Chemical variation in essential oil of Cryptomeria fortunei from various areas of China

Essential oils were extracted by hydrodistillation from the leaves of Cryptomeria fortunei from the principal habitats in China. The essential oil yields of samples from various locations ranged from 0.61 to 1.66% (w/w). GC-MS analysis revealed eighty-seven compounds, constituting 85.89-94.75% of the total essential oils. The main constituents were kaurene (0-44.69%), phyllocladene (0.07-32.98%), kaur-16-ene (0-32.28%), elemol (5.28-18.92%), α-cadinol (0-11.39%), α-eudesmol (0-11.21%), α-pinene (2.32-9.15%). The samples were separated into 3 chemotypes by hierarchical cluster analysis, according to the composition of the corresponding essential oils. Chemical composition of essential oils was significantly related to nine geographic distributions among populations. Our results revealed chemical polymorphism in the essential oils of the C. fortunei leaf in China. The chemical variability could be attributed to genetic and environmental factors. The chemical diversity of the oils offers opportunity to choose C. fortunei leaves and essential oils with preferential compound for green plant protection, pharmaceutical, perfume and food industries.     

Chemical composition and pulp characterization of Tunisian vine stems

In this study, the valorisation of Tunisian vine stem wastes was investigated. The chemical composition of the vine stems was studied, and it was found that when compared to non-wood plants, they contain greater amounts of extractives, lignin, and comparable holocellulose content. An elementary analysis of the ashes showed that the major constituents were mineral elements (K and Ca). Soda pulping of vine stems led to a yield of about 35% after the bleaching step. This amount is lower than that obtained for wood plants and similar to that observed for annual plants. The morphological properties, Kappa number, and degree of polymerization of the resulting pulp were determined. Finally, paper handsheets were prepared from the pulp, and their physical properties were investigated. The breaking length, Young's modulus, and burst index of the produced paper presents quite acceptable values. Further, the silica content of the stems is low, which is advantageous for the pulping process. Experimental results obtained for both the pulp and paper show that this agricultural residue has the potential to be used for papermaking applications.     

东北产天南星科植物化学成分研究进展

中国东北地区(辽宁、吉林、黑龙江)所产天南星科(Araceae)植物分为7属11种2变种5变型,其中绝大多数具有较高的药用价值,本文主要对中国东北地区所产主要天南星科植物化学成分进行了论述,以便人们更好地了解东北地区所产的天南星科药用植物,以及对此植物进行生态性地开发、保护和利用起提供参考依据。     

Chemical composition of seeds and oil of Xylopia aethiopica grown in Nigeria

The chemical composition and mineral constituents of Xylopia aethiopica, which is valued as a spice in Nigeria, were determined along with the physicochemical characteristics of the seed oil. The seeds had the following chemical compositions moisture (8.43 g/100 g), ash (5.89 g/100 g), crude lipid (9.58 g/100 g), crude protein (12.45 g/100 g) crude fiber (8.66 g/100 g) and carbohydrate (63.65 g/100 g). Calcium and potassium were the major minerals in the seed. The extracted lipid was examined for fatty acid composition. Linoleic (45.1 g/100 g) and oleic (26.5 g/100 g) acids were the predominant unsaturated fatty acids, while palmitic acid (18.0 g/100 g) was the major saturated acid. The iodine value of 97 g/100 g indicates that the seed oil is a non-drying type.     

