干旱区流域水文生态系统质量综合评价研究--以新疆自治区玛纳斯河流域为例

根据玛纳斯河流域水文生态现状和存在的主要问题,构建了由3层19项指标组成的综合评价指标体系;基于层次分析法进行了指标权重分配,确定了评价标准和两级模糊综合评判法,并以玛纳斯河流域为例进行了实例验证。结果表明,水文气象要素和生态环境要素对玛纳斯河流域水文生态系统质量影响较大,两者对很差级别的隶属度分别高达38.4%和47.0%,而社会经济要素相对较好,对良级别的隶属度高达59.2%,总体来说该流域水文生态系统质量较差。评价结果与实际情况基本相符,说明层次分析法和两级模糊综合评判法在干旱区流域水文生态系统质量综合评价中具有一定的应用价值。     

A Decision-Analytic Approach for Designing Aquaculture Treatment Wetlands Subject to Intermittent Loading under Uncertainty

Intermittent wastewater loading, a characteristic of aquaculture operations, undermines the usefulness of treatment wetlands designed using the steady state assumption. Being biological systems, the treatment variability of such wetlands must also be addressed during the design phase. A simulation-optimization model suitable for modeling intermittent pollutant releases and identifying optimal area and wastewater loading patterns for aquaculture operations is integrated with a decision-analytic framework to determine wetland area and release pattern under uncertainty and risk. Wetland area and release patterns corresponding to different decision making priorities were obtained by applying the minimax, maximax, Hurwicz and minimax regret criteria. The developed methodology provides a convenient framework for aquaculture operators and wetland design engineers to consider trade-off between the wetland size (an indicator of construction and opportunity costs) and wastewater loadings (an indicator of operation costs) during the design process. The results can also be used to characterize the risk-attitudes of the aquaculture operators and identify the worth of additional studies (i.e., pilot tests) given their risk-preferences.     

工业污染场地修复技术的筛选——以福建省泉州市某工业污染场地为例

[目的]探究最适合的工业污染场地修复技术,为类似污染场地修复技术的筛选及工程应用提供参考。[方法]以福建省泉州市某工业污染场地为例,结合场地的规划及位置特点总结出修复技术筛选矩阵,采用层次分析法和逼近理想解排序法构建了污染场地修复技术筛选的指标体系进行筛选。[结果]该方法筛选结果与研究场地的实际筛选结果相符。结合场地的规划及所处位置特点场地特点构建的筛选矩阵更能反映出场地的实际需求,同时层次分析法(AHP)和逼近理想解排序法(TOPSIS)结合运用于修复技术筛选,既可以克服层次分析法在不易定量化指标上的主观性,又可以避免逼近理想解排序法对评价指标权重的忽视。[结论]采用层次分析法和逼近理想解排序法可有效筛选最优的污染场地修复技术。     

沈阳市垃圾发电可行性项目分析

随着社会的不断进步,人类生活水平日趋提高,释放的垃圾也日趋增加。从垃圾处理角度看垃圾发电技术起到了重要作用。不仅增强了社会效益、经济效益,并且对环境保护起到了至关重要的作用。采用了层次分析法（AHP）对垃圾发电技术的经济效益进行了分析,并得到了相关的结论。     

基于改进模糊层次模型的土地整理效益评价研究

以山西省武乡县涌泉乡土地整理项目为研究案例,采用专家咨询法与层次分析方法(AHP),从经济效益、社会效益和景观生态效益角度构建土地整理效益评价指标体系,并基于改进的AHP确定各指标权重,通过专家咨询法对土地整理效益评价指标的影响等级进行评判,运用模糊综合评判模型综合评价土地整理综合效益。评价结果为:土地整理综合效益的等级值为2.221 5,属于"较好"等级,符合项目区的实际情况。结果表明基于改进模糊层次综合评价的土地整理效益评价方法是一种科学、系统而又切实可行的评价方法。     

马尾松合理采伐量的确定

本文尝试了层次分析法确定马尾松合理采伐量的方法。结果表明，该方法能较好地处理受多个定性、定量因素影响的采伐量问题，为森林经营者提供决策依据。     

高速公路项目水土流失影响指数的应用研究

运用水土流失影响指数(SWII)对106个高速公路水土保持方案进行了定量计算和评价,通过专家咨询法对9个指标的权重进行专家意见调查。运用层次分析法,计算得出每个水土流失影响指标的权重。然后采用SPSS主成分分析法,分析不同侵蚀类型区水土流失的主要影响因子。参照水土流失影响指数计算结果,将高速公路类项目按照影响等级分为三类,即水土流失影响指数大于0.387的属于重度影响类;水土流失影响指数在0.258~0.387之间属于中度影响类;水土流失影响指数小于0.258为轻度影响类。针对高速公路项目水土流失影响程度,主要从水土流失防治标准,水土保持工程等级,水土保持措施配置要求和施工工艺要求等方面提出了相应的技术要求。     

