Inheritance pattern and genetics of yield and component traits in opium poppy (Papaver somniferum L.)

Opium poppy (Papaver somniferum L.) is an important medicinal plant produces more than 80 alkaloids belonging to various tetrahydrobenzylisoquinoline derived classes. These alkaloids are obtained from the capsules and straw of the plant. Information on the nature and magnitude of gene effects are required for genetic improvement. Therefore, the continuous assessment of newer breeding materials is mandatory on part of breeders. The objective of this study was undertaken to understand the particular gene action involved in the inheritance of yield and component traits. Two families (VG26 × VG20 and SG35II × VE01) of opium poppy were analyzed to study the gene actions involved in the inheritance of yield and component traits (plant height, leaves per plant, capsules per plant, peduncle length, capsule index, seed and straw yield per plant and morphine content). Simple additive, dominance, and epistatic genetic components were found to be significant. Dominance effect (‘h’) was higher than additive effect (‘d’) for capsule index and morphine content. Digenic interaction indicated the prevalence of dominance × dominance (‘l’) followed by additive × dominance (‘j’) type epistasis. The opposite sign of dominance (‘h’) and dominance × dominance (‘l’) indicated duplicate epistasis for all the traits. Biparental mating followed by recurrent selection involving desired recombinants may be utilized to improve the component traits.     

大豆蛋白质含量遗传变异特点及早世代选择效果的研究

利用５个亲本配制了３个杂交组合，研究其杂种后代Ｆ２－Ｆ４代蛋白质含量遗传变异的特点及早世代分组选择的效果。结果表明：（１）大豆蛋白质含量以基因的加性效应为主；但也存在一定的显性效应。（２）相关分析显示，中亲与后代的相关值比父本或母本与后代的相关值高，世代间的相关显著，相关值以邻近世代间较高；（３）蛋白质含量总的变异趋势是：组合间＞家系间＞家系内单株间；（４）在大豆杂交组合的早世代对单株蛋白质含量进行选择是有效的，而在Ｆ２的选择较在以后世代中选择更为有效。     

改变普通大豆生物学特性 提高大豆产量的研究 Ⅲ.大豆扁茎性状的遗传方式探讨

美国扁茎大豆的扁茎性状是由一个隐性主茎因控制的,与普通大豆杂交的Ｆ２代中非扁茎株与扁茎株的比例为５∶１。Ｆ３代系统中,扁茎株的后代全部为扁茎。而Ｆ２代正常株或株高超亲株中,纯合显性（ＦＦ）的后代无扁茎株,杂合显性株的后代大多数不符合３∶１的理论值,表现出扁茎株比例大大减少。说明控制这个性状的基因除一个主茎基外,还有少数修饰基因起作用。中国扁茎大豆的植株可按扁化程度的大小分为六类。其中扁化程度较小和茎部分扁化的四、五类植株占５２％,扁化程度呈中间类型的三类株占２０％,扁化性最强的一、二类株占１５％,正常株约占１５％。其中三－四类植株的丰产性最好。扁茎性状在肥沃地更易表现出来。中国扁茎大豆与普通大豆的杂交Ｆ１代呈正常型。不同组合的Ｆ２、Ｆ３代中有４０－９０％的系统可出现扁茎株,扁茎株的出现机率为总株数的３－１２％;不同组合间最多扁茎株系统中的扁茎株数Ｆ３代大大多于Ｆ２代,分别为１３－７０％,６．６－２３．０％,Ｆ３代扁茎性状的纯合和程度比Ｆ２代大得多,选择比中国扁茎大豆更为纯合的扁茎品系是有可能的。中国扁茎大豆的扁化性状可能由一个主基因及多个微效基因控制。     

