内蒙古草原碳、氮储量:气候与土壤质地的关系

Understanding the spatial variability of soil carbon(C) storage and its relationship with climate and soil texture is critical for developing regional C models and for predicting the potential impact of climate change on soil C storage. On the basis of soil data from a transect across the Inner Mongolian grasslands, we determined the quantitative relationships of C and nitrogen(N) in bulk soil and particle-size fractions(sand, silt, and clay) with climate and soil texture to evaluate the major factors controlling soil C and N storage and to predict the effect of climate changes on soil C and N storage. The contents of C and N in the bulk soil and the different fractions in the 0–20 and 20–40 cm soil layers were positively correlated with the mean annual precipitation(MAP) and negatively correlated with the mean annual temperature(MAT). The responses of C storage in the soil and particle-size fractions to MAP and MAT were more sensitive in the 0–20 cm than in the 20–40 cm soil layer. Although MAP and MAT were both important factors influencing soil C storage, the models that include only MAP could well explain the variation in soil C storage in the Inner Mongolian grasslands. Because of the high correlation between MAP and MAT in the region, the models including MAT did not significantly enhance the model precision. Moreover, the contribution of the fine fraction(silt and clay) to the variation in soil C storage was rather small because of the very low fine fraction content in the Inner Mongolian grasslands.     

气候和土壤质地对中国东北地区旱地土壤有机碳影响的尺度效应

Understanding how spatial scale inffuences commonly-observed effiects of climate and soil texture on soil organic carbon (SOC) storage is important for accurately estimating the SOC pool at different scales. The relationships among climate factors, soil texture and SOC density at the regional, provincial, city, and county scales were evaluated at both the soil surface (0-20 cm) and throughout the soil profile (0-100 cm) in the Northeast China uplands. We examined 1022 profiles obtained from the Second National Soil Survey of China. The results indicated that the relationships between climate factors and SOC density generally weakened with decreasing spatial scale. The provincial scale was optimal to assess the relationship between climate factors and SOC density because regional differences among provinces were covered up at the regional scale. However, the relationship between soil texture and SOC density had no obvious trend with increasing scale and changed with temperature. There were great differences in the impacts of climate factors and soil texture on SOC density at different scales. Climate factors had a larger effect on SOC density than soil texture at the regional scale. Similar trends were seen in Heilongjiang and eastern Inner Mongolia at the provincial scale. But, soil texture had a greater effect on SOC density compared with climate factors in Jilin and Liaoning. At the city and county scales, the inffuence of soil texture on SOC density was more important than climate factors.     

外源有机碳和温度对土壤有机碳分解的影响

研究凋落物等外源有机碳输入和温度变化对土壤有机碳分解的影响对我们深入理解森林土壤碳动态具有非常重要的意义。以亚热带天然次生林和杉木人工林土壤为研究对象,向土壤中添加13C标记的杉木凋落物和葡萄糖,研究不同温度下外源有机碳添加对原有土壤有机碳(SOC)分解的影响。结果显示:外源有机碳添加使原有SOC分解速率显著提高,表现出显著的正激发效应。葡萄糖引发的激发效应强度显著高于杉木凋落物,并且杉木人工林土壤的激发效应强度显著高于天然次生林。激发效应强度随着培养温度升高呈下降趋势。此外,由于外源有机碳的加入,SOC分解的温度敏感性显著降低。研究表明:凋落物输入及温度在亚热带森林SOC周转过程中发挥重要作用。     

田间管理对华北平原冬小麦产量土壤碳及温室气体排放的影响

选取华北平原冬小麦为研究对象,针对（1）秸秆移除;（2）秸秆表覆;（3）免耕;（4）秸秆深施;（5）施农家肥这5种典型的田间管理,使用农田自动温室气体测定系统对冬小麦农田全生育期进行了原位长期观测,并采用^13C自然丰度法对土壤碳的转化进行了监测,同时对冬小麦产量及生物量、土壤有机碳的变化进行了监测。结果表明,冬小麦产量及生物量高低顺序为施农家肥、秸秆深施、秸秆表覆、秸秆移除和免耕,而且土壤有机碳的更新也有同样的趋势;施农家肥能显著增加土壤有机碳而秸秆移除和免耕则会导致土壤有机碳的轻微下降;冬小麦甲烷的排放或吸收只占总增温潜势的不到1％,在进行统计总排放当量时基本可以忽略,N2O在总排放当量中的比例在2．55％-11．62％范围内;N2O的大量排放主要来自于拔节期及开花期,秸秆移除、施农家肥和秸秆深施会导致N2O排放在总当量中的份额增加至10％左右,而秸秆覆盖和免耕N2O排放在总排放当量中的份额只有3％左右,冬小麦农田总的温室气体排放88％以上来自于CO2的排放,特别是秸秆表覆和免耕95％以上来自土壤碳的损失而释放的CO2。总体来看,秸秆深施能保证较高的产量,减少碳的损失,增加土壤碳并产生相对较少的总温室气体排放量,是较好的固碳减排方式。     

