堆型艾美耳球虫早熟减毒株的选育

用早熟选育方法对堆型艾美耳球虫保定株进行了12代早熟选育,获得了潜隐期为74h的P_9株和62h的P_(12)株两个早熟株.两个早熟株不经选择传递2代,仍保持了早熟的特性.早熟株较其亲代株繁殖能力下降,致病力降低,但仍然保持了良好的免疫原性.早熟选育改变了虫体的内生性发育过程,引起了潜隐期的缩短.P_9株的裂体生殖为3代,P_(12)株的裂体生殖为2代.     

布氏艾美耳球虫保定株早熟系的选育及致病性研究

本实验采用按照Jeffers建立的球虫早熟株选育方法对布氏艾美耳球虫保定株进行早熟选育,经20代的选育获得了布氏艾美耳球虫早熟株。与保定亲本虫株相比,该早熟株潜隐期缩短了37h,即由125h减至88h;卵囊大小为24.4μm×20.0μm,形状指数为1.22;并且繁殖力下降了约40%,致病力显著低于亲本虫株;再经5代非选择性传代后,该虫株的早熟特性和弱毒性均得以保持。     

巨型艾美耳球虫早熟株选育及其相关生物学特性研究

为了选育巨型艾美耳球虫(Eimeria maxima)早熟株并观测其生物学特性,运用Jeffers创立的球虫早熟株选育方法,对实验室保存的E.maxima进行了早熟株选育,并比较了所获得的早熟株与母株在卵囊大小、繁殖能力、致病性、免疫保护力等生物学特性上的差异。经过17代早熟株选育,E.maxima的潜在期由母株的142 h缩短至107 h,缩短了35 h。早熟株卵囊的长、宽及大小均比母株小,且差异显著(P0.05);卵囊形状指数比母株的稍大,但差异不显著(P0.05)。早熟株的卵囊繁殖能力较母株的低,排卵囊高峰出现在接种后d6,较母株提前1 d。在同等剂量之下,早熟株的致病性低于母株,但免疫保护力和免疫原性与母株相当。早熟株的选育成功,为球虫早熟株弱毒疫苗的研制以及早熟株相关基因的筛选提供了重要材料。     

和缓艾美耳球虫保定株早熟系的选育及生物学特性研究

按照Jefiers 1975年建立的艾美耳球虫属球虫早熟选育方法,对和缓艾美耳球虫保定株进行了早熟选育。通过连续11代的早熟选育后,获得了潜隐期由97h缩短至82h的早熟系。该早熟系经过5代连续非早熟选择性传代,潜隐期仍稳定在82h。排卵囊期为感染后第4~10天,其中第5天为高峰期。该早熟系的致病力较亲本株弱,同样剂量感染后早熟系感染组相对增重率显著高于亲本株感染组。该早熟系免疫原性良好,每羽鸡免疫100个以上卵囊即可较好抵抗1x10^5个亲本株的攻击,相对增重率达80.0%以上和卵囊减少率达90.0%以上。     

紫外线诱导巨型艾美耳球虫的早熟株选育

本试验分离获得了1株巨型艾美耳球虫，通过紫外线诱导和非紫外线诱导两种方法对该虫株进行早熟选育，获得了2个巨型艾美耳球虫早熟减毒株。通过对2个早熟株的潜隐期、繁殖力、致病力以及免疫原性进行对比研究，证明紫外线诱导下的早熟选育可明显缩短选育所需代数，且与传统方法选育的早熟株在繁殖力、免疫原性与免疫保护力等方面基本相同。紫外线诱导下，经7代早熟选育，潜隐期由母株的142h缩短到116h，而非紫外线诱导的选育需要20代才能达到同样的选育结果。两早熟株卵囊的繁殖能力与母株相比有所下降，但仍保留了母株原有的免疫原性。     

堆形艾美耳球虫早熟株选育及相关生物学特性研究

为了选育堆形艾美耳球虫（Eimeria acervulina）早熟株及观测其生物学特性,运用Jeffers创立的艾美耳属球虫早熟株选育方法,对实验室保存的堆形艾美耳球虫进行连续传代早熟选育,并对获得的早熟株与母株孢子化卵囊大小、繁殖能力、致病性以及免疫保护力等指标进行了测定,比较堆形艾美耳球虫早熟株与母株之间的基本生物学特性差异。经过18代早熟选育后,堆形艾美耳球虫的潜在期由母株的99h缩短至84h。与母株相比,早熟株的孢子化卵囊大小明显减小（P〈0．05）,卵囊繁殖能力降低了17％～42%。致病性试验中,早熟株感染组的平均增重均高于母株,而病变记分相当。免疫保护试验中,早熟株与母株的免疫保护力相当,其卵囊抑制率略低于母株,差异不明显（P〉0．05）。结果表明,本研究成功选育出堆形艾关耳球虫早熟株,对母株攻击具有保护力,为鸡球虫疫苗的研制奠定了基础。     

