Why high grain yield can be achieved in single seedling machine-transplanted hybrid rice under dense planting conditions?

This study was conducted to identify the factors associated with high grain yield in single seedling machine-transplanted hybrid rice under dense planting conditions. Field experiments were done in Yong'an Town, Hunan Province, China in 2015 and 2016. Two hybrid rice cultivars were grown under single seedling machine transplanting (SMT) and conventional machine transplanting (CMT) at a high planting density in each year. Grain yield and yield attributes were compared between SMT and CMT. Averaged across cultivars and years, grain yield was 12% higher under SMT than under CMT. Plant height, basal stem width, and shoot and root dry weights were higher in seedlings for SMT than those for CMT. SMT had less maximum tiller number per m² and consequently less panicle number per m² than did CMT. Branch number per panicle, especially the secondary branch number per panicle, and spikelet number per cm of panicle length were more under SMT than under CMT, which resulted in more spikelet number per panicle under SMT than under CMT. SMT had higher or equal spikelet filling percentage than did CMT. The difference in grain weight between SMT and CMT was relatively small and inconsistent cross years. SMT had higher or equal total biomass and harvest index than did CMT. Dry weight per stem under SMT was heavier than that under CMT. Larger leaf area per stem was partly responsible for the heavier dry weight per stem under SMT than under CMT. Our study suggests that improvement in seedling quality, panicle size, and dry weight per stem are critical to the high grain yield in single seedling machine-transplanted hybrid rice under dense planting conditions.     

不同耕作方式对杂交水稻根系特性及产量的影响

 【目的】探明不同耕作方式下杂交水稻根系特性及增产的机制。【方法】在田间试验条件下，研究不同耕作方式(翻耕和免耕)对直播稻和移栽稻根系特性和产量的影响。【结果】无论直播或移栽，免耕稻最高分蘖期的根冠比、单蔸根干重、根系总吸收表面积和活跃吸收表面积均高于翻耕稻，其成熟期0～5 cm土层的根重、根重密度和5～10 cm、10～20 cm土层的比根长也比翻耕稻高。在移栽条件下，免耕稻成熟期0～5 cm土层的根长、根长密度和根表面积高于翻耕稻，其最高分蘖期的根系32P吸收总量和根系氧化力分别比翻耕稻平均增加40.72%、13.81%；在直播条件下，免耕稻最高分蘖期、孕穗期、齐穗期的根系32P吸收总量和根系氧化力分别比翻耕稻平均增加54.56%、19.53%、2.80%和12.59%、24.06%、74.19%，其孕穗期的地上部32P的转运率比翻耕稻平均增加13.68%，而其根系残留率比翻耕稻平均降低10.22%。无论移栽或直播，免耕稻的有效穗数比翻耕稻低，但其每穗粒数高于翻耕稻。在直播和移栽条件下，免耕稻的产量平均分别为8979.0 kg·ha-1和8588.0 kg·ha-1，比翻耕稻分别增产2.30%和1.19%，但未达到5%的显著水平。【结论】免耕稻相对于翻耕稻有明显的增产优势，是其根系特性的一种响应。     

Effects of nitrogen application rate and hill density on rice yield and nitrogen utilization in sodic saline–alkaline paddy fields

