甘蓝型黑籽和黄籽油菜种子发育过程中种皮色泽差异研究：Ⅰ．花色素、苯丙氨酸和苯丙氨酸解氨酶的变化及相关性

甘蓝型油菜种皮的花色素，苯丙氨酸解氨酶和苯丙氨酸的动态化研究结果表明，在种子发育过程中，黑籽种皮的花色素含量和苯丙氨酸解氨酶活性高于黄籽，但黄籽种皮的游离苯丙氨酸含量明显高于黑籽，差异达极显著水平。花色素，苯丙氨酸，苯丙氨酸解氨酶三者之间的相关性分析表明，黑籽的花色素含量与苯丙氨酸解氨酶活力呈正相关，与游离苯丙氨酸含量呈负相关，说明油菜黑籽与黄籽种皮的颜色差异与花色素含量有关，花色素可能由游离苯丙氨酸转化而来。     

甘蓝型黄、黑籽油菜种皮特性比较研究

以3对甘蓝型油菜黄、黑籽近等基因系为材料,研究种子形成过程中与种皮色素相关的酶及纤维素、木质素含量等的动态变化。结果表明黄籽种皮的纤维素含量与黑籽种皮差异不大,木质素、多酚、花色素、黑色素含量、PPO活性及皮壳率均低于黑籽。黑色素可能是形成种皮色泽的主要物质,多酚在种皮特征的形成中具有重要作用,木质素可能对种皮特性有一定影响。     

甘蓝型黄籽油菜种子发育过程中若干特性的研究

比较甘蓝型油菜同一遗传背景组合分离出的黄黑两个品系在种子发育过程中若干特性。结果表明：黄籽比黑籽胚体转绿色快，退化胚珠数少，结籽率高。黄籽油菜种皮转色时期为开花后３０天。黄籽种子体积增加比黑籽快５—１０天，干物质积累速度在花后３５天内显著快于黑籽。黄籽含油率比黑籽高７．９７％。     

甘蓝型黄籽油菜研究进展

甘蓝型黄籽油菜与黑籽相比,具有种皮薄、纤维素含量低、饼粕中蛋白质含量高、在相同的遗传背景下油份高等优点.随着研究的深入,人们发现其黄籽性状遗传不稳定.为了深入了解黄籽性状,人们从黄、黑籽种皮发育进程、种皮的结构解剖、种皮色素化合物含量等方面进行研究去寻找两者之间的差异.黄籽性状的遗传研究表明该性状可能受多对基因控制,一些与黄籽性状紧密连锁的分子标记的发展,为分子标记辅助选育黄籽油菜品种奠定了基础.为了解决黄籽性状遗传不稳定,人们利用突变和种间杂交等方法对黄籽种质的不断创新及遗传基础的拓宽,获得了一些遗传稳定的黄籽甘蓝型油菜,并选育出双低的黄籽甘蓝型油菜新品种.     

红光和蓝光对甘蓝型油菜黄籽和黑籽粒色的影响

在甘蓝型黄籽和黑籽油菜种子发育时期用红光和蓝光处理植株，待种子成熟后，分别测定其种皮中的PAL活性及蛋白质，多酚，花色素和黑色素的含量，结果表明，蓝光可降低PAL活性，增加蛋白质含量、减少多酚，花色素和黑色素的合成，PAL活性对甘蓝型油菜种皮色泽有影响，且对黄籽的影响更大。     

芥菜型油菜黄黑种皮色泽特征的分析化学研究*

主要以经多代自交选育的芥菜型油菜自交系黄黑籽种皮为材料，对于其中可能影响种皮色泽的化学成分，探讨与改进了测定方法，测定了相对含量。结果是：黑/黄种皮花色素、黑色素和木质素含量之比依次为3.26/1，3.73/1，3.02/1，说明该3种成分均是表征种皮色泽差异的内在特征成分；而黑/黄种皮多酚含量之比为1.16/1，但黑皮样对香草醛显红色，说明种皮多酚含量相当高是芥菜型黄籽油菜的显著特征，黑/黄种皮多酚的分子结构差异可能是形成芥菜型油菜种皮色泽差异的根本内因。     

甘蓝型油菜种子发育过程中种皮色素含量动态

甘蓝型油菜种子发育过程中种皮叶绿素、叶黄素和花色素含量随着种子的发育逐渐增加。种子发育４０天时，叶绿素和叶黄素的含量达到最大值，花色素的含量在种子发育４５天时达到高峰．随种应由绿转黄或转紫红最后转黑，叶绿素、叶黄素和花色素含量均降低。黑籽花色素的含量明显高于黄籽。不同品系间及种子发育的不同时期间，叶绿素、叶黄素和花色素的含量均存在极显著的差异。     

缺氧对甘蓝型黄籽与黑籽油菜发芽的影响

随机选取甘蓝型黄籽、黑籽油菜各20个品系,将萌发中的种子进行淹水缺氧处理,观察黄籽、黑籽品系耐湿性表现.结果表明,甘蓝型黄籽油菜的相对成苗率、相对苗高、相对苗重、活力指数低于黑籽油菜,单位电导率高于黑籽油菜.无论是黄籽油菜还是黑籽油菜,品种间的耐湿性差异都很大.电导率与活力指数之间有极显著的负相关,可用来快速筛选油菜耐湿性材料.     

甘蓝型黄籽油菜粒色及主要品质性状的动态研究

本文研究了甘蓝型黄籽油菜和对照黑籽品种中油821在种子发育过程中粒色及主要品质性状的变化,结果表明:黄籽油菜粒色的变化过程与黑籽明显不同,此外还发现除栅栏层有色素外,糊粉层上也有色素存在;随着种子的发育过程,种子的含油量和芥酸含量不断升高,硫甙的含量和干物质积累速度则随着发育阶段的不同而变化。     

黄籽油菜的育种及推广

对黄籽油菜的优势、当前育种现状和推广应用前景进行了综合分析,认为黄籽油菜比黑籽油菜具有种皮薄、木质素含量低、油分高、菜油亮的显著优势.通过利用自然或人工创造的黄籽变异材料进行杂交育种和杂种培育,已选育出一批通过审定的黄籽油菜品种、组合,在生产上推广应用.黄籽油菜在栽培上应注意区域化种植、适当增加播种量、合理栽培管理、保持黄籽种皮颜色和高油分等问题.     

甘蓝型油菜种皮和种胚硫甙含量及其组分分析

本文比较了甘蓝型优质油菜和普通油菜、黑籽油莱和黄籽油菜种皮、种胚的比率和硫甙含量及其组分。结果表明:黑籽油菜的种皮重量占17％、黄籽为12％。普通油菜种胚和种皮的硫甙含量分别占种子硫甙含量的97％和3％,而优质油菜分别占91％和9％。在种皮中,以2—羟基—3—丁烯基硫甙为主。在种胚中,优质油菜的2—羟基—3—丁烯基硫甙和3—丁烯基硫甙明显比普通油菜的低。育成的低硫甙新品系,吲哚硫甙含量比较高。     

Changes in seed growth,levels and distribution of flavonoids during tartary buckwheat seed development

We investigated the change in seed shape and weight as well as the accumulation and distribution of anthocyanins, melanin, and flavonoids during tartary buckwheat seed development. Pericarp dry weight increased slowly while the increase in flour dry weight was much greater. Increases in the dry weight of the embryo and endosperm were associated with change in seed shape. The highest anthocyanin content was observed in stage two while the highest melanin content occurred in stage five. There was a considerable decrease in total flavonoids, rutin, quercetin and kaempferol in mature seeds relative to seeds that were still developing. Additionally, there were significant correlations (correlation coefficient > .900, p < .05) among the changes in rutin, quercetin and kaempferol between flour and the pericarp. In mature seeds, 95% of the flavonoids were present in flour.     

甘蓝型油菜粒色与种子有关性状间的关系研究

本文研究了分离世代粒色与种子含油量、胚含油量、皮壳含油量及皮壳率间的简单相关和偏相关关系。简单相关分析表明,粒色与种子含油量,胚含油量及皮壳含油量间均呈显著负相关,与皮壳率间呈极显著正相关。在黄籽群体内,粒色与皮壳率间无相关,与种子含油量及胚含油量的相关趋于不显著,与皮壳含油量可能呈负相关。偏相关分析表明,粒色只与皮壳率和皮壳含油量偏相关显著,与种子含油量及胚含油量间的偏相关不明显。文中讨论了粒色与种子含油量呈显著简单相关的原因和高含油量育种策略。     

基于低场核磁共振技术的玉米子粒发育过程中水分变化规律

基于低场核磁共振(low-field nuclear magnetic resonance,LF-NMR)技术观测子粒发育过程的水分迁移动态,分析不同种质玉米子粒水分变化规律。结果表明,在子粒发育初期,郑单958与先玉335的子粒含水率存在显著差异,且一直伴随整个发育时期。在整个发育期,自由水和半结合水含量逐渐降低,结合水含量逐渐升高,整体水分向结合水方向迁移。DAP36-DAP43是两品种水分相态差异最大的生育期;在成熟期,半结合水是两品种间唯一有差异的水分相态。各指标相关性分析结果显示,淀粉与结合水呈显著正相关,与自由水、半结合水呈显著负相关。综上,LF-NMR可以快速且无损检测玉米子粒发育过程的水分变化。在玉米子粒发育过程中,子粒含水率不断降低的同时伴随着水分向自由度降低方向转化,淀粉积累可能是促使这一过程的因素之一,半结合水可能是影响成熟后期两个品种脱水差异的水分相态。     

名特优黑芝麻新品种中芝9号的选育

地理远缘的亲本进行有性杂交，经多代走向选育．获得耐渍、耐茎点枯病和综合经济性状好的乌黑芝麻新品种中芝９号。它比同类型的武宁黑芝麻增产３２．９％，产量和适应性与中芝７号相近。     

Water Uptake by Seeds in Yellow-seeded Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) Cultivars with Contrasting Imbibition Behaviors

Abstract

The rate of water uptake by seeds is assumed to be an important factor affecting the susceptibility of seeds to flooding injury, but the traits which could contribute to restricting rapid imbibition by seeds remain undetermined in yellow-seeded soybeans. This study was conducted to determine the possible factors controlling the rate of imbibition in soybeans with yellow seed coats. The imbibition behavior of two yellow-seeded cultivars, Tamahomare and Tachinagaha, with different flooding susceptibilities was examined in relation to initial seed moisture content, the hydration location of the seed surface during imbibition, and the state of the seed coat. Low seed moisture increased the water uptake by Tamahomare intact seeds and even allowed substantially faster imbibition than occurred in its embryos, while in Tachinagaha seed moisture content had little influence on seed imbibition. This rapid imbibition by low-moisture Tamahomare seeds was not due to alterations in the permeability of the seed coat nor in water uptake by the embryo, but rather to increased movement of water along the abaxial sides of the cotyledons. The seed coat of Tamahomare loosened readily upon submergence whilst that of Tachinagaha rather tightly adhered to the embryo, suggesting that the seed coat of Tamahomare adheres very loosely to the embryo and may aid in conducting water laterally between the seed coat and embryo. The degree of adherence of the coat to the embryo and/or the ease with which the coat can be loosened upon hydration appear to play a crucial role in determining the rate of water uptake in yellow-seeded soybeans.     

白菜型油菜种皮和种胚硫甙总量及其分量分析

试验结果表明,不论硫甙含量高低,白菜型黑籽油菜皮壳率约为19％,黄籽为14％。普通油菜的种胚和种皮的硫甙含量分别占种子硫甙含量的96％和4％,优质油菜的种胚和种皮的硫甙含量分别占种子硫甙含量的89％和11％。种子和种胚中以3—丁烯基硫甙为主,种皮中则以3—了烯基硫甙和2—羟基—3—丁烯基硫甙为主。