柔嫩艾美耳球虫早熟株的内生发育及其致病性

为了给鸡球虫早熟弱毒疫苗的开发提供依据,对柔嫩艾美耳球虫(Eim eria tenella) 北京株经10 代早熟选育获得的早熟株的内生发育研究发现,其第2 代裂殖生殖发育较快,第2 代裂殖体含裂殖子较少,提前进入配子生殖,从而造成卵囊“早熟”。该早熟株致病性大大下降,经口感染10×104 个/只的致病性仅相当于剂量0.1×104 个/只亲本毒株的致病性。该虫株可作为研制早熟弱毒苗用虫株。     

堆型艾美耳球虫(Eimeria acervulina)早熟株与毒株的繁殖力和致病性比较试验

对经15代选育的堆型艾美耳球虫(Eimeria acervulina)北京株的早熟株与其毒株的繁殖力和致病性进行了比较研究，证实早熟株的潜隐期比毒株缩短27h，繁殖力有所下降；对致病性的研究显示，早熟株感染后对鸡只增重的影响较小，而且肠道病变记分亦较毒株下降。由此认为，该早熟株符合球虫早熟株的基本生物学特性，适宜用于鸡球虫病早熟苗的制作。     

柔嫩艾美耳球虫早熟株的初步选育及免疫原性的测定

为选育柔嫩艾美耳球虫的早熟株和了解其免疫原性,本试验通过鸡体的传代培养,初步得到了柔嫩艾美耳球虫早熟株P9。以早熟株免疫雏鸡后,以亲本株P0半数致死量攻毒,以确定其免疫原性。结果表明:P9的潜隐期由P0的141h缩短至131.5h,免疫后攻毒显示该早熟株具有良好的免疫原性。     

和缓艾美耳球虫早熟系选育及其生物学特性研究

按照Jeffers建立的艾美耳属球虫早熟系选育方法，对和缓艾美耳球虫涿州株(Eimeria mitis Zhuozhou strain，EmiZ)进行了早熟选育。经石歧杂肉仔鸡15次传代之后，EmiZ潜在期由96h缩短至77h，缩短了19h。选育出的和缓艾美耳球虫涿州株早熟系(Eimeria mitis Zhuozhou strain precocious line，EmiZP)在致病性与繁殖力上均较母株弱，但保留了母株的免疫原性。经EmiZP免疫的石歧杂肉仔鸡，可抵抗母株EmiZ的攻虫。对选育的早熟系EmiZP进行放松选择传代10代，其潜在期、排卵囊高峰、卵囊产量和致病性均保持了早熟系的特征，说明所选育的EmiZP已在遗传上保持了稳定。     

Oviducal storage of spermatozoa in the turkey: its relevance to artificial insemination technology

1. This paper addresses questions concerning the role of oviducal sperm selection and storage in the relative inefficiency of turkey reproduction. 2. Before the onset of egg production, the turkey has the biological potential to store spermatozoa in its oviduct for periods up to 5 weeks; after the onset of production fewer spermatozoa are retained by the oviduct. 3. A better understanding of the biological mechanisms which regulate sperm selection and storage in the turkey oviduct is necessary to make significant advances in artificial insemination technology.     

Selection for early (precocious) development of Eimeria meleagridis in the turkey

A precocious line of Eimeria meleagridis was developed by repeated propagation of the parasite in young turkeys and collection of the very first oocysts produced following infection. After 20 generations of selection, the prepatent period was reduced by 4-8 hr. Weight gain of poults given this line, from days 0-3 after infection, was significantly greater than that of poults given the parental strain, indicating that selection resulted in a loss of pathogenicity. Poults immunized with the precocious line produced no oocysts following challenge with the parental strain, indicating that immunogenicity was retained following selection. This is the first published report of the selection of a precocious line of Eimeria in the turkey.     