Soil salinity and alkalinity can inhibit crop growth and reduce yield,and this has become a global environmental concern.Combined changes in nitrogen (N) application and hill density can improve rice yields in sodic saline–alkaline paddy fields and protect the environment.We investigated the interactive effects of N application rate and hill density on rice yield and N accumulation,translocation and utilization in two field experiments during 2018 and 2019 in sodic saline–alkaline paddy fields.Five N application rates (0 (control),90,120,150,and 180 kg N ha~(-1) (N0–N4),respectively) and three hill densities(achieved by altering the distance between hills,in rows spaced 30 cm apart:16.5 cm (D1),13.3 cm (D2) and 10 cm (D3))were utilized in a split-plot design with three replicates.Nitrogen application rate and hill density significantly affected grain yield.The mathematical model of quadratic saturated D-optimal design showed that with an N application rate in the range of 0–180 kg N ha~(-1),the highest yield was obtained at 142.61 kg N ha~(-1) which matched with a planting density of 33.3×10~4 ha~(-1).Higher grain yield was mainly attributed to the increase in panicles m~(–2).Nitrogen application rate and hill density significantly affected N accumulation in the aboveground parts of rice plants and showed a highly significant positive correlation with grain yield at maturity.From full heading to maturity,the average N loss rate of the aboveground parts of rice plants in N4 was 70.21% higher than that of N3.This is one of the reasons why the yield of N4 treatment is lower than that of the N3 treatment.Nitrogen accumulation rates in the aboveground parts under treatment N3 (150 kg N ha~(-1)) were 81.68 and 106.07% higher in 2018 and 2019,respectively,than those in the control.The N translocation and N translocation contribution rates increased with the increase in the N application rate and hill density,whereas N productivity of dry matter and grain first increased and then decreased with the increase in N application rate and hill density.Agronomic N-use efficiency decreased with an increase in N application rate,whereas hill density did not significantly affect it.Nitrogen productivity of dry matter and grain,and agronomic N-use efficiency,were negatively correlated with grain yield.Thus,rice yield in sodic saline–alkaline paddy fields can be improved by combined changes in the N application rate and hill density to promote aboveground N accumulation.Our study provides novel evidence regarding optimal N application rates and hill densities for sodic saline–alkaline rice paddies.     

Combined effect of shading time and nitrogen level on grain filling and grain quality in japonica super rice

There is limited information about the combined effect of shading time and nitrogen(N) on grain filling and quality of rice. Therefore, two japonica super rice cultivars, Nanjing 44 and Ningjing 3, were used to study the effect of shading time and N level on the characteristics of rice panicle and grain filling as well as the corresponding yield and quality. At a low N level(150 kg N ha~(–1), 150 N), grain yield decreased(by 21.07–26.07%) under the treatment of 20 days of shading before heading(BH) compared with the no shading(NS) treatment. These decreases occurred because of shortened panicle length, decreased number of primary and secondary branches, as well as the grain number and weight per panicle. At 150 N, in the treatment of 20 days of shading after heading(AH), grain yield also decreased(by 9.46–10.60%) due to the lower grain weight per panicle. The interaction of shading and N level had a significant effect on the number of primary and secondary branches. A high level of N(300 kg N ha~(–1), 300 N) could offset the negative effect of shading on the number of secondary branches and grain weight per panicle, and consequently increased the grain yield in both shading treatments. In superior grains, compared with 150 N NS, the time to reach 99% of the grain weight(T_(99)) was shortened by 1.6 to 1.7 days, and the grain weight was decreased by 4.18–5.91% in 150 N BH. In 150 N AH, the grain weight was 13.39–13.92% lower than that in 150 N NS due to the slow mean and the maximum grain-filling rate(GR_(mean )and GR_(max)). In inferior grains, grain weight and GR_(mean) had a tendency of 150 N NS150 N BH150 N AH. Under shaded conditions, 300 N decreased the grain weight due to lower GR_(mean) both in superior and inferior grains. Compared with 150 N NS, the milling and appearance qualities as well as eating and cooking quality were all decreased in 150 N BH and 150 N AH. Shading with the high level of 300 N improved the milling quality and decreased the number of chalky rice kernels, but the eating and cooking quality was reduced with increased chalky area and overall chalkiness. Therefore, in the case of short term shading, appropriate N fertilizer could be used to improve the yield and milling quality of rice, but limited application of N fertilizer is recommended to achieve good eating and cooking quality of rice.     

Comparisons of Yield and Growth Behaviors of Hybrid Rice Under Different Nitrogen Management Methods in Tropical and Subtropical Environments

To compare the grain yield and growth behaviors of hybrid rice, field experiments were conducted in a subtropical environment in Changsha, Hunan Province, China, and in two tropical environments in Gazipur and Habiganj in Bangladesh during 2009 to 2011. Three hybrid rice cultivars were grown under three nitrogen (N) management treatments in each experiment. The results showed that grain yield was significantly affected by locations, N treatments and their interaction but not by cultivars. Changsha produced 8–58% higher grain yields than Bangladesh locations. Sink size (spikelet number per unit land area) was responsible for these yield differences. Larger panicle size (spikelet number per panicle) contributed to greater sink size in Changsha. Aboveground total biomass was greater in Changsha than in Bangladesh locations, whereas harvest index was higher in Bangladesh locations than in Changsha. Crop growth rate (CGR) was greater at Changsha than Bangladesh locations during vegetative phase, while the difference was relatively small and not consistent during the later growth phases. Higher leaf area index and leaf area duration were partly responsible for the greater CGR in Changsha. Real-time N management (RTNM) produced lower grain yields than fixed-time N management in more than half of the experiments. Our study suggested that further improvement in rice yield in the tropical environments similar to those of Bangladesh will depend mainly on the ability to increase panicle size as well as CGR during vegetative phase, and the chlorophyll meter threshold value used in RTNM needs to be modified according to environmental conditions and cultivar characteristics to achieve a desirable grain yield.     