同源四倍体水稻与非洲栽培稻杂交的后效性研究

利用亚洲栽培稻中的4份同源四倍体水稻(O.sativa,2n=4x=48)和相应的4份二倍体水稻(O.sativa,2n=2x=24)为母本,以4份非洲栽培稻(O.glaberrima,2n=2x=24)为花粉供体进行远缘杂交后,对其杂种后代的分离动态进行了研究.结果表明,不同倍性的普通栽培稻与非洲栽培稻之间杂交后代的结实率以二倍体普通栽培稻的较高.在配制的32个杂交组合中,其杂种第1代群体均表现出明显的营养生长优势.从群体的生长势来看,杂种第2代群体比杂种第1代群体要弱一些;在杂种第2代群体中,以同源四倍体水稻为母本的杂交组合的分离现象比以二倍体水稻为母本的杂交组合的分离现象更明显.在各杂交组合的第3代群体中,从植株的株叶形态和生育期来看,株系间的差异和株系内的变异依然很明显,变异频率更宽,变异种类更多.在普通栽培稻与非洲栽培稻的杂交组合中,育性变异、生长势变异、株叶形态变异、染色体变异和结实性变异等是较易发现的变异现象.     

Genetic basis of Cry1F resistance in two Brazilian populations of fall armyworm,Spodoptera frugiperda

Large-scale adoption of transgenic crops expressing genes from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) imposes high selection pressure for evolution of field-relevant resistance that can reduce pest control efficacy, such as reported for Cry1F maize (Zea mays L.) in populations of fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), of Puerto Rico, Brazil, and the United States. As part of our effort to improve fall armyworm resistance management to Bt crops, here we determined the genetic basis of Cry1F resistance in two S. frugiperda strains originated from field collections in different regions of Brazil and further selected in the laboratory for high levels of resistance to Cry1F maize. Continuous exposure to the TC1507 event for 11 generations resulted in more than 183-fold resistance to Cry1F in the two strains studied, and such a high resistance level enabled the insects to complete larval development on the Bt maize plants. Genetic analyses using concentration-response bioassays with progenies from reciprocal crosses between resistant and susceptible insects indicated that the inheritance of the resistance is autosomal, recessive and without maternal effects. Backcross of the F₁ progeny with the parental resistant strains revealed that the resistance in the two selected strains is conferred by a single locus or set of tightly linked loci. These results support some of the assumptions of the strategy in use for fall armyworm resistance management to Bt Cry1F maize, but survival rates of heterozygotes on the Bt plants were higher than 5%, showing that the Cry1F maize does not produce a high dose of the insecticidal protein for S. frugiperda. Additionally, we detected a delay in larval development time that may favor assortative mating of individuals carrying resistance alleles. These findings are consistent with the rapid evolution of Cry1F resistance in certain field populations of fall armyworm. Implications for resistance management of S. frugiperda to Bt maize are discussed.     

粳稻不同生态型杂种F2产量性状表现及遗传传递的比较分析

在分析盐粳68与粳亚种中的东北粳、华北粳、日本粳3种生态型杂种F2产量性状的表现及不同类型个体出现频率的基础上,初步认为与日本粳品种组配的F2群体出现穗数型个体频率较多,与华北粳品种组配的F2群体出现穗重型个体频率较多。同时对不同生态型产量性状的相关、通径、遗传参数分析表明,由于不同生态型产量性状对单株产量影响程度和遗传传递特点的不同,因此,在杂种早期世代在与东北粳组配的后代群体中应把总粒数和穗数作为选择重点,在与华北粳和日本粳组配的后代群体中应把穗数和总粒数作为产量形成的主要途径。     

大豆油分含量在杂种F_2—F_5的遗传变异特点

利用5个油分含量不同的亲本配成5个组合,研究其F_2—F_5油分含量的遗传基因作用方式和遗传参数。结果表明,大豆油分含量遗传以基因的加性效应为主,但有一定的显性效应。后代平均表现与双亲均值呈显著或极显著正相关。大豆油分含量的遗传力一般中等偏高,且随着世代的升高而增加。各组合F_2—F_5油分含量变异系数和遗传进度较大。     

