用CRISPR-Cas9在绵羊成纤维细胞ACTG1导入荧光标记基因

【目的】在绵羊成纤维细胞中,针对ACTG1基因羧基端,定点导入荧光蛋白标记基因,将外源基因定点导入绵羊基因组中,建立有效的方法。【方法】CRISPR-Cas9系统在绵羊成纤维细胞基因组特定区域引起DNA双链断裂,从而诱导细胞修复断裂的的基因组。通过NHEJ修复途径,在特定位点导入外源基因,改善定点导入效率。【结果】采用CRISPaint通用供体模板,结合CRISPR-Cas9系统,在绵羊成纤维细胞ACTG1基因导入荧光标记效率达1.4%,获得了外源基因定点导入的单克隆细胞株。【结论】CRISPR-Cas9系统结合NHEJ,能够有效的将大的外源DNA序列导入绵羊成纤维细胞的预定基因组位点。     

A chicken transferrin gene in transgenic mice escapes X-chromosome inactivation

Mammalian X-chromosome inactivation involves a coordinate shutting down of physically linked genes. Several proposed models require the presence of specific sequences near genes to permit the spread of inactivation into these regions. If such models are correct, one might predict that heterologous genes transferred onto the X chromosome might lack the appropriate signal sequences and therefore escape inactivation. To determine whether a foreign gene inserted into the X chromosome is subject to inactivation, transgenic mice harboring 11 copies of the complete, 17-kilobase chicken transferrin gene on the X chromosome were used. Male mice hemizygous for this insert were bred with females bearing Searle's translocation, an X-chromosome rearrangement that is always active in heterozygous females (the unrearranged X chromosome is inactive). Female offspring bearing the Searle's translocation and the chicken transferrin gene had the same amount of chicken transferrin messenger RNA in liver as did transgenic male mice or transgenic female mice lacking the Searle's chromosome. This result shows that the inserted gene is not subject to X-chromosome inactivation and suggests that the inactivation process cannot spread over 187 kilobases of DNA in the absence of specific signal sequences required for inactivation.     

油菜N13和N18上含油量QTL作图区间相关候选基因克隆

以前人报道的SG-图谱和DH群体为材料,利用拟南芥脂质基因库和芸薹属EST库信息资源,选择与拟南芥中诠释的重要油脂合成相关基因高度同源的甘蓝型油菜EST和其他具有基因信息的EST序列为标记来源,发展功能基因标记加密SG图谱;对定位在N13和N18连锁群上含油量QTL区间的相关基因片段进行克隆、测序和生物信息学分析,以期获得可能与种子含油量QTL有关联的侯选基因。结果表明:在2条连锁群的3个含油量QTL区域内共连锁上6个功能基因,其中与拟南芥同源的3个基因在油脂合成途径中发挥重要作用;其双亲差异片段经克隆测序和比对分析,发现有2个在双亲间存在氨基酸水平差异;将获得的基因片段和拟南芥同源基因序列比对结果显示,二者间内含子部分核苷酸序列相似率平均为57.7%,外显子区域为86.7%,氨基酸水平上则达到89.2%。     

玉米SLAF标记的开发及其在玉米果皮纤维素含量BSA分析中的应用

【目的】降低果皮纤维素是甜玉米品质改良的重要目标,然而玉米果皮纤维素含量调控的研究甚少,相关调控基因尚未定位。利用纤维素含量差异的重组自交系（RILs）群体,通过特异位点扩增片段（specific-locus amplified fragment-sequencing,SLAF）测序和分离混池分析（bulked segregant analysis,BSA）定位控制玉米果皮纤维素含量的染色体区段,鉴定调控玉米果皮纤维素含量的候选基因。【方法】以果皮纤维素含量显著差异的E327和G5-1为亲本,构建重组自交系（RILs）。对RILs群体进行果皮纤维素含量的测定,并根据纤维素含量的结果选择纤维素含量高、低的样本进行混池,用于SLAF标签的鉴定和BSA分析。在BSA分析中,首先对两混池和2个亲本DNA用HaeⅢ和Hpy166Ⅱ进行酶切,回收414-464 bp的酶切片段进行Illumina建库,并进行SLAF测序,然后根据多态性SLAF标签开发SNP标记,利用SNP标记对玉米果皮纤维素含量进行关联分析,鉴定调控甜玉米果皮纤维素含量的染色体区段。分析这些区段所包含的玉米基因,并找到它们对应的拟南芥同源基因,通过查阅拟南芥相关基因功能研究的文献,进一步鉴定控制玉米果皮纤维素含量的候选基因。【结果】两亲本和2个混池SLAF建库测序得到的SLAF符合预期,基于SLAF测序数据,鉴定了73 786个多态性SLAF标签,这些SLAF标签均匀分布在玉米的10条染色体上。在这些多态性标签中得到了523 395 SNP位点信息。通过关联分析,调控果皮纤维素变异的基因被定位到玉米基因组的6个染色区段,都位于玉米的第5染色体上。在这些区段上,一共有47个玉米基因。通过进一步的研究分析,在这些关联的染色体区段最终确定了9个候选基因。【结论】定位到调控玉米果皮纤维素的含量的基因,表明此方法可以用于基因定位。     