Comparison of agronomic performance between inter-sub-specific hybrid and inbred japonica rice under different mechanical transplanting methods

Mechanical transplanting has been applied to rice cultivation to save labor costs and ease labor shortages in Asian countries, especially in China. However, little information is available related to the characteristics of agronomic performance when comparing inter-sub-specific hybrid rice (IHR) and inbred japonica rice (IJR) under mechanical transplanting method. In 2013 and 2014, field experiments were conducted using IHR (Yongyou 2640) and IJR (Wuyunjing 24) under two cultivation patterns, that is, pot seedlings mechanically transplanted (PS) and carpet seedlings mechanically transplanted (CS). Grain yield, yield components, leaf area index (LAI), leaf area duration (LAD), aboveground biomass, crop growth rate (CGR), nitrogen (N) uptake, and N accumulation were investigated. When compared with CS, PS displayed significantly increased grain yield for both varieties because the larger sink size allowed higher N accumulation from panicle initiation to maturity. Moreover, total aboveground biomass under PS increased significantly compared with that under CS; that is, higher photosynthetic productivity resulted from a greater LAI and higher LAD during the grain filling stage. Higher N absorption capacity in the middle and late growth periods resulted in significantly enhanced total N uptake under PS. When compared with IJR for both treatments, IHR generated 75.2% more grain yield. However, the characteristics creating high yield of IHR were different from those of IJR. Greater aboveground biomass production as well as higher N uptake and accumulation created higher grain yield in IHR than in IJR. These results suggest higher yield could be achieved using PS with IHR, attributing to exploit both yield superiority and productive potential.     

Improving grain yield,nitrogen use efficiency and radiation use efficiency by dense planting,with delayed and reduced nitrogen application,in double cropping rice in South China

Improving both grain yield and resource use efficiencies simultaneously is a major challenge in rice production. However, few studies have focused on integrating dense planting with delayed and reduced nitrogen application to enhance grain yield, nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) and radiation use efficiency (RUE) in rice (Oryza sativa L.) in the double rice cropping system in South China. A high-yielding indica hybrid rice cultivar (Yliangyou 143) was grown in field experiments in Guangxi, South China, with three cultivation managements: farmers’ practice (FP), dense planting with equal N input and delayed N application (DPEN) and dense planting with reduced N input and delayed N application (DPRN). The grain yields of DPRN reached 10.6 and 9.78 t ha^–1 in the early and late cropping seasons, respectively, which were significantly higher than the corresponding yields of FP by 23.9–29.9%. The grain yields in DPEN and DPRN were comparable. NUE in DPRN reached 65.2–72.9 kg kg^–1, which was 61.2–74.1% higher than that in FP and 24.6–30.2% higher than that in DPEN. RUE in DPRN achieved 1.60–1.80 g MJ^–1, which was 28.6–37.9% higher than that in FP. The productive tiller percentage in DPRN was 7.9–36.2% higher than that in DPEN. Increases in crop growth rate, leaf area duration, N uptake from panicle initiation to heading and enhancement of the apparent transformation ratio of dry weight from stems and leaf sheaths to panicles all contributed to higher grain yield and higher resource use efficiencies in DPRN. Correlation analysis revealed that the agronomic and physiological traits mentioned above were significantly and positively correlated with grain yield. Comparison trials carried out in Guangdong in 2018 and 2019 also showed that DPRN performed better than DPEN. We conclude that DPRN is a feasible approach for simultaneously increasing grain yield, NUE and RUE in the double rice cropping system in South China.     