不同前作土壤对烤烟生长和化学成分影响的研究

通过盆栽试验,研究了不同前作土壤在相同条件下对烤烟生长和根系活力、硝酸还原酶活性以及烟叶化学成分的影响。结果表明:前茬作物为水稻和油菜的土壤对烤烟生长具有明显的促进作用,并使其烟叶化学成分的协同性得到明显改善;而前茬作物为烤烟的土壤对促进烤烟生长的效果不如前茬作物为水稻和油菜的明显,且其烟叶化学成分指标明显变差;而前茬作物为玉米的土壤,不仅明显抑制了烤烟的生长,而且对其烟叶化学成分的协同性也产生了不良影响。     

Comparative analysis of essential oil components of two Cryptomeria species from China

The essential oils obtained by hydrodistillation from leaves of Chinese native Cryptomeria japonica and Cryptomeria fortunei were analyzed by GC and GC-MS. Fifty-seven compounds were identified in the essential oils of C. japonica with α-elemol (20.12%), kaur-16-ene (14.84%), β-phellandrene (5.97%), β-elemene (5.87%), α-eudesmol (5.62%) and β-eudesmol (5.03%) as main constituents. Forty components were identified in the oil of C. fortunei with kaurene (34.04%), α-elemol (13.34%), γ-eudesmol (10.80%), β-eudesmol (10.16%), α-pinene (2.75%) and γ-cadinene (1.92%) as the most abundant components. This study demonstrated the occurrence of α-elemol chemotype in C. japonica and kaurene chemotype in C. fortunei from China. The essential oil compositions of two Cryptomeria samples were shown that they can be used for green plant protection, pharmaceutical, perfume and food industries.     

Chemical characterization of various parts of nipa palm (Nypa fruticans)

The current study was initiated to characterize various parts of nipa palm (Nypa fruticans) to establish whole utilization of this biomass as potential raw material for fuels and chemicals. Nipa consisting of frond, shell, husk and leaf was chemically characterized for cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, starch, protein, extractives and inorganic constituents for its each part. The total chemical composition showed that the cellulose and hemicellulose contents were in the range of 28.9-45.6 wt% and 21.8-26.4 wt%, respectively. The hemicellulose was rich with glucuronoxylan. The lignin content was 19.4-33.8 wt% with the highest lignin content found in leaf. The alkaline nitrobenzene oxidation products showed that nipa palm lignin mainly consists of guaiacyl and syringyl propane units with a small amount of p-hydroxyphenylpropane unit. Besides the main chemical components, starch, protein and extractives were also present in significant amounts from 2 to 8 wt%. Additionally, the ash content was high from 5.1 to 11.7 wt%, consisting of the major inorganic elements being Na, K and Cl with minor inorganic elements of Mg, Ca, Si, P, S and Al. Overall, each part of the nipa palm has its individual superior characteristics and could be exploited as lignocellulosic resources for fuels and chemicals.     

中国柚子花茶香气的化学组成

用毛细管气相色谱和色谱—质谱联用枝术,首次分析了中国柚子花茶香气的化学组成。结果表明,在所鉴定的30个组分中,醇类化合物含量约占香气挥发油总量的83%,尤其是萜稀醇类,其含量约占60%,含量较高的组分有芳樟醇、橙花叔醇、反,反-法呢醇、邻氨基苯甲酸甲酯和植醇等。此外,还分析了柚子花茶的香型特点,并与茉莉花茶和白兰花茶的香气作了比较。     

珠兰花茶香气的化学组成

用毛细管气相色谱和色谱—质谱联用技术首次分析了福州珠兰花茶香气的化学组成,鉴定23个组分,约占珠兰花茶香气挥发油总量的91.1%,含量较高的组分有顺-茉莉酮酸甲酯、反-茉莉酮酸甲酯、芳樟醇,橙花叔醇、N-甲基氨基苯甲酸甲酯、雪松醇和植醇等。本研究还初步分析了珠兰花茶的香型恃点。     

