对林区营林整地与造林技术措施分析

森林资源是决定林业生存和发展的基础,林业生态建设是森林资源可持续发展的重点,普及林区的整地、造林方法是大力发展生态林业的基本措施之一。造林场地整理是造林前改善环境条件的一道主要工序。通过整地可以改善造林的立地条件、清除灌木、杂草和采伐剩余物。在造林前后的一段时间里,增加直接投射到地面的透光度;还可以改变小地形,使透光度增加或减少。整地清除了地表植被,增加透光度,因而,在白天地表层的温度要比有植被覆盖时上升得快,整地后改变了土壤物理性,使土壤温度状况发生变化。因而,能提高造林成活率及使幼林的生长情况明显改善。整地还能保持水土、减免土壤侵蚀,同时,也有利于造林施工,提高造林质量。     

SITE CLASSIFICATION FOR PROTECTIVE FOREST AFFORESTATION ON THE COAST OF CHINA

Land for protective forest on the coast has special site conditions,and siteclassification is the scientific basis for seaboard afforestation.The site classification systemon the coast zone and islands of China may be classified into five levels-site region(sub-region),district,class,group,and type.The land division for afforestation is carried outby the principle of enviornmental heterogeneity among regions,sub-region and district onlarge scale,according to the difference of air temperature,moisture and type of coastgeomorphy.It may be classified into 7 regions,12 sub-regions and 55 districts.Themedium and small scaled division for site class,group and type,subdivided in a sitedistrict,are based on medium topography,topographic climate,micro-relief and soil conditions.     

"三岩"造林困难地植被恢复技术研究与示范

湖南造林困难地类总面积达 10 0万hm2 。通过对 5个县 658hm2 试验示范林历时 9年的研究 ,解决了植被恢复技术问题。选出适宜的树、划种有马桑、芦竹、苦槠、牡荆和栓皮栎 5种 ,有发展前景的树种有柏木、铅笔柏和藏柏。选出了林分结构稳定 ,组成种长势好 ,可以肯定的有马桑十墨西哥柏浅层钙质幼年性岩性土等 6个配置模式。并提出和推广了撩壕整地和芦竹下挖上堆 ,施肥促长等造林技术。同时 ,定义了“三岩”造林困难地 ,提出了“三岩”造林困难地的生态环境特点。从土种的水平研究了树种与立地的适应性。     

What is the impact of afforestation on the carbon stocks of Irish mineral soils?

Ireland has implemented a large afforestation program in recent decades, with much of this taking place since the mid 1980s. This presents Ireland with the opportunity to offset carbon emissions through carbon sequestration in forests, as the latter are known to sequester a large amount of carbon into the tree biomass. However, the effects of afforestation on soil organic carbon in the Irish humid temperate climate are not well understood. In this study we use the paired site methodology to assess the impact of afforestation on the soil organic carbon density (SOCD) of 21 * 2 sites across Ireland. We found that afforestation of Irish soils (0-30 cm depth) resulted in no significant change in SOCD. However, the low number of sites within the study is a source of uncertainty and more work must be done to assess SOCD change before any firm conclusions can be made. This work provides baseline data and future work estimating soil C changes due to land use or management changes should use the equivalent soil mass (ESM) correction method instead of the volume based method. The latter can over- or underestimate SOCD change due to variability in soil bulk density after afforestation. The large afforestation programmes to be implemented in Ireland in the next decade provides an opportunity to greatly improve estimates of Irish SOCD change. We suggest implementing a large number of resampling studies, measuring the change in SOCD following afforestation for a number of factors for a number of years.     

银叶树造林试验研究

通过对半红树植物银叶树在4种不同立地的造林试验,初步掌握银叶树的造林技术.结果表明:银叶树不适合盐碱地和滨海沙地人工造林;在泥地保存率为86.0％,造林2年胸径可达3.1cm,高可达2.9m.     