水稻雄性不育细胞质对杂交早稻产量性状的影响

利用Ｋ型、Ｄ型等七种不同的雄性不育细胞质的同核异质不育系及其保持系分别与两个早熟恢复系杂交，研究胞质对杂种一代单株稻谷产量、穗长、每穗总粒数、每穗实粒数、每穗秕粒数、结实率和千粒重的影响，结果表明不同胞质对这些性状的影响存在明显差异，同一胞质对不同性状的影响程度也不同。多数胞质都有使这些性状变劣的效应，但Ｋ型和Ｄ型两种胞质对单株产量和每穗总粒数均不表现负效应，对其他性状的变劣效应也较小。并探明了杂交早稻结实率低的原因是雄性不育细胞质的负效应。可以通过筛选和利用优良胞质来减小或消除胞质负效应。     

江苏现用主要粳稻品种对氮素的反应

在大田和盆栽试验条件下 ,研究杂交籼稻汕优 63和 4个中粳品种武育粳 3号、951 6、952 2及镇稻 88对氮肥施用期的反应。结果表明 :基肥、分蘖肥和穗肥 3种施肥方法的增产作用及肥料的利用率 ,汕优 63以分蘖肥为最大 ,武育粳 3号以穗肥为最大 ,而 952 2则在 3种施肥方法中差异不大。在等量氮肥作促花肥、保花肥和粒肥的 3种不同施肥时期中 ,氮肥的增产作用及肥料的利用率 ,汕优 63以粒肥为最大 ,促花肥为最小 ;武育粳 3号和 951 6以促花肥为最大 ,粒肥为最小 ;952 2和镇稻 88等则以保花肥最大。并对不同品种对氮肥施用期反应的差异进行了讨论。     

Effects of Different Nitrogen Treatments on N use Efficiency and Grain Yield of Mechanically-transplanted Hybrid Rice

In order to investigate effects of topdressing on grain yield and N use efficiency of mechanically-transplanted hybrid rice,this experiment was conducted with 2-line hybrid rice cultivars,Quanliangyou 1 and Quanliangyou 681 with 3 application levels of N fertilizer,No,N1,N2,respectively.The results showed that there were no significant differences in grain yields of the 2 varieties between treatments N1 and N2.It was indicated that N is not the factor which could limit grain yield within limited application levels of N fertilizer.High N fertilizer treatment could contribute to the formation of effective panicles and spikelets per panicle,but it could also lead to the decline in grain filling rate.It was suggested that lowering the amount of Nfertilizer could facilitate improvement of N-use efficiency.     

不同施氮量对免耕移栽杂交水稻干物质积累与运转的影响

[目的]研究施氮量对免耕移栽杂交水稻干物质积累与运转的影响。[方法]以超级杂交水稻黔南优2058为试材,设5种施氮量处理进行免耕移栽的稻作试验。[结果]随着氮肥施用量的增加,水稻生育中、后期的干物质积累量均有增加的趋势,在最高分蘖期和孕穗期茎干物质减少,叶干物质逐渐增加;在齐穗期茎、叶干物质逐渐减少,穗干物质比例和穗／茎叶逐渐增加;成熟期的情况与齐穗期相反。在75～225kg／hm^2施氮量范围内,随着施氮量的增加,茎鞘物质输出率、茎鞘物质转换率、抽穗后茎叶干物质表观输出量和输出率、每穗总粒数、结实率和千粒重逐渐下降,而有效穗数逐渐升高。[结论]随着施氮量的增加,水稻产量以抛物线形式增加,施氮量为284．0kg／hm^2,可获得最高产量。     