Chemical evaluation of waste from Thaumatococcus danielli (Benth) processing

Three different batches of Thaumatococcus danielli (Benth) fruits were collected at different fruiting seasons. The proximate compositions of the pericarp and seeds were determined on a dry weight basis. Partial characterization of the lipid extract was carried out and tannin content determined. The average moisture, ash and lipid contents of the pericarp were higher (89.2 ± 4.17%, 20.7 ± 1.10% and 11.6 ± 1.23%, respectively) than those of the seed (31.2 ± 4.66% 9.1 ± 0.71% and 8.2 ± 1.64%, respectively). Crude protein and total carbohydrate were, however, higher in the seed (9.5 ± 4.38% and 69.4 ± 11.52%, respectively) than in the pericarp (4.5 ± 2.21% and 6.3 ± 3.94%, respectively). The dietary fiber contents of both pericarp and seed were high. Starch content was very low in the pericarp (0.4 ± 0.0%) compared to the seed (66.28 ± 9.21%). Tannin content in the pericarp and seeds was 12.1 ± 1.52 mg/g and 21.9 ± 2.28 mg/g, respectively. The oil extracted from both pericarp and seeds was light-yellow in color and slightly solid at room temperature. Unsaturation level of T. danielli oil was low, while free fatty acids were high. The results obtained suggested that T. danielli waste could potentially be a raw material in livestock feed formulation.     

Chemical composition and sensory characteristics of oat flakes: A comparative study of naked oat flakes from China and hulled oat flakes from western countries

Oats are generally considered as a health food and widely accepted by human beings nowadays. Oat flakes are the main commercial oat products around the world. In order to understand the chemical composition and sensory characteristics of the naked oat flakes from China and the hulled oat flakes from western countries, 37 flake samples from China and 44 samples from western countries (8 from the USA, 8 from Canada, 5 from Sweden, 8 from Denmark, 7 from the United Kingdom, and 8 from New Zealand) were investigated in the present study. The results indicated that naked oat flakes showed significantly higher (P < 0.01) contents of lipid and Na, a higher level of whiteness (P < 0.05) and lower (P < 0.01) contents of β-glucan and Fe, compared to hulled oat flakes from western countries. No significant differences of Zn, Ca, and total ash contents were observed between naked oat flakes and hulled oat flakes. In addition, naked oat flakes showed significantly higher water absorption index at room temperature (P < 0.01) when compared with hulled oat flakes. Hulled oat flakes showed higher sensory evaluation score than naked oat flakes (P < 0.01).     

Chemical composition and content of antinutritional factors in Polish cultivars of peas

The seeds of 15 Polish pea varieties contained from 221 to 281 g/kg crude protein with a mean of 240.2±3.5 g/kg dry matter (DM). The weight of 1000 pea seeds, depending on cultivar, ranged from 209.4 to 280.4 g. No interactive effect between the seed mass and the crude protein content was detected. The highest significant negative correlation between weight of seeds and dietary fiber content wasr=−0.815^XX. The content of dietary fiber ranged from 161.5 to 209.9 g/kg with a mean of 187.9±3.8 g/kg. The mean gross energy of seeds was 18.1±0.28 MJ/kg. Amino acid composition of all the cultivars was similar, which was indicated by a similar index of essential amino acids (EAAI) of about 69.7±0.25. Trypsin inhibitor content in seeds was from 2.83 to 7.32 TIU/mg and the content of phytates ranged from 6.32 to 13.36 mg/g DM. The mean content of polyphenols and flavanols in analysed pea cultivars was 0.92 amd 0.46 mg/g, respectively. In the seeds of most cultivars little or no pyrimidine glucosides, i.e. vicine and convicine, were found. The overall mean oligosaccharide content was 64.3±1.8 g/kg, of which α-galactosides were 46.8±2.0 g/kg. The antinutritional factor content was not significantly correlated with protein content. No statistical relationship was found between crude protein and dietary fiber content. It was observed that pea cultivars with higher trypsin inhibitor activity contained significantly less flavanols (r=−0.607^X) and α-galactosides (r=−0.617^X). The varieties with higher seed content of dietary fiber contained the highest amount of α-galactosides (r=0.514^X).     

肿柄菊氯仿萃取相化学成分分析及其植物毒性

采用GC-MS联用技术对肿柄菊氯仿萃取相化学成分进行分析,并以白菜[Brassica pekinensis (Lour.) Rupr]、萝卜 (Raphanus sativus Linnaeus)和莴苣(Lactuca sativa Linnaeus)为供试植物,采用培养皿滤纸法对不同质量浓度(0.1、0.05、0.025 g/mL)肿柄菊氯仿萃取相进行了生物测定.结果表明,肿柄菊氯仿萃取相化学成分中共鉴定了48个化合物,占其总量的81.28％.肿柄菊氯仿萃取相化学成分主要为醇类、酯类、菇类等,其中含量较高的依次为豆甾醇(10.335％)、穿贝海绵甾醇(8.640％)、十六酸乙酯(7.164％)、7-tert-butyl-1-tetralone( 6.304％)、2-单棕榈酸甘油(4.226％)、新植二烯(4.089％)等.通过种子萌发和幼苗生长抑制试验发现,肿柄菊氯仿萃取相对白菜、萝卜和莴苣种子的最终发芽率及幼苗生长总体上均产生抑制作用,并且随质量浓度的增大,抑制作用增强,其中肿柄菊氯仿萃取相对白菜种子萌发和莴苣幼苗生长影响较为明显.     

Chemical composition of grape stalks of Vitis vinifera L. from red grape pomaces

The chemical composition and the structure of macromolecular components of grape stalks from red grape pomaces have been evaluated. These are composed mainly of cellulose (30.3%), hemicelluloses (21.0%), lignin (17.4%), tannins (15.9%) and proteins (6.1%). Among hemicelluloses the xylan was the most abundant (ca. 12%). The parameters of cellulose unitary cell, average diameter of nanofibrils and the degree of crystallinity (75.4%) were assessed by X-ray scattering analysis. The xylan was partially acetylated glucuronoxylan (DS = 0.49) possessing the Xylp:MeGlcpA ratio of 25:1. The lignin of grape stalks was suggested to be of HGS type with H:G:S molar proportion of 3:71:26 as revealed by analysis of nitrobenzene oxidation products. Among alkali soluble condensed tannins procyanidins prevailed over prodelphinidins. The abnormal response of grape stalks to kraft pulping, leading to poorly delignified fibrous material, was attributed to a particular lignin structure and it structural association with other macromolecular components of grape stalks.     

芦荟化学成分的研究进展

芦荟是百合科（Liliaceae）芦荟属（Aloe）的多年生常绿肉质草本植物,因富含多种生物活性物质,是一种集医疗、保健、美容、营养于一体的重要经济植物。通过回顾芦荟的药用历史,在广泛检索文献的基础上,对目前芦荟化学成分的最新研究进展进行综述,为芦荟产品的开发利用提供参考依据,将有益于芦荟产业的发展。     

121烘烤工艺下K326主要化学成分变化规律研究

2011年研究了在密集式烤房条件下采用121烘烤工艺对K326烟叶主要化学成分的影响,结果表明:烘烤48h,下部叶叶绿素降解率达80.45％,烘烤66h,中部叶叶绿素降解率达79.6％,烘烤54h,上部叶叶绿素降解率为89.6％;定色期采用慢排湿、慢定色的措施,可有效延长蛋白质和淀粉的降解时间,使烟叶内含物充分转化,主要化学成分达到一个协调平衡;干筋期采用快速干筋,通过降低还原糖和香气物质的损耗,相应提高了烟叶还原糖含量和香气量.     

European pennyroyal (Mentha pulegium) from Portugal: Chemical composition of essential oil and antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of extracts and essential oil

There is a growing interest of industry to replace synthetic chemicals by natural products with bioactive properties from plant origin. The aim of this study was to determine the chemical composition of European pennyroyal (Mentha pulegium) essential oil and to characterize the in vitro antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of its water (hot and cold) and ethanolic extracts and of the essential oil. The essential oil revealed menthone, pulegone and neo-menthol as the main constituents, comprising 35.9, 23.2 and 9.2% of the essential oil, respectively. The hot water extract exhibited the highest antioxidant activity and phenol content. In contrast, the extracts were not very effective to inhibit the growth of the seven foodborne spoilage and pathogenic bacteria tested, but the essential oil showed antibacterial activity against all bacterial strains. In conclusion, extracts and essential oil of M. pulegium from Mediterranean origin have huge potential as an alternative to chemical additives for the food industry.     