Economic efficiency of Japanese Black cattle selection schemes utilizing crossbreeding with the Holstein breed

The economic efficiency of Japanese Black (JB) cattle selection schemes utilizing crossbreeding with the Holstein (H) breed was evaluated in the context of maximizing profitability. Selection schemes were defined that differed in the records available for use as selection criteria. The selection schemes were assessed based on profitability per cow in the JB cattle population. Within each selection scheme, two terminal crossbreeding systems were considered: two‐way crossbreeding without backcrossing (F₁ system) and two‐way crossbreeding with backcrossing (F₁ cross system). The impact on profitability of varying number of sires selected per year and the proportion of H cows that were inseminated by JB semen and of F₁ females that are retained for replacement was examined for all selection schemes. Utilizing crossbreeding with the H breed was less profitable than purebreeding of the JB. Profitability was higher in the F₁ system than in the F₁ cross system in all selection schemes. Profitability was influenced more by changes in the number of sires selected per year than by the proportion H cows that were inseminated by JB semen and of F₁ females that were retained for replacement. Implications of these results for the JB breeding program are discussed.     

Genetic variation in composite and parental populations: expectations for levels of dominance and gene frequency.

Usefulness of multibreed composites depends on: 1) adaptation of the average breed effects combined, 2) amount of initial heterosis retained, and 3) the rate of further improvement from selection. Potential improvement could be increased, relative to parental stocks, by retained heterosis in reproductive rate and by any increase in additive genetic variation in the composite. A single-locus, two-allele model with additive plus dominant gene effects was used to clarify expected changes from varying: 1) degree of dominance (d) from none to over-dominance, 2) variance among parental lines in frequency of a dominant allele (Vq), and 3) mean gene frequency in the composite (qc). Simulation for a three-breed composite (1/2, 1/4, 1/4) showed that expected heterosis retained in the composite is proportional to d and Vq and is highest for any d and Vq when qc is intermediate. Percentage of change of the composite from parental mean in additive genetic variance (delta Vac,%) increases most with parental diversity (Vq) when d = 0 but changes with higher d from positive when q is less than .5 to negative when q is greater than .5. Therefore, the expected association of delta Vac with level of heterosis retained (delta H,%) is always smaller for higher d and changes from positive when qc less than .5 to negative for the more likely higher equilibrium values of qc. Thus, greater selection intensity (from a higher reproductive rate) in composites than in parent stocks may not be accompanied by increased genetic variability and change in response per unit of selection applied may be limited.     

Construction and characterization of a fowlpox virus field isolate whose genome lacks reticuloendotheliosis provirus nucleotide sequences

Fowlpox virus (FWPV) has been isolated from vaccinated chicken flocks during subsequent fowlpox outbreaks that were characterized by a high degree of mortality and significant economic losses. This inability of current vaccines to induce adequate immunity in poultry could be reflective of an antigenic and/or biologic distinctiveness of FWPV field isolates. In this regard, whereas an infectious reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV) provirus is present in the majority of the field viruses' genomes, only remnants of REV long terminal repeats (LTR) have been retained in the DNAs of each vaccine strain. Although it has not been demonstrated whether the partial LTRs can provide an avenue for FWPV to reacquire the REV provirus by homologous recombination, utilizing viruses of which genomes lack any known integrated retroviral sequences could resolve concern over this issue. Therefore, such an entity was created by genetically modifying a recently isolated field strain of FWPV. This selection, in lieu of a commercial vaccine virus, as the progenitor was based on the probability that a virus circulating in the environment would be more antigenically similar to others in this locale and thus might be a better candidate for vaccine development. A comparison in vivo of the pathogenic traits of the parental wild-type field isolate, its genetically modified progeny, and a rescue mutant in whose genome the REV provirus was inserted at its previous location, indicated that elimination of the provirus sequence correlated with reduced virulence. However, even with elimination of the parasitic REV, the modified FWPV was still slightly more invasive than a commercial vaccine virus. Interestingly, both types of attenuated FWPV elicited a similar degree of antibody production in inoculated chickens and afforded them protection against a subsequent challenge by a field virus, the origin of which was temporally and geographically distinct from that of the progenitor strain. Due to its antigenicity being retained despite a decrease in virulence, this REV-less FWPV could potentially be developed as a vaccine against fowlpox.     

表观性状及产奶相关基因用于筛选高产奶牛的潜在价值

高产量奶牛的高效选育一直是困扰奶业及奶牛养殖业高效发展的难题,产奶量不足,生产效率不稳定等问题也严重制约了行业的发展。但传统筛选高产奶牛方法耗时耗力,不利于高产奶牛快速培育,且优良性状的遗传稳定性较差,也无法长期保留。目前,越来越多研究发现产奶量与奶牛的表观性状有关,如体重、体尺、乳房形态及肛殖距等。不仅如此,产奶量及奶品质还与催乳素及其受体基因、生长激素及其受体基因、二酰甘油酰基转移酶基因和及其他产奶基因具有密切关系。因此,本文对影响奶牛产奶量的相关因素进行了综合概述,阐述了不同因素对高产奶牛筛选应用的潜在价值,有望促进高产奶牛的快速筛选,助力奶牛养殖业的快速发展。     

