Use of Banana (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Musa acuminata</Emphasis> Colla AAA) Peel Extract as an Antioxidant Source in Orange Juices

Using banana peel extract as an antioxidant in freshly squeezed orange juices and juices from concentrate was evaluated. Free radical scavenging capacity increased by adding banana peel extracts to both types of orange juice. In addition, remarkable increases in antioxidant capacity using 2,2′-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) radical were observed when equal or greater than 5 mg of banana peel extract per ml of freshly squeezed juice was added. No clear effects were observed in the capacity to inhibit lipid peroxidation. Adding 5 mg banana peel extract per ml of orange juice did not substantially modify the physicochemical and sensory characteristics of either type of juice. However, undesirable changes in the sensory characteristics (in-mouth sensations and colour) were detected when equal or greater than 10 mg banana peel extract per ml of orange juice was added. These results confirm that banana peel is a promising natural additive that increases the capacity to scavenge free radicals of orange juice with acceptable sensory and physicochemical characteristics for the consumer.     

Sensory properties and aromatic composition of baked snacks containing brewer's spent grain

The incorporation of brewer's spent grain (BSG) into baked snacks (crispy-slices) was investigated in terms of nutritional, sensory and aromatic properties. Wheat flour was replaced with BSG at the levels of 10, 15 and 25%. Snacks containing 10% BSG exhibited high Crispiness index (Ci), low Crispiness work (Wc) and a high number of peaks during texture analysis, indicating that the crispiness of the samples was not negatively affected. However higher levels of BSG affected the texture and the crumb structure of snacks and the results were significantly different to the 100% wheat control. Addition of BSG altered the odour profile of the snacks as shown by the volatile profiles, however sensory results indicated that BSG-containing snacks at a level of 10% were highly acceptable and highlighted the possibility of using BSG as a baking ingredient in the formulation of enhanced fibre baked snacks.     

Dynamic heat flux measurement for advanced insulation materials

Odour formation in the textile is a serious and embarrassing problem for an individual. The axilla born bacterial species are noted as the main reason for odour formation in axilla. In this research an attempt has been made to identify the odour generating compounds on the textile material after wear trial using gas chromatography and mass spectrum (GC-MS). The result indicates that the worn textile material consisted steroidal fractions of 5a-androst-16-ene-3-one and cholesterol, the major odour forming source from axilla. The results also identified the other important odour forming fatty acids and alcohols like lauric acids, diethyl esters of 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid, methyl esters of tetradecanoic acid, 3- methylhexanoic acid, Tetradecanol and acetic acid in axilla worn textile. These components were the derivatives of axilla specific odourous components like phthalic acid, myristic acid, isobutric acid and alcohols. The effect of Terminalia chebula extract finish on the odour formation also analysed and the results shows a considerable reduction in odour causing short chain volatile fatty acids (VFAs) in the worn textile compare to the untreated textile. The analysis also identified more amounts of active components of Terminalia chebula on the fabric surface instead of the odourous components from axilla.     

GC-MS analysis of worn textile for odour formation

Odour formation in the textile is a serious and embarrassing problem for an individual. The axilla born bacterial species are noted as the main reason for odour formation in axilla. In this research an attempt has been made to identify the odour generating compounds on the textile material after wear trial using gas chromatography and mass spectrum (GC-MS). The result indicates that the worn textile material consisted steroidal fractions of 5a-androst-16-ene-3-one and cholesterol, the major odour forming source from axilla. The results also identified the other important odour forming fatty acids and alcohols like lauric acids, diethyl esters of 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid, methyl esters of tetradecanoic acid, 3- methylhexanoic acid, Tetradecanol and acetic acid in axilla worn textile. These components were the derivatives of axilla specific odourous components like phthalic acid, myristic acid, isobutric acid and alcohols. The effect of Terminalia chebula extract finish on the odour formation also analysed and the results shows a considerable reduction in odour causing short chain volatile fatty acids (VFAs) in the worn textile compare to the untreated textile. The analysis also identified more amounts of active components of Terminalia chebula on the fabric surface instead of the odourous components from axilla.     

Effect of Inulin on the Viability of <Emphasis Type="Italic">L. plantarum</Emphasis> during Storage and <Emphasis Type="Italic">In Vitro</Emphasis> Digestion and on Composition Parameters of Vegetable Fermented Juices

The prebiotic effect of different concentrations of inulin (0, 1 and 2%) on the growth and survival of Lactobacillus plantarum (LP) CECT 220 in blended carrot and orange juices was investigated after 24 h of fermentation, during 30 days of storage at 4 °C and through the phases of gastrointestinal digestion after different storage periods. Microbiological and chemical determinations were also carried out in all juices. The lactic fermentation increased the shelf life of the fermented juices with inulin. The hygienic-sanitary quality in fermented juices was better than the control juices. During storage, the inulin improved the viability of LP and the monosaccharide concentration remained higher with respect to the juice without inulin (40% lower). At 30 days, the fermented juices with 2% inulin after in vitro digestion presented the highest survival of L. plantarum.     

Chemical composition and organoleptic evaluation of juice from steamed cashew apple blended with orange juice

Fully riped cashew apples (yellow variety) were steamed for 7 minutes prior to juice extraction. The extracted juice was blended with various proportions of sweet orange juice. Chemical composition and organoleptic evaluation were carried out on both the blended and unblended juices. The ascorbic acid content of unsteamed cashew apple juice was 287 mg/100 ml. Steaming of the cashew apple prior to juice extraction resulted in a decreased (230 mg/100 ml) content of ascorbic acid. It also led to slight decreases in soluble solids and titratable acidity. A comparison of the chemical composition of the two juices showed that the orange juice contained more sugars, titratable acidity and soluble solids but less ascorbic acid than cashew apple juice. Consequently, the soluble solids, titratable acidity, reducing and total sugars of the blends increased with increase in the proportions of orange juice while the content of ascorbic acid was decreasing. In spite of the decrease in ascorbic acid content of the blends, results showed that blended juice would no doubt be a very good source of ascorbic acid. Result of the organoleptic evaluation revealed that a 60% cashew apple and 40% orange juice gave a good quality juice in terms of flavor, after taste and overall acceptability.     

3种不同萃取方法对黑胡椒香气物质的气质联用分析

为探究不同提取方法对黑胡椒挥发性成分的影响,本研究以黑胡椒为材料,利用顶空固相微萃取法（HS-SPME）、戊烷:乙醚（1:1）溶剂萃取法和甲基叔丁基醚（MTBE）溶剂萃取法对黑胡椒中的香气成分进行提取,结合气相色谱质谱联用法（gas chromatography-mass spectrometry）和主成分分析法（PCA）对提取的香气物质进行分析。3种提取方法共得到6类（烯类、醇类、酚类、烃类、崁类、烯类氧化物）33种物质。戊烷:乙醚（1:1）溶剂萃取法、MTBE溶剂萃取法及顶空固相微萃取法分别检测到25、23、27种挥发性化合物,其中,相对含量较高的化合物均为3-蒈烯、柠檬烯、β-石竹烯、β-蒎烯。2种溶剂萃取法中,戊烷:乙醚（1:1）溶剂萃取法检测到的特有化合物有α-松油烯、α-松油醇、β-金合欢烯;与2种溶剂萃取法相比,顶空固相微萃取法（HS-SPME）检测到的特有化合物有樟脑、4-萜烯醇、2-(4-甲基苯基)丙-2-醇、橙花醇、香树烯、β-甜没药烯和愈创兰油烃。结合主成分分析得出,β-蒎烯、3-蒈烯、柠檬烯、β-石竹烯对黑胡椒香气风味贡献率较大,其中顶空固相微萃取法（HS-SPME）与2种溶剂萃取法所得成分差异明显。在溶剂萃取法中,戊烷:乙醚（1:1）溶剂萃取法优于MTBE溶剂萃取法。溶剂萃取法与顶空固相微萃取法所得物质在种类与数量上均存在差异。在胡椒香气物质检测时,将2种方法相结合可以更大程度保证所得化合物种类的丰富性和全面性。     

Increased Antioxidant Content in Juice Enriched with Dried Extract of Pomegranate (Punica granatum) Peel

Antioxidants are compounds responsible for free radical scavenging in the body. They protect the organism from oxidative modification of cells and tissues. These modifications have been associated with degenerative diseases, atherosclerosis and carcinogenesis. Punica granatum displays high antioxidant potential due to the presence of phenolic compounds, which are capable of disease prevention. The present study showed the highest antioxidant activity in pomegranate peel than in seeds and pulp. Based on these results, pomegranate peel was used to produce dried extract that was added to commercial tomato juice and orange juice with strawberries. Analysis to determine the content of phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity was performed on pomegranate pulp, seeds and peel and in juices enriched with dried extract of pomegranate peel. The dried extract was responsible for a significant increase in antioxidant activity of the juices, proportional to the concentrations added. However, although both flavors of enriched juices displayed high antioxidant levels, the samples with higher dried extract concentrations received the lowest scores from sensory analysis participants due to the characteristic astringent flavor of pomegranate peels. Therefore, to obtain greater acceptance in the consumer market, we concluded that the maximum addition of dried pomegranate peel extract is 0.5% in tomato juice and orange juice with strawberries.     

Variation in Oat Groats Due to Variety, Storage and Heat Treatment. II: Sensory Quality

A sensory profiling analysis of heat-processed oats (Avena sativaL.) was performed. The oat grains were of three varieties (Kapp, Mustang and Svea), stored at different relative humidities (30, 55 or 80%) for 3·5 or 15·5 months and heat-treated either with or without prior dehulling. The main differences in sensory attributes were related to the various thermal processes. Processed dehulled samples, particularly of theMustangvariety, had the highest intensities of oat odour, oat flavour, fresh odour and fresh flavour. Samples processed with hulls, in particular the varieties Kapp and Svea had the highest intensities of odour and flavour, rancid odour and flavour and bitterness. The sensory profile of processed oats were described partly by variations in phenolic compounds of low molecular weight, fat acidity and moisture content after processing. Twenty-nine per cent of the variation in odour and flavour attributes was explained by the 11 phenolic compounds analysed. Water content and the phenolic compoundsp-coumaric acid, vanillin,p-hydroxybenzaldehyde and coniferyl alcohol were significantly correlated (P<0·05) to high levels of rancidity, flavour intensity and bitterness and low levels of freshness, oat odour and flavour. The avenanthramides were related mainly to low levels of flavour intensity and rancid odour and flavour. Caffeic acid and fat acidity were related to low intensities of sweetness and aftertaste.     

基于SDE和HS-SPME/GC-MS的乌龙茶香气组成特征分析

为更好地分析乌龙茶香气组成特征,本试验应用气相色谱-质谱联用（GC-MS）检测平台,分别考察了同时蒸馏萃取法（SDE）和顶空固相微萃取法（HS-SPME,3种不同纤维涂层萃取头）对3个福建代表性乌龙茶样品（铁观音、肉桂和水仙）香气成分的萃取效果。结果表明,采用不同香气成分萃取方法可从供试茶样检出262种香气成分,其中以肉桂香气种类最多（204种）,水仙其次（175种）,铁观音最少（120种）。应用HS-SPME干样萃取法可获得最多种类的检出成分（186种）,其次为HS-SPME湿样萃取法（139种）,并以SDE法检出成分最少（33种）。不同萃取方法对香气成分的检出存在良好的互补作用,但以基于HS-SPME干样萃取法,应用65βμm PDMS/DVB（聚二甲基硅氧烷/二乙烯基苯）萃取头进行检测分析可相对较好地反映3种供试茶样香气化学组成特征,并能实现橙花叔醇、吲哚、α-法呢烯、苯乙醇、苯乙腈、水杨酸甲酯等多种乌龙茶常见或特征香气成分的重复性检测。肉桂和水仙茶样相较铁观音茶样的香气种类和数量存在较大差异,且以肉桂茶样的香气组成更为复杂多样,该结果与闽南乌龙茶与闽北乌龙茶迥然不同的花香品质及肉桂相较水仙拥有更为浓郁高显的香型特征相符合。     

Comparative chemistry and insect antifeedant action of traditional (Clevenger and Soxhlet) and supercritical extracts (CO2) of two cultivated wormwood (Artemisia absinthium L.) populations

A comparison between traditional extraction techniques (hydrodistillation and organic solvent extraction) and supercritical fluid extraction was made for two different populations and crops of Artemisia absinthium L., cultivated in the field and aeroponically. The composition of the extracts, volatile and non volatile oils, was analyzed by GC-MS and HPLC-DAD, respectively. The antifeedant and phytotoxic activity of the extracts was tested on insect pests (Spodoptera littoralis, Myzus persicae and Rhopalosiphum padi) and plants (Lactuca sativa and Lolium perenne). The supercritical extracts exhibited stronger antifeedant effects than the traditional ones (up to 8 times more active) with moderate selective phytotoxic effects on L. perenne root growth (<50% inhibition).     

Effect of the Temperature on the Spray Drying of Roselle Extracts (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hibiscus sabdariffa</Emphasis> L.)

The effect of the drying temperature on the volatile components and sensory acceptance of the Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa) extract in powder was investigated. The Roselle extraction was carried out by maceration with 7 L of 30% ethanol (v/v), 560 g of fresh Roselle calyces for 168 h. The Roselle extracts were spray dried at different temperatures 150, 160, 170, 180, 190, 200 and 210 °C, giving different outlet values about yield and final moisture. The volatile compounds in Roselle extract and dried samples were performed using needles of solid phase microextraction (SPME) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS HP-5890). Twenty volatile compounds were identified in the extracts among them terpenoids, esters, hydrocarbons and aldehydes. Fourteen volatile compounds were identified in the powder sample, but only ten were present in the Roselle extract. This indicates that some compounds were lost and some others were generated due to a degradation process. An acceptability sensory analysis showed that the best powder sample was the Roselle extract dehydrated using temperature between 190 °C and 200 °C (p < 0.05). There was not statistically significant difference in the pH of Roselle extracts ranging from 3.4 to 3.9. It was concluded that the spray drying temperature of the Roselle extracts has an effect on the volatile compounds losses.     

安化千两茶香气品质特点分析

采用同时蒸馏萃取（SDE）技术,联合GC-MS鉴定方法分析了9个安化千两茶中的挥发性成分,结合感官审评初步探讨了这些成分的香气品质特点。感官审评结果表明,千两茶香气以松木香、陈香为主要特点,部分千两茶香气略带粽叶香或粗老气、烟气、陈气味,个别千两茶略带酸味。GC-MS分析结果表明,香气物质相对含量最多的为醇类（9个样品平均相对含量为21.97%）;其次为酮类（20.11%）、醛类（18.69%）、杂氧化合物（18.39%）、脂肪酸类（12.71%）、烷烃类（1.70%）、含量最少的是杂环类（1.21%）。可见对千两茶香气起主要作用的是醇类、酮类、醛类和杂氧化合物。     

Metabolic profiling and analysis of volatile composition of durum wheat semolina and pasta

Although pasta is generally not considered for its aromatic properties, some evidence proves that cereal flours release volatile compounds and they might have an effect on the aroma of the transformed products. This work reports on the characterization of the volatile components of semolina and pasta obtained from four durum wheat cultivars (Triticum durum Desf., cvs. PR22D89, Creso, Cappelli, Trinakria). Semolina samples were characterized through polar metabolite profiling and fatty acid analysis to identify potential precursors of the volatile components. The results show significant differences among the samples tested with cv. Trinakria characterized by the highest content of sugars and fatty acids. Volatile composition was investigated both in semolina and in cooked pasta using headspace solid-phase micro-extraction (HS-SPME) and identified by GC–MS. Thirty-five volatile compounds including aldehydes, ketones, alcohols, terpenes, esters, hydrocarbons and a furan were identified. Significant differences were observed between semolina and pasta samples in terms of composition and amount of the volatile compounds. During cooking an increase in aldehyde content, the appearance of ketones and a decrease in alcohol content were observed. Correlations between metabolites and volatiles demonstrate that the flavour of cooked pasta may differ significantly depending on the durum wheat cultivar employed.     

Deodorizing and antibacterial performance of cotton, silk and wool fabrics dyed with Punica granatum L. extracts

Natural dye extracts were obtained by extraction from Punica granatum L. using water as an extractant at 90 °C for 90 min with various liquor ratios (solid Punica granatum L.(wt.): solvent water(wt.); 1:100–1:5). Dyeing was carried out using a 1:50 dyeing bath ratio at 80 °C for 60 min by exhaustion method. This study focused on the effect of liquor ratio on dyeing properties and deodorizing/antibacterial performance of various fabrics (cotton, silk and wool) dyed with Punica granatum L. extract without mordants. The optimum liquor ratio was found to be 1:10. By IR, UV-visible spectroscopies and HPLC analysis, the main component in Punica granatum L. extract and the yellow colorant component were found to be ellagic acid. By GC/MS analysis, the major volatile components of pristine Punica granatum L. powder were found to be acetic acid (area: 25.84 %), ethanol (area: 17.97 %), acetoin (area: 13.11 %), acetaldehyde (area: 8.96 %), isobutanal (area: 4.90 %). All dyed fabrics (cotton, silk and wool fabrics) displayed outstanding deodorizing performance (99 %) against ammonia gas and excellent antibacterial performance (bacteriostatic reduction rate: 99.9 %) against Staphylococcu aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae.     

