柑桔黄龙病病原类细菌单克隆抗体的研制及诊断

在柑桔黄龙病病原类细菌（ＢＬＯ）建立免疫血清ＥＬＩＳＡ法诊断的基础上，利用人工培养柑桔黄龙病原ＢＬＯ制备单克隆抗体，能有效提高诊断黄龙病的准确性及灵敏度。利用人工培养的柑桔黄龙病病原的ＢＬＯ免疫的Ｂａｌｂ／ｃ小鼠脾细胞与ＳＰ２／０骨髓瘤细胞融合，用ＥＬＩＳＡ间接法筛选阳性抗体，经有限稀释法克隆，筛选出２株可持续分泌抗柑桔黄龙病ＢＬＯ单克隆抗体（ＭｃＡｂ）的杂交瘤细胞株２Ｆ１１、１Ｅ１０，该２杂交瘤     

柑橘溃疡病菌LAMP实时浊度检测方法的建立及应用

以柑橘溃疡病菌特异性高的假定蛋白基因（登录号：AE008923.1）为靶标，设计并筛选4条引物来特异性识别靶标序列中的6个独立区域，建立柑橘溃疡病菌LAMP实时浊度检测方法。该方法利用实时浊度仪检测反应过程中产生的焦磷酸镁白色沉淀，实现对LAMP整个反应过程的实时监控。从镁离子浓度、甜菜碱浓度、dNTPs浓度、引物浓度和反应温度5个变量参数对 LAMP检测体系进行优化，并对方法的特异性、灵敏度、稳定性及实际样品检测效果进行评价。结果显示，该体系经优化后稳定性良好，可在66 ℃ 恒温条件下，60 min内完成检测；DNA检测下限可达0.02 ng/μL，灵敏度与荧光定量PCR方法相同，比常规PCR方法高1个数量级；能快速、准确地对田间疑似样品进行检测，与荧光定量PCR方法的检出情况一致，没有漏检。结果说明柑橘溃疡病菌实时浊度LAMP检测方法操作简便、所需时间短，特异性与灵敏度高，为柑橘溃疡病菌的快速筛查提供较好的途径。     

柑橘黄龙病可视化LAMP检测技术的建立及应用

建立柑橘黄龙病(HLB)可视化环介导等温扩增(LAMP)检测方法,为HLB的快速检测提供有力的技术支持。根据LAMP技术原理,针对柑橘黄龙病菌16S rDNA靶序列的6个位点设计4条特异性引物,通过对反应体系和反应条件的优化,并在反应前的体系中加入1∶10的钙黄绿素(calcein)和氯化锰(MnCl2)混合液作为荧光显色剂,建立可视化LAMP检测技术,同时对该技术的特异性、灵敏度和样品检测进行了测试。该检测方法具有很高的特异性,反应体系中除了HLB具有特异性的扩增,产生黄绿色荧光扩增产物,其他供试菌株均无特异扩增。对柑橘黄龙病菌总DNA的检测限为1.51×10-3 ng/μL,而对含有目的基因的CG-pMD18-T质粒DNA的检测限为2.12×10-6 ng/μL,与定量PCR灵敏度相当,而比常规PCR灵敏度高1 000倍。利用可视化LAMP技术和定量PCR对来自漳州、南平、福州等地的样品进行检测,结果 2种技术的检出率均为76.7%,符合率达到100%。     

建兰花叶病毒RT-LAMP检测方法的建立

建兰花叶病毒（Cymbidium mosaic virus,CyMV）是侵染兰花的主要病毒,严重影响其观赏价值,建立快速、灵敏的检测方法显得尤为重要。根据CyMV的外壳蛋白基因序列设计4对特异性引物,经过优化反应条件,建立该病毒的RT-LAMP 检测方法,并进行LAMP检测的特异性、敏感性检测。该方法能特异扩增CyMV,与其他4种病毒（齿兰环斑病毒、菜豆黄花叶病毒、黄瓜花叶病毒和小苍兰花叶病毒）不发生反应;灵敏度为RT-PCR的10倍。田间检测20份样品中,RT-LAMP和RT-PCR检测结果一致,检出率为60%。在产物中加入荧光染料SYBR GreenⅠ,直接用肉眼观察就可判断样品是否感染CyMV,可省去电泳分析的时间。针对CyMV建立的RT-LAMP方法具有特异性强、灵敏度高、操作简单、快速等特点,适用于在进境检疫及种苗繁育过程中的检测鉴定。     