麦秸还田与氮肥互作对大穗型杂交粳稻不同部位枝梗和颖花形成的影响

【目的】探讨麦秸还田和施氮量对大穗型杂交粳稻不同部位枝梗和颖花形成的影响。【方法】以大穗型杂交粳稻甬优1540为试验材料,设置麦秸还田（T0：麦秸不还田;T1：麦秸全量还田）和施氮量（N1：施纯氮225 kg·hm^-2;N2：施纯氮300 kg·hm^-2;N3：施纯氮375 kg·hm^-2）二因素试验,裂区设计,秸秆处理为主区,研究稻穗不同部位枝梗与颖花形成规律。【结果】麦秸还田提高大穗型杂交粳稻籽粒产量,但不显著;不同施氮量处理对产量的影响显著,表现为N2＞N3＞N1。大穗型杂交粳稻不同部位枝梗与颖花形成特性因着生部位不同而异。麦秸还田与施氮量对枝梗与颖花形成有显著影响,与T0相比,T1处理显著降低了总枝梗与颖花分化数,但同时显著减少了退化数,且退化数的降幅大于分化数,导致现存数比T0显著增加;麦秸还田对一次枝梗的形成影响不显著,但显著影响了二次枝梗与颖花的形成。3种氮肥水平下,N2处理的总枝梗数、颖花分化数和现存数最高,而退化数率最低,且对一、二次枝梗与颖花的影响均达显著水平。麦秸还田与施氮量存在互作效应,T0N2处理下枝梗和颖花的分化数最高,但T1N2处理下的枝梗和颖花的退化数显著低于其他处理,现存数最高;麦秸还田和不同施氮量处理对上部一、二次枝梗与颖花的影响均不显著,但显著影响了中、下部枝梗与颖花形成,特别是下部二次颖花的分化与退化对总颖花数的形成有较大影响。枝梗及颖花性状与产量关系密切,一、二次枝梗与颖花现存数与产量及每穗总粒数均达极显著正相关; 枝梗与颖花的分化数和现存数与有效穗数和结实率均呈一定的负相关关系,但与千粒重呈显著或极显著正相关。【结论】大穗型杂交粳稻稻穗不同部位枝梗和颖花形成规律有差异;麦秸还田和施氮量对枝梗和颖花形成有显著影响,影响程度因稻穗部位不同而异,中下部和二次枝梗受影响较大;秸秆还田和施氮量存在互作效应,麦秸全量还田和适宜的氮肥水平有利于枝梗和颖花的形成。     

Increasing the appropriate seedling density for higher yield in dry direct-seeded rice sown by a multifunctional seeder after wheat-straw return

Dry direct-seeded rice(DDR) sown using a multifunctional seeder that performs synchronous rotary tillage and sowing has received increased attention because it is highly efficient, relatively cheap, and environmentally friendly. However,this method of rice production may produce lower yields in a rice–wheat rotation system because of its poor seedling establishment. To address this problem, we performed field experiments to determine the rice yield at five seedling density levels(B1, B2, B3, B4,...     

施氮水平对杂交中稻整精米率的影响与组合间库源结构的关系

以26个籼型杂交中稻组合为材料,设施氮量、齐穗期疏花、剪叶处理,研究了施氮水平对杂交中稻整精米率的影响与组合间库源结构的关系。结果表明,两种施氮水平下整精米率的差值（低氮-高氮）分别与低氮和高氮下各组合相应的穗粒数呈极显著负相关关系。原因在于,中小穗型组合在低氮条件下的叶粒比已经较高,籽粒灌浆速率较快,导致籽粒充实度差而整精米率不高；当施氮水平提高后,叶粒比和灌浆速率进一步提高,籽粒容重进一步下降,因而整精米率下降。大穗型组合在低氮条件下,不足以维持籽粒正常灌浆,籽粒容重和整精米率下降；当提高施氮水平后,叶粒比有一定程度提高,库源矛盾有所缓解,籽粒容重也相应提高以致整精米率增加。预测出在4.5叶左右按26.64 cm×19.98 cm规格、每穴栽双株和本田施纯氮150 kg/hm2的栽培条件下,当群体平均着粒数≥194粒的杂交组合,整精米率比低氮水平有提高趋势。     

冬水田区杂交中稻高产组合的库源特征研究

以30个杂交中稻组合为材料,分别在3类冬水田（夏旱田、普通田和囤水田）种植下,研究了稻谷产量与库源性状的关系。结果表明,杂交中稻产量受稻田类型影响极大,30个杂交组合在不同稻田类型的产量变异趋势一致,筛选出7个杂交中稻组合在3类稻田均能获得高产。冬水田杂交中稻高产栽培的目标是在保证较高颖花量基础上,进一步提高结实率和千粒重。理论产量和产量潜力分别与穗粒数和库容充实度呈抛物线关系,在3类稻田均可获得高产的杂交中稻组合的库源特征：穗粒数160～200粒、最高苗332.98～36098万/hm2、有效穗200.14～225.24万/hm2、结实率77.56%～82.38%、千粒重29.06～30.32 g、颖花量3.61～3.98朵/m2、叶面积指数5.69～6.59、粒叶比0.55～0.70朵/cm2、单穗重4.00～4.51 g。为水稻育种者鉴定高产组合和生产部门筛选适宜冬水田区不同类型稻田的品种提供了科学依据。     