Chemical composition of the essential oil of Artemisia absinthium growing wild in Iran

Studies were conducted to investigate the composition of essential oil of wormwood (Artemisia absinthium L.) growing wild in Iran. The wormwood aerial parts were harvested in full blooming time from an area between Deylaman and Asiabar villages, at Alborz altitudes in Guilan province in September 2005. Aerial parts were dried at shade (room temperature) for several days and their essential oil was extracted by hydrodistillation method in a Clevenger apparatus and analyzed by GC/MS. Results showed that essential oil yield was 1.3%. Twenty eight components representing 93.3% of the oil were identified, which were mostly monoterpenes. beta-pinene and beta-thujone were the main components, which their contents were 23.8 and 18.6% respectively. The largest part of the essential oil was formed by hydrocarbon monoterpenes (47.8%). The results proved that chemotype of the studied wormwood essential oil was specific and different from other wormwood essential oil chemotypes, which have been reported so far.     

Chemical characterization of barks from Picea abies and Pinus sylvestris after fractioning into different particle sizes

The composition of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) and Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) barks was studied after grinding and fractioning into different particles sizes.Both barks fractionated well and with similar fraction yield profile. The yield of fines was low and the major fractions were larger particles, i.e. 2.4% and 3.1% of particles under 0.425 mm and 66.0% and 50.3% of particles over 2 mm, respectively for spruce and pine bark.The chemical composition of spruce and pine barks, as a mass weighed average of all granulometric fractions was, respectively: ash 3.3 and 4.6%; total extractives 21.6 and 18.8% (hydrophilic extractives were dominant), lignin 27.9 and 33.7% and holocellulose 42.7 and 37.6%. Suberin accounted for 1.3% and 1.6% of spruce and pine bark, respectively. The non-cellulosic monosaccharides showed in both barks predominance of arabinose followed by xylose and mannose.Ash elemental composition showed that N represented about 35% of the total inorganics, Ca 35% and K 17%. Zn, Cu, Ni, Cr and Pb were present in both barks at levels under 1% of the total inorganics. Spruce bark had in average higher contents compared to pine bark, except for Pb and Cr.Size reduction of spruce and pine bark did not apply randomly to the different components and instead resulted into partial separation of the inorganic and organic matter into different size particles. Fine particles concentrated higher amounts of inorganic material and of extractives.     

Chemical composition of the underutilized legume Cassia hirsuta L.

Seven accessions of the underutilized legume, Cassia hirsuta L., seeds collected from seven different agroclimatic regions of Tamil Nadu, India, were analyzed for proximate composition, total proteins, protein fractions, mineral profiles and selected antinutritional factors. Crude protein ranged from 15.52 to 20.74%, crude lipid 3.77–7.04%, crude fiber4.68–6.92%, ash 3.98–6.42% and carbohydrates 62.45–70.16%. Energyvalues of the seeds were 1549–1634 kJ/100 g (DM), which are comparable to those of other legumes. Data on seed protein fractions revealed thatglobulins constituted the bulk of the seed protein as in most legumes. Mineralcontents of the seeds showed greater variation. Potassium was the mostabundant mineral (1029–1786 mg/100 g), whereas manganese was low (2.1–2.2 mg/100 g). Antinutritional factors such as total free phenolics,tannins, L-DOPA and lectins were analyzed. The results of the studydemonstrated that the accessions of C. hirsuta seeds collectedfrom Tamil Nadu, India, could be good sources of some important nutrientsfor humans.