保护性耕作对土壤有机碳组分的影响

为了探讨土壤有机碳及活性有机碳组分对不同耕作措施的响应,在黄土高原半干旱区的定西市李家堡镇进行了长期田间定位试验,采用免耕、秸秆覆盖及小麦和豌豆轮作等保护性耕作措施,对0-5 cm,5-10 cm,10-30cm 3层土壤的有机碳(SOC)、易氧化有机碳(ROC)、微生物生物量碳(MBC)的动态进行了系统的研究,结果表明,与传统耕作相比,保护性耕作的3个处理均能不同程度地提高两种轮作次序下SOC,ROC,MBC的含量,这说明保护性耕作有利于碳的固定和生态农业的健康发展,其中免耕和秸秆覆盖两部分结合效果最佳.同时,各处理土层的含碳量均随土壤深度的增加而降低.相关分析表明,ROC,MBC,ROC/SOC,MBC/SOC对不同耕作措施产生的响应与SOC基本一致,它们可以作为对土壤SOC影响的评价指标,与SOC的相关系数大小排序依次为MBCROCMBC/SOCROC/SOC,在表征土壤有机碳变化上它们比SOC更敏感,其灵敏度排序为MBCROC/SOCMBC/SOCROC,因此,在ROC,MBC,ROC/SOC,MBC/SOC等指标中,MBC更要值得重视和采用.     

青藏高原生态系统土壤有机碳研究进展

作为"世界第三极"的青藏高原,高寒生态系统是青藏高原主要的生态系统之一.它本身是一个复杂而又特殊的系统,因其独特的自然地理环境而形成的高寒土壤更有其独特的性质.本文首先综述了青藏高原高寒生态系统的土壤有机碳储量、估算方法的研究进展及造成估算结果差异的原因,随后对高寒土壤有机碳排放的观测试验进行了综述,探讨了气候变化对高寒生态系统土壤有机碳源汇效应的影响.目前,全球变暖的趋势正在加剧,40 年来,青藏高原气温平均上升了约 0.3 ～ 0.4℃,冻土面积正广泛退缩,这直接导致青藏高原高寒生态系统发生了以植被覆盖度减少、高寒草原草甸面积萎缩等为主要形式的显著退化,植被生产力和土壤有机碳输入量都减少,而温度升高加快了土壤有机碳分解速率,从而影响到高寒生态系统的碳循环和碳储量.青藏高原土壤有机碳的源汇效应问题已成为研究的热点,但是到目前为止,温度升高到底如何影响土壤有机碳的动态变化没有明确的定论,为此,我们必须从长期的观测试验来说明气候变化对土壤碳库的源汇效应.     

黔中石漠化地区水土保持措施对土壤有机碳的影响

土地石漠化是中国西南喀斯特地区的重大生态问题,石漠化治理引发土壤碳转变并对陆地碳循环产生影响。然而,石漠化地区水土保持措施对土壤有机碳的影响机制还不明确。选取典型石漠化区梯田嵌套鱼鳞坑(NL)、鱼鳞坑(FSP)、梯田(TR) 3种水土保持措施作为研究对象,以无任何水土保持措施的退耕还林地(CK)作为对照,研究不同水土保持措施土壤有机碳含量分布规律。结果表明：鱼鳞坑土壤有机碳含量分别是梯田嵌套鱼鳞坑和梯田的1.4,6.2倍,有机碳储量分别比梯田嵌套鱼鳞坑和梯田提高30.78%和444.44%,活性有机碳含量也显著大于其他2种水土保持措施,因此固碳效果最好。土壤有机碳储量与活性有机碳组分易氧化碳、可溶性碳、微生物量碳呈极显著相关(p<0.01),易氧化碳与可溶性碳、微生物量碳呈极显著相关(p<0.01),可溶性碳与微生物量碳呈显著相关(p<0.05),因此土壤活性有机碳组分能在一定程度上反映土壤质量变化情况。鱼鳞坑和梯田措施土壤全氮含量和碳氮比的增加会促进土壤有机碳固存。鱼鳞坑可作为石漠化地区生态恢复中优先考虑的治理措施。     