超临界CO2萃取斜叶黄檀精油工艺优化及精油成分分析

本研究采用超临界CO2萃取斜叶黄檀中的精油,并分析精油的挥发性成分,主要考察萃取压力、萃取温度和萃取时间对精油得率的影响,通过正交试验确定超临界CO2萃取精油的最佳工艺条件,并通过气相色谱-质谱联用（GC-MS）检测斜叶黄檀精油中的主要挥发性成分。结果表明:超临界CO2萃取精油的最佳工艺条件为萃取温度75℃,萃取压力35 MPa,萃取时间4 h,在此条件下精油的得率为4.7573%;从斜叶黄檀精油中共鉴定出13种挥发性组分,主要成分是榄香素和甲基丁香酚,分别占92.33%和3.18%。      

速溶鹧鸪茶的提取工艺优化及挥发性成分分析

采用响应面法优化鹧鸪茶提取工艺,研究超声时间、提取温度、料液比对水提液中多酚提取率(Y1)、游离氨基酸总量(Y2)和水浸出物含量(Y3)的影响。将提取液进一步干燥处理得到速溶粉,利用顶空固相微萃取(HSSPME)和气质联用(GC-MS)对茶粉及速溶粉挥发性成分定性分析。结果表明:优化得到速溶鹧鸪茶提取工艺参数为时间28 min、温度58℃、料液比1:21,在此工艺参数下制得的提取液的多酚提取率为14.53%,游离氨基酸总量为20.97 mg/g,水浸出物含量为33.45%。茶粉和速溶粉经GC-MS分析,共鉴定出挥发性成分72种,其中茶粉含44种,速溶粉含52种,二者相同挥发性成分为26种。本研究可为鹧鸪茶生产工艺条件提供理论支撑。      

Shelf life study of some Nigerian fruit juices inoculated with ascospores ofNeosartorya spp.

Mango, orange and pineapple juices containing various concentrations of sucrose were dispensed in 100 ml volumes into 100 ml conical flasks with stoppers. Each juice in a flask was inoculated with ascospores of one local isolate of eitherNeosartorya fischeri, N. fischeri var.spinosa orN. quadricincta to a final concentration of 120–140 ascospores/ml of juice, and then pasteurized at 80°C for 30 min. A set of 36 inoculated flasks with 12 controls was stored at 4–5°C and two sets, one protected with 100 mg/l sodium benzoate, were stored at room temperature (25–28°C). A shelf life study was carried out on all the juices for 64 days. Only fruit juices stored at 4–5°C and those containing sodium benzoate stored at room temperature were protected from spoilage by these fungi for 64 days. Addition of sucrose at levels of 9% to mango juice, 30% to pineapple juice and 31.5% to orange juice significantly (p=0.05) protected ascospores from inactivation during cold storage.     

基于固相微萃取-气质联用的不同花色紫薇的挥发性物质检测

紫薇是我国著名的夏季观赏花木，具多种花色，有丰富的生物活性。探究不同花色紫薇花的挥发性物质在组 成和含量上的差异，对紫薇的进一步开发和利用具有重要意义。本研究以 5 种花色紫薇花的挥发性物质为研究对象， 利用固相微萃取（SPME）技术对进行富集提取，通过 GC-MS 对挥发性物质进行分离鉴定。在前处理条件优化方面， 以质谱鉴定出物质（总物质和高匹配物质）的出峰数和峰面积为指标，筛选得到适用于萃取紫薇花挥发性物质的萃取 温度为 25 ℃，萃取头为 65 μm PDMS/DVB。接着对 5 种不同花色的紫薇花中的高匹配度和高含量成分进行了讨论， 分别从白色、淡粉、粉红、玫红、紫色花色的紫薇中检测出高匹配挥发性物质 23、3、14、18 和 15 个，占各自总香气 成分的 46.38%、47.11%、47.42%、49.18%和 47.32%；而高含量成分分别占到各自总香气成分的 59.33%、79.35%、58.24%、 69.23%和 54.83%。同时，不同花色紫薇花的挥发性成分也存在共性和特异性的成分。以高匹配成分为研究对象，4 种 花色紫薇有 2 个共有成分（β-石竹烯、十四烷），3 种花色共有的挥发性成分有 3 个（苯乙醛、苯甲醛和顺式-罗勒烯）， 而 2 种花色共有挥发性成分有 5 个（D-柠檬烯和 2,4-葵二烯酸甲酯等）。同时，各花色还存在特异性成分，在白色、淡 粉、粉红、玫红、紫色花色中的特异性成分数量分别为 15、2、9、10 和 9 种。通过探究不同花色紫薇花在挥发性成分 上的差异，为紫薇的进一步开发和利用提供参考。