甜菜平衡施肥技术研究

本试验运用一次回归正交设计法,对氮、磷、钾、锌4种肥料与糖用甜菜块根产量、含糖率及产糖量的关系进行了综合分析.结果表明1)4种肥料对甜菜块根产量均有极显著的增产作用.对块根产量贡献依次为N＞K2O＞P2O5＞Zn;2)对含糖率的作用大小不同.其中,增施钾肥有助于提高含糖率,氮肥与磷肥对含糖率呈负效应,锌肥效果不明显.对含糖率贡献依次为K2O＞Zn＞P2O5＞N;3)对产糖量的作用主要表现在钾肥与锌肥有极显著的正效应,氮肥与磷肥作用不明显.对产糖量贡献依次为K2O＞Zn＞P2O5＞N.因此,综合评价平衡施肥技术为每公顷施纯N240.00kg、P2O5240.00kg、K2O168.75kg、Zn33.75kg,对增加甜菜块根产量、提高含糖率及产糖量效果较优.     

氮素不同用量对甜菜产质量的影响

氮素的不同用量对甜菜的块根产量、含糖率、产糖量均有一定影响。通过试验得出,当甜菜施氮量达到180kg/hm2时,甜菜块根产量、含糖率、产糖量最高,分别为35038.5kg/hm2、17.2%、5073kg/hm2。     

氮素运筹对干旱区滴灌甜菜生长的影响

选取Beta356甜菜品种为试验材料,以不施氮素处理(N1)为对照,设置3种氮素运筹模式,即分别在叶丛快速增长期、块根膨大期和糖分积累期施用3种比例的氮素(60∶30∶10、50∶30∶20、40∶40∶20),氮素总量为585 kg/hm~2,各处理施氮量保持一致,测定叶片和块根生长速率、叶面积指数以及甜菜块根产量。以探讨氮素运筹对甜菜生长和产糖量的影响,为干旱区滴灌甜菜高产高糖氮素管理提供参考。结果表明,与对照相比,施氮可以减缓甜菜叶片的衰老速率。滴灌甜菜块根膨大期叶片生长以老叶为主,氮素运筹不改变老叶的主体地位,但是对叶片生长速率具有一定的调控作用。块根膨大期老叶面积及其叶面积日增长量与甜菜块根产量和含糖率显著正相关,新叶面积与甜菜块根产量显著正相关,与块根含糖率显著负相关。氮素运筹对块根生长无显著影响,根长、根宽和块根维管束环数在块根膨大中期与块根产量显著正相关,在块根膨大后期与块根含糖率显著正相关。块根膨大期的老叶面积和块根体积可用于衡量甜菜产糖量,新叶面积可用于衡量块根含糖率。通过氮素运筹保证块根膨大期老叶叶面积同时适当控制新叶发生速率,促进根系发育,有利于提高滴灌甜菜块根产量和含糖率。     

不同施氮量对甜菜的产质量效应研究

施用氮肥可显著促进甜菜叶丛生长，施氮量与产量和产糖量之间均呈二次曲线相关，与块根含糖率呈极显著的负相关，过量施用氮肥不利于甜菜干物质的合理分配，造成产量降低，产糖量减少。甜菜植株含氮量与施氮量呈显著正相关，地上部钾含量随施氮量增加而减少，而地下部钾含量随氮量增加显著增加。本试验中甜菜的合理施氮量为１２０ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２。     

钾对甜菜品质和抗逆性效应

试验表明,甜菜是需钾量大的作物,吨甜菜块根需钾量约是氮、磷量的1.45、3.18倍,且吸收阶段长。适宜用量为10kg/亩;施钾可提高根中含糖率0.2～0.6度,但其对含糖率的影响受氮肥制约,N与K_2O的适宜配比为1:3;施钾可降低根中α—N含量,K、Na含量略有增加,但统计表明与未施钾处理比差异未达显著水平;此外,钾素还可增强甜菜植株的耐热、抗涝性。     

新疆甜菜品种及其经济性状演化分析

通过田间试验比较了新疆不同年代的主栽甜菜品种块根产量、含糖率、产糖量、块根中有害物质含量及干物质产量，试验结果表明，在品种演替过程中，块根产量、含糖率、产糖量皆呈上升趋势，且品种间差异均达显著水平。块根中Ｋ￣＋、Ｎａ￣＋和α－Ｎ含量呈下降趋势，但品种间差异未达显著水平，干物质生产量呈增加趋势。     