基于改进层次分析法的灵芝品质安全综合评价

中药材是中医药事业传承和发展的物质基础,灵芝是中国传统的中药材。该文通过改进的层次分析法(analytic hierarchy process,AHP)对灵芝质量安全进行综合评价,为灵芝种植"安全有效、质量可控"提供借鉴。根据中药材质量安全标准,基于样本波动大小和改进的AHP法,计算得到灵芝子实体质量安全指标(多糖、Pb、As、Hg、Cd)的权重;应用AHP综合加权指数法对关键生长期(4层、5层、6层)、典型种植区域(武夷山、长白山、大别山)灵芝子实体质量安全指标风险水平进行评价,并与目前广泛应用的内梅罗指数法计算得到的综合风险指数进行对比。结果表明:灵芝多糖、Pb、As、Hg、Cd等5种质量安全指标单项风险指数大致规律为:CdHg多糖AsPb,均低于中药材质量安全风险水平。改进AHP法得到灵芝质量安全风险指数范围是0.2376~0.7598,小于1,为安全级,内梅罗法得到的风险指数范围是0.2579~0.7292,也为安全级,2种方法比较总体差别不太明显,分析认为质量安全指标权重大的指标多糖、Hg、Cd,其单项风险指数也大。为了进一步对比2种方法优劣,将单项风险指数较大、权重较大的质量安全指标Hg、Cd分别跟单项风险指数较小、权重较小的质量安全指标Pb、As调换,对人体危害较大的质量安全指标Hg和Cd单项风险指数降低,对人体危害较小的Pb和As单项风险指数升高,结果显示综合质量安全风险指数显著降低,降低幅度达68.03%,采用改进AHP的加权综合指数法比内梅罗指数法更能准确反映灵芝质量安全风险状况。该研究不仅对灵芝质量安全评价具有较高借鉴价值,也为灵芝种植"产前、产中、产后"全程控制提供支撑。     

基于层次分析法的面制主食杀菌及包装生产线设计与试验

为适应面制主食工业化生产,保证主食流通过程中的质量,研制可集成于面制主食工业化生产线末端的复合杀菌包装生产线。依据面制主食贮藏特性及流通过程中变质的影响因素,结合食品保鲜包装的技术与方法,确定面制主食杀菌包装生产线由主食干燥、复合杀菌和包装三大功能装置组成。在设计方案时采用层次分析法,选择主食杀菌包装生产线上所用食品干燥、杀菌保鲜技术方案,并设计生产线的物料流程。优选的结果为,干燥采用红外线干燥,复合杀菌方式为低温、紫外线和臭氧相结合,包装采用接缝式裹包,且整条生产线可程序化控制,实现杀菌时间、紫外线照度、臭氧浓度和温度的实时调节,为主食品工业化生产提供杀菌包装装备。利用该设备对馒头进行复合杀菌试验,结果表明馒头的色泽和质构均优于自然放置的馒头,经杀菌包装后的馒头在温度4℃,相对湿度为50%~70%的环境中贮存20 d其菌落总数为3.5 lg(CFU/g),达到预定20 d的保质期。研究结果为面制主食工业化生产及复合杀菌包装装备设计提供参考。     

Field assessment of soil structural quality – a development of the Peerlkamp test

Increased awareness of the role of soil structure in defining the physical fertility or quality of soil has led to the need for a simple assessment relevant to the environmental and economic sustainability of soil productivity. A test is required that is usable by farmer, consultant and researcher alike. Here an assessment of soil structure quality (Sq) is described which is based on a visual key linked to criteria chosen to be as objective as possible. The influences of operator, tillage and crop type on Sq value were tested. The test takes 5–15 min per location and enough replicates were obtained for statistical comparison of data sets. The assessments of individual operators were influenced to an extent by differences between fields, making the use of multiple operators desirable. Differences in soil management were revealed by the test and related to differences in soil physical properties (bulk density, penetration resistance and porosity) and crop growth. Indicative thresholds of soil management are suggested. The assessment should be viewed as complementary to conventional laboratory assessments of soil structure. Visual soil structure assessment can indicate to the soil scientist where to sample and what soil measurements are likely to be worthwhile.     