Field assessment of coffee (Coffea arabica L.) cultivars in Meloidogyne exigua-infested or –free fields in Rio de Janeiro State,Brazil

A five-year field assessment of Meloidogyne exigua-susceptible and –resistant coffee cultivars was conducted in two fields, nematode-infested or –free, in Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. The nematode-susceptible cultivars ‘IAC Catuaí Vermelho 144’, ‘Obatã’ and ‘Tupi’, own-rooted or grafted onto the nematode-resistant ‘IAC Apoatã 2258’, were compared in their vegetative development (plant height, number of plagiotropic branches and collar diameter) and productivity (during four harvests) with the nematode-resistant ‘Acauã’, ‘Catucaí 785/15’ and ‘Iapar 59’. In the infested field, the high nematode population drastically reduced the vegetative development and productivity of all cultivars, regardless of their nematode-resistance. This indicates that measures aimed to reduce the M. exigua population must be taken prior to planting any of the currently available resistant genotypes to avoid enormous yield losses. In the nematode-free field, the susceptible cultivars (own-rooted) achieved higher productivity, followed close by ‘Catucaí 785/15’ and ‘Iapar 59’. Therefore, these M. exigua-resistant cultivars should be recommended for nematode-free areas to prevent severe yield loss in the event of field infestation during the plantation's life span.     

粳稻不同生态型杂种F_2产量性状表现及遗传传递的比较分析

在分析盐粳68与粳亚种中的东北粳、华北粳、日本粳3种生态型杂种F2产量性状的表现及不同类型个体出现频率的基础上,初步认为与日本粳品种组配的F2群体出现穗数型个体频率较多,与华北粳品种组配的F2群体出现穗重型个体频率较多。同时对不同生态型产量性状的相关、通径、遗传参数分析表明,由于不同生态型产量性状对单株产量影响程度和遗传传递特点的不同,因此,在杂种早期世代在与东北粳组配的后代群体中应把总粒数和穗数作为选择重点,在与华北粳和日本粳组配的后代群体中应把穗数和总粒数作为产量形成的主要途径。     

Effect of temperature on seed germination parameters in Kalmegh (Andrographis paniculata Wall. ex Nees.)

Kalmegh (Andrographis paniculata Wall. ex Nees) is a medicinal herb of tropical south east Asia and native to India and Sri Lanka. It has been used herb for liver ailment in all prevailing systems of medicine viz. Ayurvedic, Unani, Homeopathic and modern throughout most of the south East Asian countries viz. China, India, Sri Lanka, Indonesia, Thailand, Burma, and Vietnam, etc. Commercially cultivation of Kalmegh is done through seeds. Optimal germination potential, temperature and first as well as final count day are three primary parameters for developing the seed quality standards. Germination of Kalmegh variety ‘CIM-Megha’ was carried out at six constant temperatures at an interval of every ‘5 °C’ from ‘15 to 40 °C’ temperatures coupled with 16 h light and 8 h dark photo period. The temperature of ‘25 °C’ was found optimally suitable with ‘94.6’ and ‘23.6’ percentage of germination and germination energy, respectively, while the temperature at ‘40 °C’ was deleterious with no germination. Significant decrease in percentage of germination and germination energy was observed at ‘15 °C’, ‘20 °C’, ‘30 °C’ and ‘35 °C’ of temperature in comparison to ‘25 °C’. The study further revealed that days 5-6 and days 7-9 after seed sowing were the ideal for first and final count, respectively for seed germination of Kalmegh.     

大豆不同亲本正、反交F2、F3、BC1F2主茎节数遗传规律研究

为深入理解大豆主茎节数的遗传规律,提高杂交组配及选择效果,以中、美大豆品种为亲本,对正、反交F2、F3、BC1F2后代群体的主茎节数遗传规律进行了比较研究.结果表明:不同大豆亲本杂交及回交后代群体的主茎节数变异度不大,分离强度表现中等;F3主茎节数的超亲优势较F2增强,而分离强度小于F2;大豆杂交及回交早世代主茎节数的遗传与其亲本值相关,以主茎节数少的品种为母本的组合,其杂交和回交早世代群体的平均值比以主茎节数多的品种为母本的组合偏小,而分离强度偏大,反之则异然;采用主茎节数少的品种回交不利于后代群体平均节数的增加,有利于回交后代群体分离强度保持在较高水平,扩大选择空间;而采用主茎节数多的品种回交虽有利于后代群体平均节数的增加,但回交后代群体分离强度偏低,选择空间缩小.研究还表明,主茎节数在F2、F3都具有较高的广义遗传力,且差异较小,在这2个世代进行选择是有效的;杂交早世代主茎节数的广义遗传力与组合配置有关,母本主茎节数多的组合,主茎节数广义遗传力大于母本主茎节数少的组合.     

陕北黄芥黄色种皮的遗传研究

本研究采用黄芥（Brassica juncea L.）与两个不同来源的褐籽类型芥菜型油菜杂交，研究黄芥黄色种皮的遗传。结果表明：黄芥的粒色主要受母体基因型控制，褐色对黄色为显性；F2和BC1世代株间乃至株内颜色不尽一致，但黄色单株和褐色单株能够明显区分，褐色和黄色的比例分别符合3:1和1:1的分离比例，证明黄芥的粒色主要受一对主效基因控制，同时受修饰基因和环境的影响。黄籽和褐籽杂交F2代粒色与几个品质性状的相关分析，结果证明除含油量与粒色密切相关外，其脂肪酸组分的平均值与种皮颜色也有一定的相关性。     

Single versus multiple releases of predatory mites combined with spinosad for the management of western flower thrips in strawberry

Western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande), is a major pest of strawberry and other horticultural and ornamental crops. Biological control of F. occidentalis with predatory mites is recommended as an additional management strategy to chemical control in glasshouse and protected crops. However, it is not known whether multiple (two or three) species releases of predatory mites are more effective than single species releases. The effect of an application of spinosad followed by mite releases could further increase suppression of F. occidentalis. In a series of trials in the glasshouse, we evaluated three commercially available predatory mite species, Typhlodromips montdorensis (Schicha), Neoseiulus cucumeris (Oudemans) and Hypoaspis miles (Berlese). Strawberry plants were sprayed once with either spinosad at the recommended rate or with water. F. occidentalis adults were released onto plants 24 h after spraying, and mites were released six days later. Spinosad significantly reduced F. occidentalis compared to the control (water). T. montdorensis, N. cucumeris and H. miles significantly reduced F. occidentalis compared to the ‘no mite’ treatment. Spinosad had no effect on T. montdorensis and N. cucumeris, as their numbers did not differ between the spinosad and control treatments; H. miles was not recovered. When mites were released after an application of spinosad, greater suppression of F. occidentalis was achieved than with releases of predatory mites alone. When released as a double species combination, ‘T. montdorensis and H. miles’ was the most effective combination. There was no difference in efficacy between releases of ‘T. montdorensis and H. miles’ or ‘T. montdorensis, N. cucumeris and H. miles’. We conclude that multiple species releases are more effective than single species releases, and that biological control of F. occidentalis with predatory mites can be used together with spinosad.     

Contribution of synthetic tetraploids (AAAA) and diploids (AA) to black Sigatoka resistance and bunch weight to their triploid progenies

The generation of banana triploids from tetraploid-diploid crosses requires knowledge on the influence of the parents on black Sigatoka resistance and agronomic traits to the triploid progenies. The objective of this investigation was to determine the influence of tetraploid and diploid parents on black Sigatoka resistance and agronomic traits in the triploid progenies generated from tetraploid-diploid crosses. The mating scheme was designed as a 4 × 5 North Carolina II mating design. Due to problems in seed set and germination, progenies from 2 male parents with 4 female parents were evaluated at two sites in Uganda. The results showed that the male-parent triploid progeny heritability estimate for the number of leaves at harvest was greater than the female parent estimate. The diploid parents had higher correlation coefficients for the total leaves at harvest with the triploid progenies than tetraploid parents with triploid progenies. Disease development over time took more days in diploid parents than in the tetraploid parents with the triploid progenies as intermediates. These results suggested that diploids transferred black Sigatoka resistance to the triploid progenies as measured by the number of standing leaves and disease development overtime. There was a positive correlation (P < 0.05) between tetraploid female parents and triploid progenies for plant height and bunch weight. The triploid progeny-tetraploid female parent heritability estimates for plant height (0.92) and bunch weight (0.72) were highly significant. These results indicated that the female synthetic tetraploids influenced plant height and bunch weight in the triploid progenies. Therefore, it is important to select the tetraploids with heavy bunches to effectively improve yield in triploid progenies generated by tetraploid-diploid crosses. The tetraploid-diploid progenies had a significant (P < 0.05) family-by-site interaction for bunch weight indicating that new banana genotypes need to be tested across different environments to select stable genotypes to promote to end-users.     

Aroma profiles of the curry leaf, Murraya koenigii (L.) Spreng. chemotypes: Variability in north India during the year

Murraya koenigii (L.) Spreng. (Rutaceae) is characterized by a large chemical intraspecific variability among the land races. This fact makes it difficult to detect real changes occurring in their essential oil composition during annual cycle. Based on this, variations of essential oil yield and composition in two chemotypes (‘A’ and ‘B’) of M. koenigii were assessed in spring, summer, rainy, autumn and winter seasons under foot hill conditions of northern India. The essential oil yield ranged from 0.15% to 0.18% in chemotype ‘A’, while it varied from 0.12% to 0.14% in chemotype ‘B’. Essential oils of both chemotypes from different seasons were analysed by gas chromatography (GC-FID) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). A total of fifty-eight constituents representing 93.7-98.8% of chemotype ‘A’ and fifty-six constituents forming 96.1-98.7% of the total composition of chemotype ‘B’ were identified. Chemotype ‘A’ was characterized by higher percentages of α-pinene (34.6-41.9%), sabinene (26.1-36.1%), (E)-caryophyllene (2.4-5.4%) and terpinen-4-ol (1.5-5.3%), whereas chemotype ‘B’ was dominated by higher amount of α-pinene (52.7-65.3%), β-pinene (10.7-12.9%), (E)-caryophyllene (3.1-10.3%) and limonene (5.1-7.8%). Comparative results showed considerable variations in the essential oil composition of both chemotypes due to season of collection. Present study concluded that the M. koenigii leaves of desired quality may be obtained by selecting suitable chemotype and season.     

Increasing the content of leaf and root alkaloids of high alkaloid content mutants of periwinkle through nitrogen fertilization

In industrial plants such as medicinal plants, the content of the economically important metabolite is more important than the yield of the plant part containing the metabolite, as it determines the cost of extraction of the metabolite. Two high alkaloid content mutants of periwinkle (Catharanthus roseus, a medicinal plant yielding anti-cancer and anti-hypertension alkaloids) were developed through induced mutagenesis. Since the availability of nitrogen (N) is expected to play an important role in the biosynthesis and accumulation of alkaloids in plants, the effect of N fertilization on the content of alkaloids of two high alkaloid content mutants of periwinkle was studied, in comparison with their parental variety, Nirmal, to determine the possibility of further increasing their alkaloid contents. The three genotypes were evaluated at three levels of N (0, 100 and 150 kg ha⁻¹) fertilization in a split plot experiment, which was repeated over 2 years. N fertilization significantly increased the content of alkaloids both in leaves and roots of all genotypes. Over genotypes, application of 150 kg ha⁻¹ of N resulted in an increase of 42 and 32% in the content of leaf and root alkaloids, respectively. However, the increase was highest in genotypes with the lowest content of leaf or root alkaloids. The high alkaloid mutants grown at 150 kg ha⁻¹of N fertilization exhibited an increase of 87 and 56% in the content of leaf and root alkaloids, respectively, when compared with their parental variety grown without nitrogen fertilization. N fertilization increased leaf and root yields by 170 and 90%, respectively. The increase in contents of leaf and root alkaloids, due to N application, paralleled the increase in leaf and root yields.     