不同耕作年限对耕地土壤质地和有机碳垂直分布的影响

研究不同耕作年限新疆玛纳斯县耕地的土壤颗粒组成、不同土壤颗粒有机碳含量变化特征以及二者的相关关系。选取4种不同耕作年限耕地为研究对象,采集土层0—300cm的土壤样品,采用激光法获取土壤颗粒组成,探讨长期耕作对土壤颗粒组成以及不同土壤颗粒有机碳含量的影响。结果表明:研究区域土壤剖面颗粒组成主要以砂粒(约占21.0%~35.4%)和粉粒(约占46.0%~50.0%)为主,砂粒含量下部明显高于上部,而粉粒含量中部明显低于上部和下部;随着耕作年限增加,剖面上部(0—60cm)土壤质地由粉砂质粘壤土转变为壤土,60—100cm土层土壤质地由粉砂壤土转化为壤土,中部和下部(100—300cm)土壤质地变化较小;土壤有机碳含量随着开垦年限的增加呈现先增加后降低的趋势,增幅达到71.8%,耕作年限越长有机碳增加值趋于平缓;土壤粉粒、砂粒与有机碳含量相关性不高,而粘粒与有机碳含量呈现显著正相关关系,未耕作(Y0)、耕作20a(Y20)、耕作30a(Y30)和耕作50a(Y50)的土壤粘粒与有机碳含量的相关系数(r)范围在0.67*~0.75*,均达到显著性差异(P0.05)。耕作对土壤颗粒组成以及有机碳含量产生一定影响,科学合理的耕作能够提高土壤的固碳能力,对土壤碳循环系统起到良好的保护作用。     

有机物料碳和土壤有机碳对水稻土甲烷排放的影响

基于30年水稻土长期施肥定位试验,在保证原有定位试验正常开展的前提下,将部分化肥处理变更为有机肥处理(或反之),通过观测一年水稻轮作周期内不同处理甲烷(CH_4)排放通量季节性变化,探讨不同肥力水稻土中外源有机碳及土壤有机碳含量对田间CH_4排放的影响。结果表明:施化肥处理和有机肥处理,水稻土全年CH_4累积排放量范围分别为1.73~4.72和35.09~86.60 g·m~(-2)。有机肥处理改施化肥后,田间土壤CH_4的排放量显著降低;化肥处理改施有机肥或有机肥处理增施有机肥后,田间土壤CH_4的排放量显著提高。外源有机碳的输入量是田间土壤CH_4年排放量的决定性因素,外源有机碳输入量(x)与水稻土CH_4年累积排放量(y)之间满足直线方程:y=0.087 7 x+3.265 7(R~2=0.965 9,n=21)。土壤有机碳同样也是影响稻田CH_4排放的因素,在不同有机碳水平的水稻土上施用等量相同化肥或有机肥,土壤有机碳含量高的水稻土都更有利于CH_4的产生。单施化肥稻田土壤CH_4排放的最主要碳源是土壤有机碳,有机碳含量(x)和水稻土CH_4年累积排放量(y)之间的指数方程:y=0.162 4 e~(0.162 2 x)(R~2=0.940 6,n=9)。有机肥可促进土壤有机碳分解释放CH_4,土壤有机碳含量相同的条件下,高量有机肥比常量有机肥的土壤有机碳分解比率高0.65%,等量相同有机肥但土壤有机碳含量不同的条件下,土壤有机碳分解比率无显著差异;同样,土壤有机碳也可促进有机物料碳分解释放CH_4,在常量有机肥或高量有机肥处理中,土壤有机碳含量高者比低者的有机物料碳分解比率分别多出3.57%和2.34%。     

周期性水位波动对三峡水库消落带土壤有机碳含量和密度的影响

为探究水位波动对三峡水库消落带土壤有机碳的影响,在三峡水库消落带采集和测定了受不同水淹强度影响的石灰土、紫色土、黄壤及其植物样品,并运用Kruskal-Wallis非参数检验和基于冗余分析的典范分析等方法进行了研究。结果表明：周期性水淹增加了石灰土和紫色土的有机碳含量和密度,但降低了黄壤的有机碳含量和密度。此外,石灰土的有机碳分布还受地上生物量、土壤pH和土层深度的影响,紫色土的有机碳分布还受土层深度和地上生物量的影响,而黄壤的有机碳含量和密度则与地上生物量、土层深度和地下生物量有关。总之,周期性水位波动对消落带土壤有机碳影响深刻,但土壤类型分异了有机碳对水位波动的响应。     

土壤有机碳研究进展

回顾了国内外土壤有机碳研究进展及趋势,阐述了全球土壤有机碳库存量及分布、我国土壤有机碳库储量概况、农田土壤有机碳组成及其影响因素、农田土壤有机碳转化规律及影响因素,指出了我国在土壤有机碳研究方面存在的问题及今后的发展方向.     