鄂尔多斯市东胜区油松造林技术的研究

油松在丘陵区造林,应选择在阴坡的中下部或厚层土立地;采用鱼鳞坑和水平沟整地,比不整地造林成活率分别提高19.6%和34.3%;整地时间应在造林前一年的雨季前;坐水造林成活率比对照提高21.6%;合格苗造林成活率比不合格苗提高47.3%。     

营林措施对杉木幼林地水土流失的影响

通过建立１６个径流小区,对不同整地方式、抚育方式、间种绿肥和营造林模式等营林措施的杉木造林地的水土流失进行了５年的定位观测研究,结果表明,不同整地方式林地５年的土壤流失量表现为全垦＞带垦＞穴垦,穴垦比全垦、带垦分别减少４０３３％和２５４８％的土壤流失量;不同抚育方式林地５年土壤流失量表现为扩穴连带抚育（９８６９５ｔ／ｈｍ２）＞块状抚育（９２５８７ｔ／ｈｍ２）＞不抚育（４０６６ｔ／ｈｍ２）,块状抚育比扩穴连带抚育减少６１９％的土壤流失;不同造林模式林地５年的水、土、肥流失均表现为：传统模式＞世行模式＞生态型模式,其中世行造林模式林地水、土、有机质和养分（Ｎ、Ｐ、Ｋ）流失量比传统模式造林地可分别减少６６０％的水、６０８％的土壤、１０２６％的有机质流失和１０３６％的养分流失量;在造林地上间种绿肥增加地表覆盖是防治林地水土流失的有效措施之一。     

山东肥城丘明湖竹园不同立地条件 对淡竹生长的影响

以山东省肥城市丘明湖竹园生长在深层粉煤灰地、客土回填地、杨树采伐迹地、黄土地、浅层粉煤灰地、堆肥地、黄胶泥地7种不同立地条件下的淡竹为研究对象,通过测定土壤理化性质以及淡竹生长指标,研究立地条件对淡竹生长的影响,以期为淡竹造林提供科学指导。结果表明：1)淡竹生长表现较好的前3位立地条件位浅层粉煤灰地、黄胶泥地、堆肥地;2)淡竹成活率及生长量与土壤理化因子存在一定的相关性,成活率与土壤中全磷浓度呈显著正相关(P＜0.05),施加适量磷肥可提高淡竹栽植的成活率,促进淡竹生长。     

白泥山造林绿化技术研究

历时12 a试验研究,结果表明：在白泥土壤这一特殊立地上进行造林绿化时,桤木、大叶女贞、水杉、池杉、香樟、扁柏等较为适生。其中,桤木表现优为速生,11年生平均树高12.7 m,平均胸径15.9 cm,单株立木平均材积0.121 m3,具较高的生态效益和经济效益。试验同时表明：白泥土壤立地造林的主要关键技术是在选择适应性强树种的同时,采取在造林地开排水沟、大穴整地、客土栽植、及时抚育管理等配套技术措施,其造林成活率比常规技术造林提高30%～50%。     

塞罕坝困难立地造林探讨

塞罕坝的宜林荒山、沙荒地、瘠薄山地和石质山地等属于困难立地,土壤贫瘠,立地条件差,造林难度大,生产成本高,造林属攻坚阶段。通过采用大穴整地,使用高规格容器苗造林,强化栽植、幼抚、客土、浇水、管护等措施,可以提高造林成效,充分发挥生态效益,为塞罕坝可持续发展打下坚实基础。     

Collembola communities and soil conditions in forest plantations established in an intensively managed agricultural area