施氮量与甜菜产量的形成

试验表明,施氮量与甜菜叶面积、光合势、叶绿素含量均呈显著正相关,与净光合生产率呈负相关,故高氮处理,因叶面积指数和光合势过大,净光合生产率低,不利于产量形成;根产量与施氮量呈二次曲线相关,含糖率与施氮量呈负相关,高氮处理T/R值明显增加,导致根产量和含糖率降低;随施氮量增加,造蜜性物质增加,块根品质降低;本试验以施120kg/ba氮产糖量最高,过量施氮降低产糖量.     

甜菜施用硫肥效果试验

施用硫肥对提高甜菜产量、含糖率、产糖量有一定效果，试验表明，施用生石膏90kg／hm^2或施用硫磺30kg／hm^2处理效果最好，甜菜块根增产14．2％-16.6％，含糖率提高0．6-0．7度，产糖量增加19．7％-21．2％。     

利用国外优良甜菜品种选育授粉系的理论与实践

育种实践表明,利用国外优良甜菜品种选育授粉系是一种创新种质资源行之有效的方法。由于基因分离重组,甜菜品种C_1、C_2的F_2代块根产量、产糖量较其F_1代减产20%、26%以上,达显著或极显著水平;F_2代含糖率较其F_1代都有所降低,差异不显著。S_1代各株系间叶丛、叶片差异明显,但各株系地上部表型性状整齐度较好。其母根生长势弱,采种株多枝型多,植株高度降低,且生育期推迟。S_1代中各株系块根产量、产糖量较CK低,含糖率差异较大,含糖率高低最大相差3.26度,品种含糖率高低对后代影响较大。     

灌水量对滴灌甜菜生长发育及产质量的影响

为了明确膜下滴灌甜菜的需水规律,指导生产科学灌溉,开展灌水量对滴灌甜菜生长发育及产质量的影响研究.结果表明灌水量对甜菜的叶片数影响不大但对甜菜的叶丛高度有明显影响,随着灌水量的增加叶丛高度也增高,在灌水量为360m3/667m2时甜菜叶丛最高.甜菜块根膨大和产质量受灌水量影响显著,在灌水量为120m3/667m2时甜菜的块根直径、根体长度、产量、含糖率及产糖量都处于较低水平,随着灌水量的增加,甜菜的块根大小、产量和含糖率都呈现出上升趋势,但当灌水量大于360m3/667m2时甜菜的产量略有减少,含糖率急剧下降.因此,在玛纳斯产区膜下滴灌甜菜灌水量控制在360m3/667m2左右较为合理.     

Sorghum and millet phenols and antioxidants

Sorghum is a good source of phenolic compounds with a variety of genetically dependent types and levels including phenolic acids, flavonoids, and condensed tannins. Most sorghums do not contain condensed tannins, but all contain phenolic acids. Pigmented sorghums contain unique anthocyanins that could be potential food colorants. Some sorghums have a prominent pigmented testa that contains condensed tannins composed of flavan-3-ols with variable length. Flavan-3-ols of up to 8–10 units have been separated and quantitatively analyzed. These tannin sorghums are excellent antioxidants, which slow hydrolysis in foods, produce naturally dark-colored products and increase the dietary fiber levels of food products. Sorghums have high concentration of 3-deoxyanthocyanins (i.e. luteolinidin and apigenidin) that give stable pigments at high pH. Pigmented and tannin sorghum varieties have high antioxidant levels that are comparable to fruits and vegetables. Finger millet has tannins in some varieties that contain a red testa. There are limited data on the phenolic compounds in millets; only phenolic acids and flavones have been identified.     

Tuber and starch quality of wild and cultivated potato species and cultivars

Summary Between 1993 and 1998 205 different potato cultivars and 1220 accessions/genotypes of wild and cultivated potato species from the IPK Genebank Gatersleben were evaluated. Parameters interesting for starch isolation and especially for the use of starch were determined. Altogether, there was a higher variability in wild potato species than in cultivated potatoes for all characteristics investigated: dry matter content, starch content, protein content, amylose content and mean particle diameter of starch granules.     