番茄下胚轴转化获得转基因植株

通过根癌农杆菌介导转化番茄（Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.)下胚轴，将外源双价基因导入番茄，获得了一批卡那霉素抗性苗，经PCR则证明外源基因已经整合到番茄基因组中。研究表明番茄下胚轴是良好的遗传转化受体，具有操作简便，节省番茄材料和再生速度快的特点。烟草细胞看护培养能够提高外植体的转化效率和减少农杆菌对外植体的污染。     

抑制素基因免疫京白鸡后在卵巢组织中的表达

为了了解用融合表达质粒DNA免疫后,外源DNA在卵巢组织中的表达情况,探讨基因免疫的安全性,在pC IS免疫京白鸡后,取卵巢组织,用免疫组织化学的方法检测切片中是否有抑制素基因表达（即是否有阳性点的存在）。结果发现,在卵巢组织切片中,实验组和对照组均无阳性点。抑制素基因免疫后,经过长时间的代谢,京白鸡的卵巢组织中无外源抑制素表达。     

植物线粒体结构基因组研究进展

植物线粒体基因组具有复杂的结构特征:基因组200~2 400 kb不等,变化大、重组频繁,存在水平基因迁移现象等。基因组中既含有非常保守的功能基因,也存在高度变异的基因间区序列。大量研究表明,线粒体基因组是植物细胞质雄性不育因子的载体。综述了近年来植物线粒基因组结构特征、基因组成和热点研究的进展,为进一步深入研究植物细胞质雄性不育的分子机理,并为胞质雄性不育三系杂交种选育、作物杂种优势利用提供理论指导。     

昆虫杆状病毒分子生物学及其应用研究的新进展

杆状病毒是昆虫专一性的病原病毒,具有重要的应用价值。首先,杆状病毒是昆虫杆状病毒表达系统的核心部分,该系统已在药物研发、疫苗生产等方面得到广泛应用。随着杆状病毒载体的不断改进,杆状病毒表达系统获得重组病毒的几率已从最初的0.1%~1%提高到现在的80%~90%,并且出现了一些新的宿主域扩大的杆状病毒载体。其次,杆状病毒是非复制型载体,且能高效表达目的蛋白,目前杆状病毒作为基因转移载体在基因治疗中已显示出良好的应用前景。此外,杆状病毒还是一类重要的微生物杀虫剂。重组杆状病毒杀虫剂及其安全性也是目前人们关注的焦点。综述了杆状病毒分子生物学及其最新应用进展。     

油松JAZ基因家族特征及其与DELLA蛋白互作的功能域鉴定

  目的  对油松JAZ基因家族特征及其与赤霉素负调控因子DELLA蛋白互作的功能域深入分析，旨在为解析针叶树以JAZ-DELLA为核心模块、茉莉酸（JA）-赤霉素（GA）介导的生长/防御平衡策略奠定基础。  方法  以油松全基因组数据为基础，筛选鉴定油松全部的JAZ家族基因成员，并分析其基本特征；构建多物种JAZ基因家族系统发育进化树，解析油松JAZ基因家族在系统进化过程中的特点；利用酵母双杂交技术，明确油松中JAZ与DELLA蛋白互作的功能域。  结果  油松中共鉴定得到53个JAZ基因家族成员，均具有TIFY和Jas保守结构，而且在degron序列中进化出了更丰富的变异。多个油松JAZ基因家族成员启动子区域包含响应JA和GA的顺式作用元件，并与模式植物中多个JAZ蛋白有着较近的进化距离。进一步实验发现，油松中5个JAZ蛋白（TIFY4、TIFY11、TIFY16、TIFY25、TIFY59）的Jas结构域与油松DPL（DELLA-like）蛋白存在相互作用，明确了油松中Jas结构域是JAZ蛋白与DELLA蛋白互作的功能域。  结论  明确了油松JAZ基因家族的基本序列特征，确定了油松中JAZ与DELLA蛋白互作的Jas功能域，为针叶树JAZ基因家族及JA-GA信号转导通路的深入研究提供了重要依据。      

