国内外不同苜蓿品种可溶性糖含量动态变化及其对抗寒性的影响

以国内外10个苜蓿品种为试验材料,测定不同时间、不同品种根部可溶性糖含量动态变化,研究其对抗寒能力的影响。并结合越冬率分析10个苜蓿品种抗寒能力的强弱：草原二号和龙牧803为高抗寒品种;敖汉苜蓿、肇东苜蓿、准格尔苜蓿、金皇后和润布勒苜蓿为中等抗寒品种;德宝和爱菲尼特为低抗寒品种;而Euver苜蓿抗寒能力最差,为极低抗寒品种。     

微波处理对甘肃省4个苜蓿地方品种抗旱性的影响

试验对4个甘肃省地方苜蓿Medicago sativa品种(天水苜蓿、定西苜蓿、庆阳苜蓿、酒泉苜蓿)进行了不同强度的微波处理,研究了干旱胁迫下各苜蓿品种种子的发芽率、根长、芽长等指标.结果表明,不同强度微波处理苜蓿种子,种子的发芽率、胚根长、芽长均有不同程度的降低.用这3个指标衡量苜蓿品种抗旱性时,定西苜蓿的抗旱性最强,酒泉苜蓿次之,天水和庆阳苜蓿最差.     

不同苜蓿品种营养价值的对应分析

以呼伦贝尔地区种植不同苜蓿(Medicago sativa)品种为研究对象,采用对应分析方法研究不同苜蓿品种与营养成分之间相关关系。对应分析能够比较直观地揭示苜蓿品种与营养成分含量之间的内在联系,同时也能够反映不同苜蓿品种中营养成分含量不同,结果表明:粗纤维与钙和磷之间相互关联程度较为密切,且具有较好的相关性,而水分与其他各养分之间的相关程度均较差; 10个苜蓿品种,其中龙牧801苜蓿和草原3号苜蓿中的粗蛋白含量相对较高,且龙牧801苜蓿营养成分含量远不同于西伯利亚杂花苜蓿的营养成分含量;根据营养成分含量不同可将10个苜蓿品种分为5个区域,其中龙牧801、草原3号、新疆大叶苜蓿为一个区域,WL168、肇东苜蓿、猎人河和辉腾原杂花苜蓿为一个区域,呼伦贝尔黄花苜蓿、甘农3号和西伯利亚杂花苜蓿各为一个区域。     

国内外苜蓿种质材料单株性状评价试验

为了评价不同苜蓿种质资源在齐齐哈尔地区的表现,试验对引进的30份国内外苜蓿种质资源单株的物候期、抗寒性、茎叶性状以及单株产量进行测定、评价。结果表明:育成品种、地方品种和引进品种在物候期、抗寒性和茎、叶、单株产量性状方面存在差异。育成品种和地方品种较引进品种不仅返青早,而且单株产量性状较优。返青较早的苜蓿品种有肇东苜蓿、海拉尔黄花苜蓿和草原1号苜蓿。单株干草产量在450 g以上的有5个,分别为肇东苜蓿、龙牧801苜蓿、龙牧803苜蓿、公农1号苜蓿、甘农1号杂花苜蓿。     

利用SSR、ISSR和RAPD技术构建苜蓿基因组DNA指纹图谱

在建立可靠的苜蓿基因组DNA提取分离和PCR扩增技术体系的基础上,筛选具有稳定多态性位点的RAPD、SSR和ISSR引物,建立苜蓿基因组DNA的SSR、ISSR和RAPD分子标记技术体系,并利用分子标记检测苜蓿品种(系)的DNA分子标记多态性,构建苜蓿品种的DNA指纹图谱.筛选出36个RAPD引物,8个SSR引物和12个ISSR随机引物,通过PCR扩增在55个国内外苜蓿品种(系)中获得了182个RAPD多态性位点和丰富的SSR和ISSR多态性位点,构建了55个苜蓿品种(系)的SSR、ISSR和RAPD指纹图谱.结果表明,不同苜蓿品种(系)的SSR多态性有较大差异;苜蓿品种ISSR指纹图谱多态性丰富,稳定性比RAPD强;可以通过2～3个引物鉴别我国主要苜蓿品种和引进品种,SSR和ISSR指纹图谱可以更好地用于苜蓿品种鉴定和遗传多样性分析.     

苜蓿假盘菌致病力分化研究

从我国苜蓿(Medicago satiua)品种资源中首次成功筛选出9个具有栽培代表性的品种,即宝鸡苜蓿、泾阳苜蓿、沙湾苜蓿、沙河苜蓿、晋南苜蓿、天水苜蓿、龙牧一号、保定苜蓿和伊鲁瑰斯,作为苜蓿假盘菌(Pseudopeziza medicaginis)的生理分化鉴别寄主。采用室内接种盘倒扣接菌法,根据在鉴别寄主上的发病等级,将采自我国苜蓿主产区的7个苜蓿褐斑病菌菌株划分成5个致病类型,其中致病类型A为强致病类型,致病类型E为弱致病类型,C、D和G组致病类型介于两者之间。研究结果为我国苜蓿品种抗性鉴定、苜蓿褐斑病流行监测和品种合理布局提供了理论依据。     

紫花苜蓿花粉活力和柱头可授性的研究

紫花苜蓿Medicago sativa是世界农牧业发展中极为重要的一种豆科牧草。以昆明地区引进3个苜蓿品种和德钦野生苜蓿为研究材料,对其不同部位的花粉活力、花粉数量和柱头可授性进行了研究。结果表明：不同品种和同品种不同部位的花粉活力差异较大,但基本表现为Acrora高于其他苜蓿品种,同品种苜蓿基本表现为中部和下部显著高于上部（P＜0.05）;花粉数量变化差异也较大,基本表现为CW1351苜蓿高于其他苜蓿品种;柱头可授性变化差异也较大,基本表现为德钦苜蓿显著高于其他苜蓿品种（P＜0.05）。     

黄腐酸对不同苜蓿品种抗旱性的影响

用不同浓度黄腐酸对甘肃省4个地方苜蓿Medicago sativa品种(天水苜蓿、定西苜蓿、庆阳苜蓿、酒泉苜蓿)种子进行处理,测定了发芽率、根长、根粗等指标.结果表明,在干旱条件下,用黄腐酸处理各苜蓿品种种子2 h,可增强抗旱性;对酒泉苜蓿和天水苜蓿抗旱性增强的效果优于定西苜蓿和庆阳苜蓿.     

不同秋眠级数苜蓿品种生物量特性的研究

对不同苜蓿品种的茎、叶及总生物量生长动态的研究表明,在一个生育期内,苜蓿的茎、叶及总生物量的动态变化符合逻辑斯蒂曲线。在该试验条件下,不同秋眠级数苜蓿品种的生物量积累潜力不同,中秋眠级数的苜蓿品种生物量积累的潜力最大,其次为低秋眠级数的苜蓿品种,高秋眠级数的苜蓿品种生物量积累的潜力最小;不同秋眠级数苜蓿品种对环境的敏感程度不同,高秋眠级数的苜蓿品种对环境的敏感程度大于低秋眠级数的苜蓿品种。     

不同品种刈割时期苜蓿的营养特征

以乌兰察布市的4种苜蓿品种为例,分别测定CP、DM、ADF、NDF含量。不同品种的苜蓿营养成分含量均有所不同。而在苜蓿第二茬的现蕾期和初花期其营养储存最大。不同品种、不同刈割时期的苜蓿具有不同的营养特性,应该优选品种,合理把握刈割时期,做好苜蓿青贮。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein