空气温湿度对小麦光合作用的影响

对田间环境不同水分处理光合速率、蒸腾速率、叶片水分利用率和气孔导度的分析表明,增加土壤含水量有助于缓解空气高温低湿对小麦光合作用的胁迫。气温对蒸腾的促进作用随土壤含水量提高而得到加强,湿度降低对蒸腾的促进作用随土壤含水量提高而得到抑制。随着土壤含水量的增加,叶片水分利用率向高温低湿方向移动,低温低湿对气孔导度的抑制效应愈加明显。综合比较这几个指标,使叶片既能保持最高光合速率又能维持较高叶片水分利用率的土壤含水量为0.22 g/g。     

不同覆盖度下盆栽苋菜蒸腾规律的研究

通过盆栽试验,研究了不同覆盖度下苋菜所处小环境的温湿度变化以及苋菜的蒸腾耗水规律.结果表明:植株生长点的温湿度随覆盖度的增大而增加,蒸腾速率和昼夜蒸腾量随覆盖度的增大而减小.通过逐步回归分析,给出了不同覆盖处理下盆栽苋菜的蒸腾速率、白天蒸腾量与气象因子的相关关系.不同覆盖处理对温室盆栽苋菜的根冠比、叶绿素相对含量、蒸腾耗水量、干物质积累量以及水分利用效率均有极显著的影响,除了水分利用效率随覆盖度的增大而增加,其他均随覆盖度的增加而减小.15/16圆覆盖、3/4圆覆盖、1/2圆覆盖、无圆覆盖处理的蒸腾耗水量分别为对照处理的32.65%、54.64%、63.36%和69.98%.可见密封一部分空间,抑制了植株蒸腾耗水,同时也提高了水分利用效率,为设施农业水资源的节约利用提供依据.     

蓄水坑灌不同坑深条件下苹果树叶片蒸腾特性研究

通过测定苹果树叶片的蒸腾速率的日变化,对蓄水坑灌不同坑深条件下的果树叶片蒸腾能力进行研究。试验选取两棵长势相近且生长良好的苹果树,分别设定坑深60cm和坑深40cm两种处理。结果显示:蓄水坑灌条件下,两种处理的果树叶片蒸腾速率日变化趋势相似,在7月、9月两个月份均呈单峰曲线,在8月呈双峰曲线,在12∶00均出现午休现象;两种处理的叶片水分利用率的日变化趋势也相似,均在7∶00-8∶00达到最高值,随着时间推移逐渐降低。同时发现,坑深60cm的果树叶片在一天中各个时段的蒸腾速率比同时刻坑深40cm的蒸腾速率慢,水分利用率高;果树叶片的蒸腾作用和水分利用率受气温、叶温、光合有效辐射和水汽压等内外综合因子的控制,且气孔导度对果树叶片的蒸腾作用也有一定的影响。研究结果可为蓄水坑灌坑深的合理确定提供依据。     

基于LIF技术分析玉米叶片蒸腾效应模型

玉米抽丝期是玉米由营养生长进入生殖生长的转折点,是决定玉米产量的关键时期。为此,基于激光诱导荧光光谱(LIF)技术,以抽丝期玉米叶片为研究对象,快速无损地获取植物生理信息的日变化,重点分析玉米叶片蒸腾效应与叶绿素荧光光谱的相关性,并选择706～748nm波段作为敏感光谱波段,建立了基于光谱特征参数的植物叶片蒸腾速率的预测模型。结果表明:采用荧光强度F730研究玉米叶片蒸腾效应最合适;由于气孔导度反映蒸腾效应,且影响CO₂的同化过程,故以气孔导度的信号之一的叶片温度作为模型输入修正;通过对蒸腾速率与叶片温度、叶绿素荧光强度进行回归诊断与全回归分析,建立了基于荧光强度F730和叶片温度的蒸腾速率预测模型,分析了蒸腾速率与二者的相关性,模型复相关系数为R=0.833 4,模型校验结果的相关系数R²=0.879 8,认为模型的预测能力较好。通过激光诱导叶绿素荧光光谱技术实现了对植物生理信息的无损检测与分析,建立的玉米抽丝期蒸腾速率预测模型可为玉米优质高产的水肥精准化、智能化控制技术提供数据支持。     

模拟调亏灌溉对玉米根系生长及水分利用效率的影响

以营养液培养的方法,在模拟调亏灌溉下研究玉米根系生长和蒸腾效率的变化,并确定了调亏灌溉的根系水势范围与调亏时间,证明调亏灌溉能够在一定土壤水势范围内刺激根系生长,减少作物蒸腾、提高作物水分利用效率。同时,通过实验证明了不同调亏方式下根系的生长状况有着明显的差异。选择适宜的水势范围和调亏周期对作物根系生长、光合作用、蒸腾效率的增加均有良好的效果。     

氮素形态及水分胁迫对不同水稻品种苗期生长的影响

氮素调控对水分胁迫条件下水稻生长发育具有显著影响,但不同供氮形态调控水稻水分胁迫的生理机制尚缺乏深入研究。以籼稻品种(汕优63、扬稻6号)和粳稻品种(86优8、武运粳7号)为研究材料,采用室内营养液培养和聚乙二醇(PEG6000)模拟干旱胁迫处理,于不同供氮形态(NH+4-N和NO-3-N)条件下,研究不同氮素形态及水分条件对不同水稻品种苗期生长发育和光合特性的影响。结果表明,在两种水分条件下,供NH+4-N处理水稻生物量均显著高于供NO-3-N处理,在干旱胁迫条件下表现出较强抗旱性。与非水分胁迫条件相比,模拟干旱胁迫条件下供NH+4-N处理水稻蒸腾速率和气孔导度表现为增加的趋势,且叶面积和叶绿素含量没有显著影响,但供NO-3-N处理水稻的叶面积和叶绿素含量显著减少,进而引起供NO-3-N处理水稻净光合速率和干物质量显著下降。与非水分胁迫条件相比,模拟水分胁迫条件下粳稻品种生物量和叶面积均显著下降;但对籼稻品种而言,生物量和叶面积对水分胁迫的响应受氮素形态的显著影响,其中供NO-3-N处理模拟水分胁迫条件下显著降低,而对供NH+4-N处理没有显著影响。因此,籼稻品种在供NH+4-N条件下能够维持较高的叶片净光合速率和蒸腾速率,从而具有较强的抗旱能力。     

模拟调亏灌溉对玉米根系生长及水分利用效率的影响

以营养液培养的方法,在模拟调亏灌溉下研究玉米根系生长和蒸腾效率的变化,并确定了调亏灌溉的根系水势范围与调亏时间,证明调亏灌溉能够在一定土壤水势范围内刺激根系生长,减少作物蒸腾,提高作物水分利用效率。     

温室番茄对微小流量滴灌埋深与灌水量的响应

试验采用番茄品种为“中研998”,于2017年3-7月在中国农业大学通州实验站春秋大棚中进行.试验共6个处理,3个灌水梯度(以田持的85%,75%,65%计)与2个痕量带埋深梯度(15,30 cm).研究结果表明:埋深与灌水下限对番茄植株株高茎粗的影响规律性不强;深埋处理更有利于植株茎干物质积累,浅埋更有利于叶干物质积累,说明浅埋处理植株蒸腾量更大;埋深与灌水下限对根干重的影响规律性不强;深埋更有利于提高果实产量、氮素表观利用率与肥料偏生产力,浅埋更有利于提高水分利用效率;灌水下限越低,果实产量、水分利用效率、氮素表观利用率与肥料偏生产力越高.因此根据本试验研究的各项指标综合得出埋深为30 cm、灌水下限为65%田持时最适宜此种试验条件下温室番茄的生长.     

夏玉米田秸杆覆盖效果的试验研究

利用田测法对夏玉米在生长过程中的一系列生物量指标的对比试验结果进行了客观地统计和分析,所得数据直观地表明了秸秆覆盖较不覆盖,在相同的叶面蒸腾情况下,可减少土壤蒸发,改善表层土壤结构,抑制杂草生长,消除杂草蒸腾所产生的无效消耗,加快农作物植株生长,增加了作物的蒸腾系数,将非生产性的水分消耗转化为生产性水分消耗,从而生产更多的干物质,提高了作物产量。覆盖还可降低能耗,节水省工,降低生产成本。从一系列生物量的统计数据中,可以看到,覆盖量的多少与杂草多寡、株高、叶面积、平均总粒数、平均百粒重等指标,都有一个同步发展的趋势和必然的内在联系,即早期生长过程中,各种生物量指标大小与产量高低有直接关系。     

CERES-Wheat模型中两种蒸发蒸腾量估算方法比较研究

基于CSM-CERES-Wheat模型中Priestley-Taylor(PT)和FAO56 Penman-Monteith(PM)2种蒸发蒸腾量估算方法分别模拟了冬小麦2011—2012年和2012—2013年2个生长季的累积蒸发蒸腾量、日蒸发蒸腾量、土壤含水率、地上干物质以及籽粒产量,并对2种方法的模拟结果进行了评价和比较。对2种方法模拟的蒸发蒸腾量值与试验区域内大型称量式蒸渗仪的实测结果进行了比较,结果表明,基于PT和PM方法的CERES-Wheat模型均可以准确地模拟干旱-半干旱地区冬小麦的蒸发蒸腾量,累积蒸发蒸腾量和日蒸发蒸腾量的误差分别小于5.4%和3.4%。同时,模型还可以模拟土壤水分动态情况,在0~20 cm土层,CERES-Wheat模型的模拟值与实测值的标准化均方根误差(RRMSEn)为39.38%,模拟结果较差,但20 cm土层以下,2种方法的模拟值与实测值的RRMSEn均小于23.1%,且对40~60 cm土层的模拟结果最好。CERES-Wheat模型基于PT和PM方法对冬小麦在2011—2012年和2012—2013年生长季地上生物量的模拟值与实测值的RRMSEn分别为13.57%和22.76%,产量的RRMSEn分别为11.80%和15.42%,模拟结果均较好。另外,CSM-CERES-Wheat模型基于PT方法模拟的蒸发蒸腾量小于基于PM方法的模拟值,而PT方法对土壤含水率的模拟结果高于PM方法的模拟结果,且PT方法对地上生物量以及产量的模拟结果高于PM方法,用2种方法模拟的成熟期地上生物量及产量的RRMSEn值均在25%以内。总之,CSM-CERES-Wheat模型采用2种方法对蒸发蒸腾量、土壤含水率及干物质和产量的模拟结果均较好,表明该模型在我国干旱-半干旱地区的应用性较好,可为该地区不同水分条件下冬小麦的生长情况提供理论支持。     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。