Direct and correlated responses to two-stage selection for ovulation rate and number of fully formed pigs at birth in swine

Our objectives were to estimate responses and genetic parameters for ovulation rate, number of fully formed pigs at birth, and other production traits following two-stage selection for increased ovulation rate and number of fully formed pigs. Eight generations of selection were practiced in each of two lines. One selection line was derived from a line that previously selected eight generations for an index to increase ovulation rate and embryonic survival (the IOL pigs). The other selection line was derived from the unselected control line of the index selection experiment (the COL pigs). The control line (C) was continued with random selection. Due to previous selection, Line IOL had greater ovulation rate (4.24 +/- 0.38 and 4.14 +/- 0.29 ova) and litter size (1.97 +/- 0.39 and 1.06 +/- 0.38 pigs) at Generation 0 of two-stage selection than did Lines COL and C. In Stage 1, all gilts from 50% of the largest litters were retained. Approximately 50% of them were selected for ovulation rate in Stage 2. Gilts selected for ovulation rate were mated to boars selected from the upper one-third of the litters for litter size. At Generations 7 and 8, differences in mean EBV for ovulation rate and litter size between Lines IOL and C were 6.20 +/- 0.29 ova and 4.66 +/- 0.38 pigs; differences between Lines COL and C were 2.26 +/- 0.29 ova and 2.79 +/- 0.39 pigs; and differences between Lines IOL and COL were 3.94 +/- 0.26 ova and 1.86 +/- 0.39 pigs. Regressions of line mean EBV on generation number were 0.27 +/- 0.07 ova and 0.35 +/- 0.06 pigs in Line IOL; 0.30 +/- 0.06 ova and 0.29 +/- 0.05 pigs in Line COL; and 0.01 +/- 0.07 ova and 0.02 +/- 0.05 pigs in Line C. Correlated responses were decreased age at puberty and increased number of pigs born alive, number of mummified pigs, prenatal loss, and individual and litter birth weight. Two-stage selection for ovulation rate and number of pigs per litter is a promising procedure to improve litter size in swine.     

Nitrogen utilization in growing lambs: effects of grain (starch) and protein sources with various rates of ruminal degradation

The potential interaction between grain (starch) and protein sources with varying ruminal degradation rates on N utilization in growing lambs was evaluated. Three grain sources with varying ruminal degradation rates, (barley greater than steam-flaked sorghum [SFSG] greater than dry-rolled sorghum [DRSG]) and three protein sources (urea greater than a 50:25:25 mixture of urea: blood meal:corn gluten meal [N basis, U/BC] greater than 50:50 mixture of meal:corn gluten meal [N basis, BC]), were evaluated in a 3 x 3 factorial arrangement. Supplemental protein sources provided 33% of dietary N (CP = 11.0%). For each grain-protein combination, a 3 x 3 Latin square metabolism trial was conducted using two sets of three lambs and three periods. Within-square treatments were 1.4, 1.7 and 2.0 times maintenance intake levels. No interactions were observed (P greater than .2) between dietary treatments and intake level. Grain sources did not differ (P greater than .2) in N balance or the proportion of N retained. Lambs fed urea diets retained less N (3.6 vs 4.2 and 4.1 g/d for urea vs U/BC and BC, respectively; linear, P = .07; quadratic, P = .12) and utilized N less efficiently (43.1 vs 51.9 and 52.5%, respectively; linear, P less than .001; quadratic, P = .10) than lambs fed BC diets. The grain x protein interaction was significant for most variables. Nitrogen utilization was most efficient (24 to 27% of N intake retained) when rapidly degraded sources (barley and urea) and slowly degraded sources (sorghum and BC) were fed together or when U/BC was the supplemental protein source (interaction P less than .08). An advantage was found for selection of starch and protein sources with similar ruminal degradation rates.     

标记辅助导入中不同背景选择方法的比较

模拟比较了随机选择、标记值选择及BLUP选择3种背景选择方法在标记辅助导入(利用标记辅助将供体群中的一个有利QTL等位基因导入到受体群中)的选择效果。前景选择是借助与目标基因连锁的两侧标记对目标基因进行间接选择。研究结果表明,在背景选择中,利用标记值选择能使受体基因组很快得到恢复,2个世代的回交就能恢复90%以上,4个世代的回交就能完全恢复。利用BLUP选择虽然不能使受体基因组迅速全部恢复,但能使特定的背景性状得到最大的遗传进展。