The challenges of a changing climate have directed greater attention to afforestation,but the effects of afforestation on soil fertility and soil biota have not been fully clarified.To explore changes in the soil conditions in two 20-year-old forest plantations established in formerly intensively fertilized plots of agricultural land,we focused on the current developmental state of the sites that received the most fertilizer and evaluated soil properties and Collembola(springtails) communities.Sessile oak(Quercus petraea) and black locust(Robinia pseudoacacia) that had been planted in the afforestation sites were assessed for differences between plantations of native and invasive species.Five adjacent reference associations,including forests and open habitats,were also analyzed and compared.Results showed that the soils in the two afforested sites were similar in their properties and Collembola communities to those of the control cultivated forests,but differed from each other in pH,calcium,phosphorus,and ammonium content.The available potassium and phosphorus contents in the soil of the sessile oak plantation were still high,while the soil organic matter content was adequate(SOM 2.0%) in both plantations.Species richness of Collembola ranged from 18 in the cultivated arable land to 43 in the relict forest.Only a few species typical for forests(e.g.,Neanura muscorum,Isotomiella minor,Entomobrya muscorum) were detected in the young plantations,while species characteristic of open habitats(e.g.,Protaphorura campata,Lepidocyrtus cyaneus) occurred as well.Although more individuals and species of Collembola were present in the soil of young plantations than in arable fields,their community diversities were significantly lower compared to the control forest stands.Collembola community diversity differed significantly also between the two plantation types(with native and non-native tree species).Mean abundance in the afforested sites was about 2.5 times higher than in the cultivated arable land,yet far lower than the mean abundance in the control forests.     

深沟秸秆覆盖对造林地土壤蓄水能力的影响

对造林地进行深沟秸秆覆盖,可降低土壤蒸发量,增加土壤蓄水空间和能力,提高降水的利用率,是缓解干旱半干旱地区造林水分匮乏的有效措施。在位于干旱区的塔城盆地老风口生态区,进行了造林地深沟覆盖秸秆的试验研究,结果表明,秸秆覆盖条件比未覆盖的土壤蒸发量明显降低,含水率显著增高,随着深沟加深和覆盖厚度的增加,抑制土壤蒸发、蓄水保墒的效果越显著。     

Patterns of afforestation on abandoned agriculture land in Latvia

Abandonment of agriculture land and subsequent natural afforestation have been common features of the contemporary Latvian rural landscape, particularly in the period since 1990. This process affects the structure, ecology and visual qualities of the landscape. The study examines spatial characteristics of afforestation in relation to various environmental factors. The study was conducted in the central part of Latvia, where there is abundant abandoned agriculture land and a great variety of spatial afforestation patterns. The most typical patterns in this area were linear, mosaic, and continuous afforestation, as well as development of afforestation from the forest edge. The results of the study show that the spatial patterns of natural afforestation of abandoned agriculture fields can be very diverse, and do not follow the classical secondary succession model. Afforestation can be delayed by a dense cover of herbaceous vegetation for a period of up to 20?years. There are many interacting factors that affect succession and development of afforestation patterns, such as soil properties, size and configuration of fields, previous land use and also the random nature of plant colonization by seed. Further studies on afforestation patterns would help to understand better their ecological, economic and social effects as well as to determine optimal solutions for the use of abandoned agriculture land.     

闽楠林冠下造林与裸地造林效果研究分析

为研究2种地类条件下闽楠造林的效果及其制约因素，以江西永新县七溪岭林场裸地和林冠下栽植1年生闽楠轻基质容器苗为研究对象，分别设立标准地进行分析2种林地条件下的幼龄林时期闽楠的生长情况及环境因素对其作用；结果显示2种森林地类条件下，造林效果差异显著；林冠下栽植闽楠树高生长有优势，但其直径生长量和生物总量明显不如裸地下栽植的闽楠。因此，裸地栽植闽楠容器苗具有显著的培育优势，光照是闽楠生长的制约因素。     