Temporal variation in soil carbon in various paddy soil types in a cold temperate continental monsoon climate

Soil organic carbon (SOC) is the most important carbon pool in the terrestrial ecosystem. However, temporal variations in paddy SOC under a temperate continental monsoon climate are poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that significant SOC variations occur in meadow soil (MS), black soil (BS) and planosol (PS) paddy soils. Several soil samples were collected from different regions where rice was cultivated for 1, 6, 10, 23 and 40 years for MS samples; for 1, 6, 10, 20 and 35 years for BS samples and 1, 5, 10, 15 and 25 years for PS samples. The total organic carbon (TOC) content and humus organic carbon (HOC) content were found to increase as the rice cultivation duration increased, while the mineralizable organic carbon (MOC) content and carbohydrate organic carbon (COC) content exhibited the opposite trend. The relationships between the relative carbon accumulation (Y) in the three soil types and time (X) were consistent with the following models: Y_TOC = 0.9973X^0.0245, Y_HOC = 0.9936X^0.0457, Y_MOC = 1.023X^−0.073, and Y_COC = 1.040X^−0.059, describing the temporal variation in the various forms of organic carbon in paddy soils under a temperate continental monsoon climate. The results of this study provide a reference for soil carbon pool management and fertilization management.     

施肥对土壤有机碳含量及碳库管理指数的影响

在华北夏玉米生产体系中,采用田间试验,研究了不同施肥措施下（不施肥、单施有机肥、推荐施肥、习惯施肥和单施化肥）,土壤有机碳含量、活性有机碳含量和碳库管理指数的变化。结果表明:与不施肥相比,单施有机肥土壤有机碳和活性有机碳含量分别增加 11.68%,21.71%。推荐施肥和习惯施肥土壤有机碳含量分别增加 6.57%,7.58%,活性有机碳含量分别增加 8.53%,4.26%。单施化肥土壤有机碳与活性有机碳含量均没有显著增加;施有机肥和推荐施肥土壤碳库管理指数比不施肥分别高 31.79,13.01。单施化肥土壤碳库管理指数没有显著变化;土壤活性有机碳与总有机碳、碳库管理指数、玉米子粒产量均存在极显著相关关系。碳库管理指数与玉米子粒产量极显著相关,能够指示土壤生产力的变化。可见在当地土壤肥力条件下,施有机肥或有机无机适当配施能提高土壤有机碳含量和土壤碳库管理指数,有利于改善土壤质量,提高土壤肥力。     

Storage of soil carbon is not sequestration: Straightforward graphical visualization of their basic differences

Over the last few years, in the literature on the incorporation of crop residues in agricultural fields to mitigate climate change, there has been a growing tendency to no longer distinguish between the storage and the sequestration of organic carbon in soils. Applying, apparently for the first time, a simple “back-of-the-envelope” calculation to available mineralization kinetics data, we show graphically that there are fundamental differences, both quantitatively and qualitatively, between the two concepts of storage and sequestration. To avoid confusion, they should therefore never be used interchangeably, especially when addressing farmers and policymakers. Several simplifying assumptions made in the calculations, and about which a considerable lack of understanding persists, mean that at this stage, the graphical visualization we obtained is likely to still be optimistic in terms of the already low (10%) efficacy of sequestering carbon in soils. Several research avenues are outlined to deepen our grasp of the processes involved.     