改进层次分析法用于农用运输车综合性能的评价

该文在分析传统层次分析法标度不足的基础上,提出了一种基于转化函数和调和系数的新标度,建立了利用新标度的层次分析法,该方法体现了奖罚原则和合理性原则,且新的标度与传统标度的判断矩阵的一致性相当,因此,改进的层次分析法更加合理、有效。用改进的层次分析法对农用运输车综合性能评价可知,影响农用运输车综合性能评价的主要因素有发动机配套性能、价格、服务网点及服务质量。该研究为农用运输车管理部门、制造企业和用户正确评价农用运输车综合性能提供了一种有效的方法     

城市雨水利用效益综合评价

以石头口门水库水源地为研究区域,将生态风险评价引入水库水源地评价中,从自然条件和人为干扰状况出发,根据生态风险评价框架和层次分析思想建立石头口门水库水源地生态风险评价指标体系。在研究区历史资料考证和野外考察的基础上,筛选出点源污染、面源污染及干旱作为风险源。结果表明,石头口门水库水源地的生态风险分布具有明显的空间差异性。研究还发现,对石头口门水库水源地生态风险值贡献较大的因子为N元素和P元素,二者的权重分别为0.224 7和0.195 4。研究结果可为环境管理和生态风险决策提供数量化的理论依据和数据支持。     

基于GIS的土壤质量模糊变权评价

以广东省东莞赤红壤农业现代化实验区为例，在地理信息系统（GIS）技术和数学模型的支持下，应用AcrInfo进行空间数据采取、处理与分析，采用叠置分析的方法，以评价因素的组合确定评价单元；采用层次分析法确定评价因素的权重，在对评价标准进行模糊化处理后，建立变权评价模型进行土壤质量评价，应用ArcView GIS绘制了评价结果图，并对变权评价结果与常权评价结果进行了比较与分析，结果证明，采用变权模型进行土壤质量评价，比常权评价更能反映土壤质量的实际情况。     

基于边坡单元的水库库岸稳定性层次分析与评价

[目的]分析影响孟底沟水库库岸稳定的影响因素,为水库库岸稳定性评价提供新思路。[方法]在工程地质条件分析及不良地质现象解译的基础上,运用边坡单元将各岸坡段划分为独立的研究对象,分析影响库岸稳定的诸多因素,把边坡单元的三维安全系数作为稳定性评价的基本指标,对影响边坡稳定的各因素采用层次分析法,建立基于边坡单元的库岸稳定性分段层次分析与评价方法。[结果]将该方法运用在工程实例中,结果表明其具有一定的可靠性和实用性。[结论]以边坡单元为研究对象,运用层次分析法可以有效地分析水库库岸的稳定性,为工程决策提供支持。     

Multi-criteria decision making methods to address rural land allocation problems: A systematic review

Land allocation has been an important issue in land use planning research studies. Land allocation involves different multifunctional activities of maximizing environmental, economic and social benefits. Multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) method is the most popular tool to optimize land allocation problems by considering decision variables, conflicting objectives, and criteria. Hence, decision-makers face problems on how to optimize the land allocation while minimizing the conflicting trade-offs existing in the decision analysis. With this review study, we aim at identifying and extracting information on MCDM methods to solve land allocation problems from English language articles published between 2000 and 2019 and indexed by four scientific literature databases (Web of Science, Science Direct, Scopus, Google scholar). To this end, we applied a systematic literature review approach, i.e. the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis procedure (Moher et al., 2009), with a structured database search expression. 120 articles were selected of which, after careful screening of title, keywords and abstract, 69 were retained for detailed review. This review study report compiles comprehensive information by classifying the papers into application area, optimization objectives, criteria used, decision techniques, publication year and study region. In summary, we found that in the last two decades, the use of the MCDM method has increased, particularly in Europe and China. AHP (analytical hierarchal process) is frequently used for multi-attribute land allocation problems with reference to ecotourism and ecosystem management. LP (linear programming) and SA (simulating annealing) methods are predominantly used to optimize multi-objectives complex agricultural and forest land allocation problems respectively.     