杨树不同方法造林效果调查研究

对朝阳市不同宜林地类型采取不同树种、不同造林方式进行杨树造林效果调查,结果表明：土层河滩地客土填坑造林方法远远优于原坑土填坑栽植法;薄土层河滩地选择锦新杨造林,其效果好于辽宁杨;厚土层河滩地选择辽宁杨或108杨,造林效果好于锦县小钻杨;地下水位深水型河滩地采取深植法造林的地块“两率”高,林木生长状况良好,远远强于常规造林栽植法;浅水型（或返浆地）河滩地通过筑土埂栽植则能有效地防止水淹或长期浸泡,使树木造林成活后能正常生长;在易受洪水冲袭型河滩地按流水方向呈雁翅形排列定点深植法营造的杨树林分,可有效地防止洪水的冲袭和危害,且保存率高于与主河道呈直角定点挖掘栽植的林地。     

干旱阳坡不同方法造林效果分析

采用深穴整地、穴底植苗、草灌覆盖的造林新方法,可有效地保持土壤水分,土壤含水率超过了水平梯田整地常规植苗造林的林地;造林2a后落叶松保存率达95．6％,常规造林仅为52．4％,对提高干旱地区落叶松造林成活率有显著作用;落叶松幼树高度和当年生长量均比常规植苗造林的高。     

蓝桉造林施肥对林地土壤肥力影响的监测结果

为了解蓝桉人工林地土壤肥力的变化情况，进行了蓝桉施肥和造林后的林地土壤肥力监测和分析。经对设于保山市辛街３种施肥处理的蓝桉人工林地，进行为期两年（１９９３、１９９４年）的土壤１１项化学性状监测得出：土壤的有效Ｎ、Ｐ、Ｋ的含量随林地的施肥而增加；造林两年后，土壤的ｐＨ（Ｈ２Ｏ）、ｐＨ（ＫＣｌ），有机酸，全氮，有效Ｎ、Ｐ、Ｋ，水解酸，交换性Ｃａ（＋＋）、Ｍｇ（＋＋）的指标均低于造林前。     

合作杨、新疆杨等杨树品种在晋西北地区的适应性研究(英文)

在山西省西北部黄土丘陵区，通过对7个杨树品种：群众杨（P.popularis）、合作杨(P .opera)、小青杨(P.pseudosimonii)、北京杨(P.beijingensis)、新疆杨（P.opulus bolle ana）、沙兰杨(P.×euramericana)、小叶杨(P.simonii)的引种栽培试验，随机区组3次重 复，研究其在不同立地条件下的生长量及对虫害、冻害的抗性，通过5年观测分析，提出了 在干旱寒冷的晋西北地区，应选择以青杨为母本的杂交杨，如群众杨、合作杨、小黑杨等进 行造林，单株营养面积应大于20 m2。新疆杨作为引进树种在该地区生长表现良好，但树木 的生长受地下水影响明显。在土壤水分比较充沛的地方，新疆杨树干基部则易冻裂。因此， 此树种最宜在土壤水分贫乏地造林。欧美杨不适宜大面积造林，尤其是在黄土丘陵干旱的坡 梁地段。     

毛乌素沙地樟子松套笼造林效果

针对毛乌素沙地造林的多重环境胁迫,横山县推广套笼造林技术,文章以樟子松为例分析其应用效果。结果表明,套笼可以改善土壤水分状况、减轻风蚀沙埋危害、阻挡人畜干扰等作用,从而显著提高造林保存率,促进林木生长,加速林分郁闭进程,还可有效增加植物种类,促进生物结皮形成。     

基于组件GIS的立地决策支持模型的研究

以林场造林规划设计中立地类型划分为目标,以小班为基本单元,以获取小班的立地类型为目的,在嵌入式组件GIS软件--MapObjects(MO)的支持下,讨论立地决策支持模型的基本组成及建立过程.其由二级决策支持模型组成,即立地区划决策支持模型和立地类型决策支持模型.将造林地的空间信息与属性信息结合起来,运用MO所提供的空间分析模块,结合MO的空间SSQL查询语句,对基于立地因子的立地类型知识库和基于行政区划的立地亚区知识库进行操作,实现造林地小班的立地类型自动决策.