Effects of Organic and Chemical Fertilizers and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Inoculation on Growth and Quality of Cucumber and Lettuce

Summary

Arbuscular mycorrhizae were inoculated into phosphorus-deficient soil fertilized with either organic or chemical fertilizer with cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) as the first crop and lettuce (Lactu-ca sativa L.) as the second crop but without additional fertilization and AM inoculation. AM increased dry matter and fruit yield of cucumber significantly in the unfertilized, organic-fertilized and P-deficient plants compared with the fully chemical-fertilized plants. AM inoculation increased the available phosphorus in plant and soil by around 30% for all treatments except for those chemically-fertilized. The rate of AM infection did not differ significantly among the fertilization treatments, but the infection intensity was higher in unfertilized, organic-fertilized and phosphorus-deficient treatments than chemical-fertilized treatment. The residual effects of AM-inoculated to cucumber were evident for lettuce in all pre-treatments that were unfertilized and un-inoculated for the second cropping. Without P-fertilization, neither crop could grow optimally even when the soil was inoculated with AM, suggesting that AM could not serve as a substitute for phosphorus fertilizer. However, the other beneficial effects of AM on crop growth and yield could not be fulfilled with phosphorus fertilizer.     

种子加工、检验理论与技术现状及思考

种子加工及检验是种子向市场流通的关键，是商业化育种中赋予种子商品属性不可或缺的环节。种子加工、检验理论与技术的研究是完善种业产业链、实现规模化商业育种、夯实“育繁推一体化”种业科学的重要一环。中国的种业科学技术体系正在形成与完善之中，受制于行业发展水平，种子加工及检验理论与技术相对薄弱。本文回顾了种子加工及检验理论与技术研究发展历程，提出了完善中国种业科学发展的策略与建议。围绕种业发展的需要，在做好品种优质化繁育的基础上，分析种子加工及检验理论与技术的新方向和新需求，加强种业应用性研究，建立先进的种子质量检验体系，研制适合现代种业发展需求的种子加工设备，打造种子加工产业标准化生产体系，完善种业科学技术学科建设，促进种业产业持续健康发展。     

Present Situation and Consideration of Seed Processing and Testing Theory and Technology

Seed processing and testing hold the key to the market circulation of seeds, and are an indispensable link in commercial breeding to endow seeds with commodity attributes. The research of seed processing and testing theory and technology is an important link in improving the seed industry chain, realizing large-scale commercial breeding and consolidating the seed industry science of ‘integration of breeding, propagation and promotion’. The scientific and technological system of seed industry in China is being formed and perfected, which is subject to the development level of the industry. The theory and technology of seed processing and testing are relatively weak. We reviewed the development of seed processing and testing theory and technology, and put forward strategies and suggestions to improve the sound development of China’s seed industry. In order to meet the needs of seed industry development and on the basis of high quality breeding of varieties, the new directions and demands of seed processing and testing theory and technology were analyzed. We will work to strengthen the applied research of seed industry, establish advanced seed quality inspection system, improve seed processing equipment suitable for the development needs of modern seed industry, establish standardized production system of seed processing industry, develop the scientific and technological disciplines of seed industry, and promote the sustainable and healthy development of seed industry.     

种子加工、检验理论与技术现状及思考

种子加工及检验是种子向市场流通的关键,是商业化育种中赋予种子商品属性不可或缺的环节。种子加工、检验理论与技术的研究是完善种业产业链、实现规模化商业育种、夯实"育繁推一体化"种业科学的重要一环。中国的种业科学技术体系正在形成与完善之中,受制于行业发展水平,种子加工及检验理论与技术相对薄弱。本文回顾了种子加工及检验理论与技术研究发展历程,提出了完善中国种业科学发展的策略与建议。围绕种业发展的需要,在做好品种优质化繁育的基础上,分析种子加工及检验理论与技术的新方向和新需求,加强种业应用性研究,建立先进的种子质量检验体系,研制适合现代种业发展需求的种子加工设备,打造种子加工产业标准化生产体系,完善种业科学技术学科建设,促进种业产业持续健康发展。     

Combined nitrogen and sulphur fertilisation and its effect on wheat quality and protein composition measured by SE-FPLC and proteomics