基因编辑酪氨酸酶(TYR)基因不同功能区对鱼类体色的影响

酪氨酸酶(Tyr)基因在动体的黑色素合成过程中起关键作用,其突变会导致人类和其他物种出现白化现象。本研究以AB系斑马鱼(Danio rerio)为研究对象,应用CRISPR/Cas9基因编辑技术,对纯合亲鱼受精卵进行显微注射,通过编辑损坏Tyr基因的CDS区第二外显子和3′-UTR非poly-A加尾信号区,使基因发生突变,检测基因不同功能区经编辑后对鱼类体色的影响。结果显示：Tyr基因在野生型斑马鱼的胚胎各个发育时期均能正常表达,眼睛出现黑色素时的表达量最高;编辑损坏Tyr基因的CDS区后,突变型斑马鱼的胚胎和仔鱼均未出现黑色素细胞,表现为体表白化,而成鱼会再度出现黑色素细胞,表现为体表黑色条纹断裂。编辑损坏Tyr基因的3′-UTR非poly-A加尾信号区后,突变型胚胎、仔鱼和成鱼均未出现黑色素减褪,黑色素合成未受影响。本研究表明,编辑损坏基因的CDS区会对生物表型产生显著影响,而编辑损坏3′-UTR非poly-A加尾信号区对生物表型的影响有限。     

酵母表达系统研究进展与展望

酵母不仅已成为现代分子生物学研究最重要的工具之一,也是表达外源基因比较理想的宿主。笔者概括酵母表达系统的主要种类,并从外源基因特性、启动子的影响、外源基因拷贝数和稳定性及表达条件等方面综述影响酵母表达外源蛋白的因素,最后对酵母表达系统发展进行展望。     

大豆LEA基因家族全基因组鉴定、分类和表达

 【目的】鉴定大豆全基因组中的LEA家族基因,对其进行定位、分类以及组织表达分析,为植物LEA基因的功能研究与利用提供基础。【方法】利用大豆基因组数据库,通过生物信息学手段,鉴定并获得大豆LEA家族基因的全序列、定位和拷贝数信息;通过序列比对进行进化和分类分析;利用大豆发育表达芯片数据、NCBI中UniGene的EST表达数据进行组织表达谱分析。【结果】系统地分析鉴定了36个大豆的LEA家族基因,根据结构域的差异和系统发育分析将这些LEA基因分成8个亚家族。基因定位分析结果表明,这些基因分布于大豆的16条染色体上,启动子分析表明,几乎全部LEA基因的启动子区含有逆境反应顺式作用元件。各个发育阶段表达谱的分析结果表明,多数成员至少在一个组织中表达,10个差异表达的基因中有5个在种子发育时期优势表达,另外5个在其它部位优势表达。【结论】通过全基因组扫描,获得大豆基因组的36个LEA家族基因,它们分属于8个不同的亚家族,分布于16条大豆染色体上,启动子区含有逆境相关顺式作用元件,基因表达具有一定特异性。     

Reversal of oncogenesis by the expression of a major histocompatibility complex class I gene

The classical transplantation antigens (the major histocompatibility complex class I antigens) play a key role in host defense against cells expressing foreign antigens. Several naturally occurring tumors and virally transformed cells show an overall suppression of these surface antigens. Since the class I molecules are required in the presentation of neoantigens on tumor cells to the cytotoxic T lymphocytes, their absence from the cell surface may lead to the escape of these tumors from immunosurveillance. To test this possibility, a functional class I gene was transfected into human adenovirus 12-transformed mouse cells that do not express detectable levels of class I antigens; the transformants were tested for expression of the transfected gene and for changes in oncogenicity. The expression of a single class I gene, introduced by DNA-mediated gene transfer into highly tumorigenic adenovirus 12-transformed cells, was sufficient to abrogate the oncogenicity of these cells. This finding has important implications for the regulation of the malignant phenotype in certain tumors and for the potential modulation of oncogenicity through derepression of the endogenous class I genes.     

特异性抗IBDV单链抗体基因的构建及序列分析

从抗 IBDV杂交瘤细胞系 SJS中分离总 RNA,经 RT-PCR体外扩增重、轻链可变区基因 ,通过一连接肽 (Giy4 Ser) 3基因拚接形成 Sc Fv基因 ,经 IBDV抗原亲和筛选出特异性阳性克隆进行核苷酸序列测定及氨基酸序列推导。所获得的特异性抗 IBDV单链抗体基因为 VH-Linker-VL 结构 ,其含有编码 (Giy4 Ser) 3的连接肽基因及维持抗体结构所必须的半胱氨酸残基 ,编码产物具有与亲本抗体相同的抗原结合活性和特异性 ,从而为研制具有应用潜力的高表达工程化抗体奠定了基础。     

