料中呕吐毒素的方法。青贮样品经提取液提取后用免疫亲和柱净化,采用液相色谱法测定呕吐毒素。结果表明:呕吐毒素在0.1～5.0mg/L内线性关系好,相关系数为0.9997;在0.5、1.0、2.0mg/kg的加标水平下,回收率为82%～117%,相对标准偏差为5.1%～7.8%,检出限(S/N=3)为0.05mg/kg。     

Effects of chronic exposure of diets with reduced concentrations of aflatoxin and deoxynivalenol on growth and immune status of pigs

This study investigated the growth and immune responses of pigs fed diets containing reduced concentrations of aflatoxin (AF) and deoxynivalenol (DON) from naturally contaminated corn. Sixty gilts (13.9 ± 0.2 kg of BW) were randomly assigned to 4 treatments (5 replicate pens per treatment and 3 pigs per pen): A (a control diet without detectable AF and DON); B (a diet with 60 μg of AF/kg and 300 μg of DON/kg); C (a diet with 120 μg of AF/kg and 600 μg of DON/kg); and D (a diet with 180 μg of AF/kg and 900 μg of DON/kg). Pigs were allowed ad libitum access to feed and water for 33 d. Feed intake and BW were measured weekly and pigs were bled (8 mL) on d 33 to measure the numbers of blood cells, to conduct liver function tests, and to measure immunological variables including IgG, IgM, interferon γ, IL4, IL6, and tumor necrosis factor α. One pig representing the average BW of each pen was killed to obtain the liver, kidneys, and spleen for weight, tissue color measurement, and histological evaluation of tissue damage. When compared with A, pigs in C and D tended to have reduced ADG (0.52 vs. 0.43 and 0.41 kg/d, respectively; P = 0.058) and ADFI (1.04 vs. 0.92 and 0.88 kg/d, respectively; P = 0.061). White blood cell count of pigs in D (23.4 × 10(3) cells/μL) was greater (P < 0.05) than those in A, B, and C (18.4, 18.5, and 16.8 × 10(3) cells/μL, respectively. Serum tumor necrosis factor α concentration of pigs in D (335 pg/mL) differed (P < 0.05) from those in A and C (299 and 290 pg/mL, respectively). Pigs in B and D had greater (P < 0.05) fibrosis in liver tissues than those in A. Collectively, this study shows that diets containing both AF and DON greater than 60 and 300 μg/kg, respectively, may reduce growth and decrease feed intake, whereas diets containing 120 μg of AF/kg and 600 μg of DON/kg may result in altered immune health, systemic inflammation, and partial liver damage, causing further reduction in growth of pigs.     

Feeding trial in pigs with a diet containing sodium n-butyrate

Pigs weighing 7 to 102 kg were fed a diet containing 0.17% sodium n-butyrate. The diet increased the average daily body mass gain of pigs by 23.5%. Due to its dietetic effect, feed consumption increased by 8.9%. However, owing to the higher feed conversion, specific feed utilization was reduced by 11.8%. The experimental diet markedly reduced the percentile proportion of coliform bacteria in the ileum as compared to Lactobacillus ssp.: it decreased the coliform count and increased the counts of Lactobacillus spp. The diet increased the length of ileal microvilli and the depth of caecal crypts. It raised the concentration of immunoreactive insulin in the blood plasma. The feed supplemented with sodium butyrate did not alter adversely the clinical indices tested. It reduced feed costs by 9% and increased the returns from sales by 13%. As the additive is normally produced by microbial fermentation in the large intestine, it is not alien to the body. Sodium butyrate exerted its favourable effect in 3.6- to 24.2-fold lower concentrations than the organic acids (citric acid, fumaric acid, propionic acid) used earlier. With respect to its favourable biological and economic effect, sodium n-butyrate can be recommended for use in pig feeding as a growth promoter.     

Effects of feeding diets containing bacitracin methylene disalicylate to heat-stressed finishing pigs

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of heat stress and dietary bacitracin methylene disalicylate (BMD) on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and immunological responses in finishing pigs. Four groups of 32 finishing pigs (n = 128) with initial BW between 80 to 90 kg were used. Pigs were fed a corn-soybean meal-distillers grains-based control or BMD (31.5 mg/kg) diet for a 14-d adaptation period at the thermal neutral temperature (23°C), and continued to be fed their respective diets when exposed to a constant temperature (23°C) or a cyclical heat stress environment (37°C from 1000 to 1900 h and 27°C from 1900 to 1000 h) for a 28-d experimental period. Each group of pigs was housed in 4 rooms, with 2 pens/room and 4 pigs/pen. Saliva samples from each pig were collected on d -1 (initial baseline), 1, 13, and 27 for cortisol analysis. Concentrations of haptoglobin, IL-1β, and tumor necrosis factor-α were determined in serum samples on d -1, 1, 13, and 27. Pigs exposed to heat stress had 31% less ADG (P < 0.001), 23% less ADFI (P < 0.001), 9% less G:F (P < 0.001), and 34% greater average daily water intake (P = 0.03) than those in the non-heat-stress conditions. Dietary BMD tended to reduce ADG (P < 0.07) compared with the control (0.66 vs. 0.73 kg/d, respectively). Heat stress increased (P < 0.05) saliva cortisol on d 1, but no effects were observed on subsequent days. Serum haptoglobin concentrations were greater (P < 0.05) in heat-stressed pigs on d 1, and concentrations tended to remain greater (P < 0.1) on d 13. Pigs fed the BMD diet tended to have a longer villus height (P = 0.07) in the duodenum and greater crypt depths in the duodenum (P = 0.09) and jejunum (P = 0.07). Heat-stressed pigs tended to have a decreased proportion of propionate (P = 0.08), greater acetate:propionate (P = 0.08), and a reduced proportion of valerate (P = 0.02) in the cecum. These results indicate that BMD did not counteract the negative effects of heat stress on growth performance, but BMD appears to increase villus height and crypt depth in the duodenum. Furthermore, heat stress appears to alter VFA production in finishing pigs.