播期、密度和施氮量对旱种杂交稻产量和构成因子的影响

为筛选杂交稻旱种最佳的栽培方法,采用三因素三水平正交试验研究播期、密度和施氮量对旱育秧覆膜移栽杂交稻产量的影响,以及主要性状与产量的相关性分析。结果表明：随着播期从3月30日推后到4月20日,杂交稻旱种全生育期逐渐缩短,从155 d缩短到148 d;穗长、穗粒数、实粒数、结实率、千粒重与产量成正相关关系,相关程度为：结实率>实粒数>穗长>穗粒数>千粒重;主要性状对产量的直接通径正效应顺序为：穗长>结实率>有效穗数>千粒重>成穗率,直接通径负效应顺序为：株高>穗粒数。杂交稻旱种可通过提高结实率和穗长来增加产量,同时要控制株高。试验因素对产量的影响顺序为：播期>施氮量>密度,旱育秧覆膜旱移栽杂交稻最优高产栽培组合为：3月30日播种、每公倾90万基本苗和施用纯N 90 kg作分蘖肥。     

施氮水平对杂交中稻整精米率的影响与组合间库源结构的关系

以26个籼型杂交中稻组合为材料,设施氮量、齐穗期疏花、剪叶处理,研究了施氮水平对杂交中稻整精米率的影响与组合间库源结构的关系。结果表明,两种施氮水平下整精米率的差值(低氮-高氮)分别与低氮和高氮下各组合相应的穗粒数呈极显著负相关关系。原因在于,中小穗型组合在低氮条件下的叶粒比已经较高,籽粒灌浆速率较快,导致籽粒充实度差而整精米率不高;当施氮水平提高后,叶粒比和灌浆速率进一步提高,籽粒容重进一步下降,因而整精米率下降。大穗型组合在低氮条件下,不足以维持籽粒正常灌浆,籽粒容重和整精米率下降;当提高施氮水平后,叶粒比有一定程度提高,库源矛盾有所缓解,籽粒容重也相应提高以致整精米率增加。预测出在4.5叶左右按26.64 cm×19.98 cm规格、每穴栽双株和本田施纯氮150kg/hm2的栽培条件下,当群体平均着粒数≥194粒的杂交组合,整精米率比低氮水平有提高趋势。     

福建杂交早稻高产栽培技术研究

通过杂交早稻的组合、施氮量、基本苗和秧龄对产量效应的研究表明:威优64具有最高的产量,杂交早稻每公顷以插基本苗90万、施纯氮量187.5公斤以下为宜;在稀播条件下,35天以内的秧龄均适宜。通径分析表明:杂交早稻要获得高产,必须抓住每公顷有效穗与每穗饱粒数这两个因素,使有效穗、穗粒数、结实率和千粒重之问达到最大的协调。为此,本文提出了要使杂交早稻每公顷产7500公斤的群体动态、库源关系等指标。     

泰丰优组合的特征特性与产量构成因素分析

为了解泰丰优组合在漳州2010—2011年晚稻区试中表现增产的原因,分析泰丰优组合与对照种博优253的特征特性、产量及其构成因素,比较两类组合的差异。结果表明,泰丰优组合比对照种博优253增产达2.97%以上,名列前茅;平均生育期比对照种迟熟2 d左右;中感稻瘟病以上,抗瘟性强于对照种;米质外观优,与对照种相当;具有良好的株叶型态,优于对照种;泰丰优组合属于大穗大粒型组合,博优253属于多穗小粒型组合,泰丰优组合通过大穗大粒来弥补穗数不足,获得比博优253高的产量。同时对适合漳州市种植的高产、优质、抗病的三系杂交稻选育进行探讨。     

杂交早稻主要性状分析及高产育种探索

用相关分析、通经分析和主成份分析方法对近年来育成的一些杂交早稻组合的主要性状分析表明：1．产量和产量性状及产量性状间有较为复杂的相关关系，而以每穗实粒数和株高对产量的直接作用最大；2．生育期对产量的直接作用和其它性状通过该性状的间接作用很小，说明早稻生育期范围内，实现高产是可能的；3．按累积贡献率≥85％，确定了穗平着粒数、结实率、千粒重和穗长四个主成份；4．对提高杂交早稻的育种途径和策略进行了探讨。