转Bt cry1Ah/cry1Ie双价基因抗虫玉米的研究

构建了含有人工改造的抗虫基因Bt cry1Ah、cry1Ie和耐除草剂基因2mG2-epsps的植物表达载体pMUHUESGM,利用基因枪法将表达盒片段转化玉米愈伤组织,以2mG2-epsps基因为筛选标记基因,经草甘膦异丙胺盐筛选获得24株T0代再生植株,其中PCR检测阳性植株有20株。T0和T1代植株的分子检测结果证明了外源基因已经整合到玉米基因组中并能够稳定遗传和表达,转基因株系在田间生物活性检测中表现出较好的抗虫性,这为培育抗虫玉米新品种提供了参考,同时本研究中采用了基因枪片段转化法,提高了转基因的生物安全性。     

转基因鱼的研究进展

转于的外源基因构建需要有妄动仓,目的基因和终止子等,常用外源基因的导入方法有显微注射,电穿孔等,并介绍了外源基因表达模式及常用的标记基因。转基因鱼的研究比较落后,当务之急是从分子水平上分析鱼类的生理现象及表达基因的结构。     

Evidence for the evolution of bdelloid rotifers without sexual reproduction or genetic exchange

The Class Bdelloidea of the Phylum Rotifera is the largest metazoan taxon in which males, hermaphrodites, and meiosis are unknown. We conducted a molecular genetic test of this indication that bdelloid rotifers may have evolved without sexual reproduction or genetic exchange. The test is based on the expectation that after millions of years without these processes, genomes will no longer contain pairs of closely similar haplotypes and instead will contain highly divergent descendants of formerly allelic nucleotide sequences. We find that genomes of individual bdelloid rotifers, representing four different species, appear to lack pairs of closely similar sequences and contain representatives of two ancient lineages that began to diverge before the bdelloid radiation many millions of years ago when sexual reproduction and genetic exchange may have ceased.     

Establishment of a Gene Expression System in Rice Chloroplast and Obtainment of PPT-Resistant Rice Plants

In contrast to the situation of random integration of foreign genes in nuclear transformation, the introduction of genes via chloroplast genetic engineering is characterized by site-specific pattern via homologous recombination. To establish an expression system for alien genes in rice chloroplast, the intergenic region of ndhF and trnL was selected as target for sitespecific integration of PPT-resistant bar gene in this study. Two DNA fragments suitable for homologous recombination were cloned from rice chloroplast genome DNA using PCR technique, and the chloroplast-specific expression vector pRB was constructed by fusing a modified 16S rRNA gene promoter to bar gene together with terminator ofpsbA gene 3 sequence. Chloroplast transformation was carried out by biolistic bombardment of sterile rice calli with the pRB construct. Subsequently, the regenerated plantlets and seeds of progeny arising from reciprocal cross to the wild-type lines were obtained. Molecular analysis suggested that the bar gene has been integrated into rice chloroplast genome. Genetic analysis revealed that bar gene could be transmitted and expressed normally in chloroplast genome. Thus, the bar gene conferred not only selection pressure for the transformation of rice chloroplast genome, but PPT-resistant trait for rice plants as well. It is suggested that an efficient gene expression system in the rice chloroplast has been established by chloroplast transformation technique.     

A microarray study of altered gene expression during melanoblasts migration in normal pigmented White Leghorn and hyperpigmented mutant Silky Fowl

Melanoblasts originating from neural crest cells can migrate through the mesenchyme of the developed embryo and give rise to melanocytes. Unlike the melanocytes that are confined to the integument in other vertebrates, melanocytes in Silky Fowl can reach the ventral regions of the embryos owing to differences in gene expression in the process of melanoblasts migration. In this study, we used microarray profiling to identify differences in gene expression between White Leghorn and Silky Fowl. Differential expression of 2517 microarray probes (P<0.01, Fold Change>2) was observed in Silky Fowl compared to White Leghorn. After filtration by cluster analysis, functional annotation and pathway analysis, eight differentially expressed genes were identified to be closely related to the development of melanocytes. Moreover, differences in expression of immune genes were also detected between Silky Fowl and White Leghorn. The differentially expressed genes associated with melanocyte development were verified by q-PCR, and results were highly consistent with the microarray data. The genes with significantly altered expression involved in melanoblast migration and development suggested that different microenvironments resulted in the abnormal melanoblast migration in Silky Fowl, although there were no big differences in melanoblast development between these two breeds. The candidate genes discovered in this study are beneficial to understand the molecular mechanism of hyperpigmentation in Silky Fowl.