水稻杂种后代籽粒蛋白质含量的分离和变异

 选用Lemont、CPSLO17、02428、明恢63、培矮64、IR36等6个蛋白质含量高低不同的材料作亲本配制杂交组合，进行籽粒蛋白质含量的分析。结果显示F2及回交世代分离大、变异广，有部分植株超过了高值亲本，因此，可从F2或回交世代就进行单株选择。双亲蛋白质含量对后代有影响，但母本作用更大。建议选配组合时以高含量作母本为宜，若要进行回交选育，宜用高含量的母本作轮回亲本。     

Haploid,diploid and tetraploid parthenogenesis in interspecific crosses betweenSolanum tuberosum interdihaploids andS. phureja

Summary Among 70017 seeds in progenies of crosses from 23 interdihaploids with aS. phureja clone, homozygous for the seed marker ‘embryo spot’, 2 parthenogenetic monohaploid, 18 dihaploid and 3 tetraploid plants were detected. It is postulated that they have arisen from reduced, unreduced and doubled unreduced unfertilised egg cells.     

属间杂交获得的甘蓝型油菜雄性不育材料的研究

采用蕾期剥蕾授粉的方法,成功获得了新疆野生油菜野油2000-1和甘蓝型油菜Parol属间杂种。杂种F1育性极低,自由授粉条件下获得少量F2种子。在F2群体中成功选择到一株雄性不育株,用Parol做轮回亲本与不育株回交,BC1、BC2和BC3群体中可育株与不育株均呈1﹕1分离。用波里马细胞质雄性不育的保持系和恢复系、681A的保持系和恢复系、隐性核不育86A的保持系及其它33个甘蓝型油菜品系与BC2群体中的不育株测交,测交后代可育株与不育株呈5﹕3分离的组合有20个,呈1﹕1分离的组合有14个,呈3﹕1分离的组合有3个,有一个组合的后代完全可育,表明该雄性不育材料可能为显性核不育。     

A novel hardness-related and starch granule-associated protein marker in wheat: LMW-GS-‘S’

Starch granule (SG)-associated proteins are involved in starch synthesis and the interaction between SGs and the endosperm protein matrix. In this study, SG proteins were sequentially extracted with the chaotropic reagent, urea from 1 M to 4 M, and then profiled using an integrated proteomic approach including one- and two-dimensional electrophoresis, mass spectrometry and antibody-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The results demonstrated that the SG-associated proteins were dominated by granule-bound starch synthase (GBSS), gliadin, low molecular weight glutenin subunits (LMW-GS), serine protease inhibitors, α-amylase inhibitors and puroindolines. A protein with an apparent molecular mass of 50 kDa, expressed in cultivar hard wheat Kukri but not in soft wheat Triller was identified as a novel member of the ‘S’ group of LMW-GS, designated as LMW-GS-‘S’. Further characterization using a broad wheat population revealed that LMW-GS-‘S’ was selectively expressed in hard wheat cultivars while deleted in all soft wheats tested. Its relationship with hardness was confirmed by its expression in tetraploid durum wheats, which are among the hardest wheats around the world. Monoclonal antibody (MAb) F8-14E6 against LMW-GS-‘S’ was developed and used in an ELISA to screen 90 Glu allele-defined doubled haploid Janz/Kukri wheat lines. The allele that encodes LMW-GS-‘S’ was mapped to GluB3h (p < 0.001).