怀集县柑桔黄龙病的普遍发生及防控对策

目前怀集县柑桔园普遍发生黄龙病,并且有越来越严重的趋势,对柑桔生产已构成严重威胁。如何有效地控制黄龙病的发生为害成为柑桔生产上的重要课题。简述了怀集县柑桔黄龙病的发生状况,分析了柑桔黄龙病普遍发生的原因,提出了切实可行的防控措施。     

转基因番木瓜55-1品系的环介导等温扩增检测方法的建立

根据55-1的品系特异性序列设计了5套LAMP引物,筛选扩增效率高的引物。对筛选到的LAMP引物的反应温度和反应体系进行了优化,并进行了特异性、灵敏度和稳定性的实验。结果表明,该套LAMP引物的特异性和稳定性良好,灵敏度为0.05%,最快能在30 min内得到检测结果。建立的LAMP检测方法能有效地检测转基因番木瓜55-1品系,既简化了检测步骤,又缩短了检测时间,为转基因番木瓜的快速检测提供了技术支撑。      

改良环介导等温扩增技术快速检测转基因大豆

采用改良环介导等温扩增(LAMP)技术,建立一套准确、快速、可靠的用于转基因大豆检测及DNA提取的方法.以CP4-EPSPS外源基因为检测的目的片段,设计内、外引物和环引物,并采用改进的方法提取DNA,进行LAMP扩增,实际检测已知转基因大豆和市售大豆,通过肉眼观察白色沉淀,判断检测结果.改进的DNA提取方法与经典的CTAB方法相比,提取时间至少缩短了1 h,降低了提取成本.环介导等温扩增(LAMP)技术对转基因大豆的检出限为0.01%,是普通PCR方法的20倍.因此,改良的LAMP检测转基因大豆方法灵敏度高,耗时短,方法简便.     

小麦内源基因 GAG56D的快速检测技术体系

为了满足转基因小麦检测中对内源参照基因的检测要求,以小麦属特异的内源基因γ-醇溶蛋白基因（ GAG56D）作为目的基因,采用环状等温扩增技术(LAMP)建立了小麦内源基因 GAG56D的快速检测技术体系。针对小麦内源基因 GAG56D特异靶序列的6个区域设计4 条特异性引物,通过显色法进行LAMP检测,并对时间、温度等反应条件及反应灵敏度、特异性、稳定性进行探索。结果表明,该检测体系最适反应温度为63℃,反应时间 60 min,定性检测低限达到0.5%（w/w）。该检测方法具有高度的特异性、灵敏度和稳定性,操作简单、快速。     

浅谈长泰柑桔之发展

对柑桔的市场供需关系变化、立地条件、气候变化、苗木管理、黄龙病蔓延、品种结构及经营模式等原因的分析、总结其发展中的经验教训,提出柑桔新一轮发展的设想。     

抗草甘膦转基因大豆及加工品LAMP检测研究

将环介导的等温核酸扩增技术应用于转基因大豆及加工品检测.针对抗草甘膦Roundup Ready转基因大豆及加工品外源基因EPSPS设计2对特异性引物进行扩增,成功建立起定性检测转基因大豆及加工品的LAMP检测方法.优化LAMP反应条件,反应温度为65℃,反应时间为1h.结果表明:该体系能快速、灵敏、有效地检测转基因大豆及加工品中整合的EPSPS基因,检测限为0.01%,低于国际现行最低检测量0.5%的要求.检测EPSPS基因操作简单,成本低、特异性强、灵敏度高.LAMP检测结果可信,稳定性好,可对目前批准的抗草甘膦RoundupReady转基因大豆及加工品进行定性检测.     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.     

Recent Modifications of Chitosan for Adsorption Applications: A Critical and Systematic Review

Chitosan is considered to be one of the most promising and applicable materials in adsorption applications. The existence of amino and hydroxyl groups in its molecules contributes to many possible adsorption interactions between chitosan and pollutants (dyes, metals, ions, phenols, pharmaceuticals/drugs, pesticides, herbicides, etc.). These functional groups can help in establishing positions for modification. Based on the learning from previously published works in literature, researchers have achieved a modification of chitosan with a number of different functional groups. This work summarizes the published works of the last three years (2012–2014) regarding the modification reactions of chitosans (grafting, cross-linking, etc.) and their application to adsorption of different environmental pollutants (in liquid-phase).