耕作方式对华北农田土壤固碳效应的影响

研究不同耕作方式对华北农田土壤固碳及碳库管理指数的影响,可为探寻有利于农田固碳的耕作方式提供科学依据。该研究在中国农业大学吴桥实验站进行,试验于2008年设置了免耕秸秆不还田(NT0)、翻耕秸秆不还田(CT0)、免耕秸秆还田(NT)、翻耕秸秆还田(CT)和旋耕秸秆还田(RT)5个处理。研究测定分析了土壤容重、有机碳、易氧化有机碳含量及不同耕作方式下的碳库管理指数。通过对不同耕作方式下0～110cm土壤的分析,结果表明,随着土层的加深,土壤有机碳含量不断下降,NT显著增加了表层(0～10cm)土壤有机碳含量,而>10～50cm有机碳含量较其他处理(NT0除外)有所下降,深层(>50～110cm)处理间差异不明显;土壤容重与有机碳含量呈显著的负相关关系(P<0.01);0～30cm土层有机碳储量以NT最高,CT与其无明显差异,二者较CT0分别高出13.1%和11.0%,而至0～50cm土层,CT的碳储量最高,但与NT无显著差异(P<0.05);与CT0相比,NT0降低了各层土壤易氧化有机碳含量,而NT则在0～10cm土层表现为增加;RT、CT分别显著增加了0～10、>10～30cm土层的碳库管理指数。结果表明,秸秆还田可改善土壤质量,提高农田碳库管理指数,同时碳库管理指数受耕作方式的影响也较大,尤其是CT和RT;NT通过减少土壤扰动、增加有机质的输入,可提高上层土壤有机碳的储量。     

Climatic effect on soil organic carbon variability as a function of spatial scale

Soil organic carbon (SOC) is spatially heterogeneous. Understanding SOC variability as a function of varying scale is important for accurately estimating the SOC stock. We selected three zones in the Huang-Huai-Hai agricultural region of China to define temperature (T Zone), precipitation (P Zone) and temperature + precipitation (PT Zone) gradients, respectively. The zonal differences in SOC variability as a function of increasing scale were examined. The results demonstrated that the SOC stock varied substantially among the different zones. The coefficient of variation (CV) of the SOC stock was more elevated in the PT Zone and was influenced by scale level. The mean CV increased by 12.5%, 4.6% and 2.9% from 1C to 12C for PT, T and P Zone, respectively. Zonal SOC variability differences were not obvious at small scale, with the CV ratio consistently less than 0.003 in the three zones; however, they became detectable at higher scales (6C and 12C), with the CV ratio showing as: PT Zone > T Zone > P Zone. SOC zonal variability must be considered to reduce uncertainty for soil carbon stock estimation.     

稻田绿肥轮作提高土壤养分增加有机碳库

综合评价中国南方不同稻田绿肥轮作模式,筛选与优化绿色高效的稻田多熟种植系统,有利于南方双季稻区农业可持续发展。通过田间试验,研究不同绿肥轮作模式(A冬闲-稻-稻→冬闲-稻-稻(对照)、B紫云英-稻-稻→油菜/花生-稻、C油菜/花生-稻→马铃薯/玉米+大豆-稻、D马铃薯/玉米+大豆-稻→蔬菜/花生+玉米-稻、E蔬菜/花生+玉米-稻→紫云英-稻-稻)对土壤养分中pH值、有机质、全氮、碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾及总有机碳库、活性有机碳、碳库管理指数的影响。结果表明:绿肥轮作各处理的土壤有机质、碱解氮和速效钾均显著高于对照处理(P0.05),增加幅度分别为8.73%~15.59%、11.79%~19.64%和5.80%~37.19%。绿肥轮作处理B、C的总有机碳质量分数与对照相比有显著(P0.05)增加,分别增加了15.59%、11.19%。与对照相比,绿肥轮作B、C、D、E均可以显著(P0.05)提升土壤活性有机碳质量分数,提高幅度分别为29.03%、19.96%、16.67%和21.75%。与冬闲对照处理相比,绿肥轮作系统中处理B的土壤碳库指数显著(P0.05)增加了15.70%。相比冬闲对照处理,绿肥轮作处理B、C、D、E的土壤碳库管理指数分别显著(P0.05)增加了32.07、21.32、17.91和23.74,其中紫云英-稻-稻→油菜/花生-稻种植模式达到最大。土壤有机质与全氮、有效磷、总有机碳、活性有机碳、碳库管理指数存在极显著(P0.01)的相关性,土壤全氮、碱解氮、有效磷均与碳库管理指数存在显著的相关性(P0.05)。此外,总有机碳与活性有机碳和碳库管理指数存在极显著的相关性(P0.01)。可见在当地土壤肥力条件下,绿肥轮作尤其是紫云英-稻-稻-油菜/花生-稻能提高土壤有机碳质量分数和土壤碳库管理指数,有利于改善土壤质量,提高土壤肥力,为建立农田可持续的土壤管理和土地利用提供科学依据和参考价值。