Soil sulphur deficiency, which is increasingly prevalent in Western Europe, lowers wheat yields, and also affects the gluten quality of the flour. Differences in S availability may change the proportion of S-poor to S-rich gliadins and glutenin subunits. This may cause unpredictable and unwanted variations in wheat quality. The combined effects of nitrogen (N) and sulphur (S) fertilisers and split application of S and N on wheat gluten quality and composition were investigated. The results revealed effects of S fertilisation on dough quality. At high N fertilisation levels significant responses to S fertilisation were found which emphasised the need for precision application of S in intensive wheat production systems. Protein fractionation by SE-FPLC showed that quality differences were associated with changing proportions of high M_r polymeric proteins. Changes in protein composition of salt soluble proteins were also confirmed by proteomics. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and one of the serpin protein spots increased at high N, combined with the lower S level. The enzymes also increased in samples with increased S fertilisation combined with low N, but was not changed at higher N levels. Furthermore, at high N the serpin protein spot, and also a 27 K protein and one unidentified protein spot decreased with increasing S.     

我国麻类标准现状与分析

介绍了我国麻类标准的现状。通过分析,指出了存在的问题,主要表现在标准体系不完善、标准更新不及时,协调性差及贯彻执行不力等。提出了我国麻类标准应采取的对策。     

芸薹属多倍体与二倍体作物 花柱及角果的发育差异

通过比较分析芸薹属多倍体复合种与其祖先二倍体基本种在花柱、柱头大小、角果长度、宽度、种子直径 及种子干重变化上的异同,发现多倍体复合种在这些发育性状上表现出处于两个祖先二倍体亲本之间,或只偏向 于其中一个祖先亲本。同一个多倍体品种在不同发育性状上具有不同的表现,即在某一发育性状上偏向于其祖先 亲本之一,而在另一发育性状上偏向其另一祖先亲本。     

Effects of crop density and tillage system on grain yield and N uptake from soil and atmosphere of sole and intercropped pea and oat

Pea (Pisum sativum L.) and oat (Avena sativa L.) were grown as sole and mixed crops in various densities under two different tillage systems on a loess soil near Göttingen/Germany in a 2-year field experiment (2002/2003). In the conventional tillage system a mouldboard plough (CT) was used and in the minimum tillage system a rotary harrow (MT) was employed. The effect of crop density and tillage system on the grain dry matter and grain N yields, N₂ fixation and soil N uptake were determined to address the following questions: (i) which mixture compositions exhibit the highest grain yields compared to the sole crops, (ii) which mixture compositions also fix a high level of N₂ and leave low levels of residual inorganic soil N after harvest, and (iii) whether the intercrop advantage is influenced by the tillage system. For (i) the result in 2002 showed that the highest grain yields of both sole cropped pea and oat and intercropped pea and oat were achieved at the highest densities. In 2003, when the inorganic soil N content was higher and weather conditions were warmer and drier, grain yields were significantly higher than in 2002, but sole as well as intercropped pea and oat gave their highest grain yields at lower densities. For both years and tillage systems, the highest intercrop advantages were achieved in mixtures with densities above the optimal sole crop densities. The result for (ii) was that a distinctly higher proportion of nitrogen was derived from the atmosphere (Ndfa) by intercropped pea than by sole cropped pea. However, the uptake of soil N by intercropped pea and oat was not reduced in comparison with that of sole cropped oat as the decrease in the uptake of N from the soil by oat at lower oat densities in the mixture was compensated for by the soil N uptake of pea. Additionally, the N_min-N content of the soil following the mixtures and sole cropped oat did not differ, especially in the deeper soil layers because oat in mixture was forced to take up more soil N from deeper layers. Therefore, the risk of soil N losses through leaching after mixtures was lower compared to sole cropped pea. The tillage system (iii) had no significant influence on grain yield and soil N uptake, but N₂ fixation and the competitive ability of intercropped pea were higher under CT than with MT. An additional result was that intercropping led to a significantly increased grain N content of both pea and oat compared to the sole crops. The increase in grain N content from sole to intercrop was from 3.30 to 3.42% for pea and from 1.73 to 1.96% for oat as a mean for both years and tillage systems. The present study confirms that growing pea and oat as intercrops highlights potential economic and environmental benefits which still need to be understood in more detail in order to exploit intercropping to a greater extent.