基于层次分析法和模糊综合评价的沼气工程技术筛选

不同沼气工程技术对地域自然条件、环境制约条件、原料种类等因素的适应性有较大差异,科学客观的沼气工程技术筛选方法,是保证沼气工程长期稳定发挥其最大能效的重要基础。该文提出了基于层次分析法(analytic hierarchy process,AHP)和模糊综合评价的沼气工程技术筛选方法和决策流程,构建了沼气工程技术筛选的指标体系;以领域专家实地调查结果为基础,通过AHP法获得沼气工程技术筛选不同指标的权重,然后采用模糊综合评价方法对沼气工程技术进行排序。利用该方法筛选的结果与武汉地区的实际运行效果一致。采用AHP和模糊综合评价方法相结合解决复杂的多因素决策问题,既能克服AHP指标不易量化的主观性,又能避免模糊综合评价方法对指标权重的忽视,可为沼气工程技术筛选提供科学方法。     

Mckibben型气动人工肌肉缓冲座椅减振特性分析

Mckibben型气动人工肌肉作为一种新型仿生气动执行元件,其力学特性与生物肌肉相似。以Mckibben型气动人工肌肉为履带式工程车辆座椅的缓冲执行器,建立起座椅缓冲减振模型;运用Simulink软件,并采用模糊PID控制对座椅的减振特性进行仿真。结果表明,在选定的4种工况下,Mckibben型气动肌肉缓冲座椅较传统座椅的垂直加速度和位移均有效减小,其缓冲减振效果明显。研究结果可为气动人工肌肉型缓冲座椅的研发提供参考。     

黄土高原小流域坝系规划评价方法研究

根据坝系规划评价的原则和层次分析法,选取了3个层次、9个指标的坝系规划评价指标体系。通过分析研究得出坝系规划评价指标体系各指标的计算方法,并确定了各指标的权重值,最终计算出小流域坝系规划综合指数。计算结果显示,小流域坝系规划综合指数越大,经济、社会、生态3大效益也越大,因此在小流域坝系多方案规划中选择综合指数最大的作为优化方案。该方法值得推广使用。     

A GIS-based comparative study of frequency ratio, analytical hierarchy process, bivariate statistics and logistics regression methods for landslide susceptibility mapping in Trabzon, NE Turkey

Over the last few decades, many researchers have produced landslide susceptibility maps using different techniques including the probability method (frequency ratio), the analytical hierarchy process (AHP), bivariate, multivariate, logistics regression, fuzzy logic and artificial neural network In addition, a number of parameters such as lithology, slope, aspect, land cover, elevation, distance to stream, drainage density, distance to lineament, seismicity, and distance to road are recommended to analyze the mechanism of landslides. The data quality is a very important issue in landslide studies, and more accurate results will be achieved if the data is adequate, appropriate and drawn from a wide range of parameters. The aim of this study was to evaluate the susceptibility of the occurrence of landslides in Trabzon province, situated in north east Turkey. This was achieved using the following five methods the frequency ratio model, AHP, the statistical index (Wi), weighting factor (Wf) methods, and the logistics regression model, incorporating a Geographical Information System (GIS) and remote sensing techniques. In Trabzon province there has been an increasing occurrence of landslides triggered by rainfall. These landslides have resulted in death, significant injury, damage to property and local infrastructure and threat of further landslides continues. In order to reduce the effects of this phenomenon, it is necessary to scientifically assess the area susceptible to landslide. To achieve this, landslide susceptible areas were mapped the landslide occurrence parameters were analyzed using five different methods. The results of the five analyses were confirmed using the landslide activity map containing 50 active landslide zones. Then the methods giving more accurate results were determined. The validation process showed that the Wf method is better in prediction than the frequency ratio model, AHP, the statistical index (Wi), and logistics regression model.     

基于AHP的土地集约利用水平模糊综合评价

探讨AHP与模糊理论相结合的方法在土地的集约利用评价中的运用,提出了基于AHP的土地集约利用的模糊综合评价方法,为土地的集约利用评价提供一种精确方法。以河北省为例,与北京市、湖南省、黑龙江省、甘肃省的实际数据,建立土地集约利用评价指标体系,运用AHP确立了各评价指标的权重。并对AHP的判断矩阵进行了一致性检验,针对土地集约利用评价的特点,确立了各指标对土地集约利用评价的隶属度函数,在此基础上,运用模糊综合评价方法,对不同地区的土地集约利用水平进行综合评价。结果表明：河北省土地的集约利用总体水平居全国中上等水平,其土地利用结构合理性指标和土地利用程度指标居全国的中上等水平,而土地投入强度指标不高,土地使用的效果指标略差。通过研究结果可靠性分析证实,基于AHP的模糊综合评价是进行土地集约利用评价的可靠方法。