防治水土流失 促进乡村振兴

正纪念《中华人民共和国水土保持法》修订施行10周年山西地处黄河中游、海河上游,水土流失严重,是全国水土保持重点省份之一。自2011年《中华人民共和国水土保持法》修订施行后,我省配套法规建设,加快水土流失治理,强化水土保持监管,水土流失防治工作取得显著成效。10年来,全省水土流失面积已由2011年的7.03万km~2减少到2019年的5.96万km~2,其中,黄河流域水土流失面积由2011年的4.54万km~2减少到2019年的3.66万km~2;     

依法防治水土流失 促进长江流域可持续发展

水土保持法颁布实施 10年来 ,以“长治”工程为骨干的长江流域水土流失重点治理快速推进。截至 2 0 0 0年底 ,累计完成水土流失初步治理面积 2 1万km2 ,其中“长江”工程 12年初步治理水土流失面积 6 8万km2 ;水土保持监督执法不断加强 ,建立了一支有 70 0 0名专职监督人员的执法队伍 ,初步建立健全了贯彻实施水土保持法的配套法规体系 ,累计对 6 80 0多起开发建设项目造成的人为水土流失违法案件进行了立案查处 ,审批水土保持方案超过 4 1万个 ,开发建设单位交纳水土流失防治费 35 0 0多万元 ,补偿费 370 0多万元 ,自行投入水土流失防治费累计超过 6 7亿元 ,取得了许多值得推广的好经验。     

依法防治 注重效益 全面推进江西水土保持生态建设

10年来 ,江西省加大水土保持宣传力度 ,积极出台与水土保持法相配套的法规及规范性文件 ,全面推进水土流失综合治理 ,促进了全省社会经济可持续发展。“十五”计划治理水土流失面积 10 0万hm2 ,水土保持生态建设初步进入良性发展 ,水土保持监督管理步入规范化轨道     

河南省十年水土保持工作成效

10年来 ,河南省认真贯彻水土保持法 ,坚持综合治理与预防监督两手抓 ,累计完成治理保存面积 9915km2 ,建成一大批精品治理工程 ,建设经济林基地 40 0余处 ,促进了农村经济的发展 ,全省年土壤侵蚀总量由 2 33亿t降至 1 2亿t ,监督执法逐步走上规范化轨道 ,人为水土流失加剧的趋势得到扭转。     

深入贯彻水土保持法 不断把水土保持事业推向前进

水土保持法颁布实施16年来,我国的水土流失防治工作取得了巨大成效:全国实施封禁面积达到67万多km2,累计初步治理水土流失面积96万km2,共批准并实施水土保持方案25万多项,开发建设项目防治人为水土流失面积达7万km2,查处违法案件1万多起,为我国经济社会的可持续发展发挥了重要的支撑作用。当前,水土流失防治任务依然艰巨,全国亟待治理的水土流失面积近200万km2,人为水土流失加剧的趋势尚未得到根本扭转,水土保持法没有得到全面落实,保障水土保持事业快速健康发展的机制尚未完全建立。进一步贯彻落实水土保持法要抓好以下措施:以严格执行水土保持"三同时"制度为突破口,坚决遏止人为水土流失;以机制创新为动力,进一步加快水土流失综合防治步伐;尽快修订水土保持法,夯实依法行政的法律基础;以深入宣传水土保持法为载体,让水土保持理念进入千家万户。     

强化水保监督执法 防治人为水土流失

水土保持法颁布实施 10年来 ,汉中市深入宣传水土保持法 ,制定地方规范性文件 ,建立完善水土保持监督执法体系 ,落实“三同时”制度 ,强化水土保持审批管理 ,依法查处人为水土流失案件 ,加大管护力度 ,巩固治理成果 ,树立了一批自觉遵守水保法的典型 ,有效地防止了人为水土流失 ,保护了水土资源。     

辽宁省召开纪念水土保持法颁布10周年宣传工作总结表彰会

为了总结交流纪念水土保持法颁布10周年宣传工作经验 ,进一步深入宣传贯彻水土保持法 ,全面搞好水土流失综合治理 ,推动全省水土保持生态环境建设持续、健康、快速发展 ,2 0 0 1年 11月 2 1日 ,辽宁省召开了纪念水土保持法颁布 10周年宣传工作总结表彰大会。来自全省各市、有关     

石城县水土保持生态环境建设取得显著成效

江西省石城县自 1993年被列入全国八片水土保持重点治理区实施二期工程以来 ,治理了 2 2条小流域 ,治理水土流失面积 36 6 72 4hm2 。水土保持法实施 10年来 ,该县已审批水土保持方案 5 115份 ,审批率达 98% ;查处违法案件 6 3件 ,结案 6 2件 ,结案率达 98 4%。     

加强城镇水土流失治理势在必行——平泉县城水土流失情况调查

<正> 1996年,我们组织专人对平泉县城水土流失状况作了调查.调查结果表明,水土保持法颁布实施5年来,在各级党政部门的领导下,在水土保持部门的认真指导和有关部门的大力配合下,平泉县城水土流失综合治理工作虽取得一定的成效,但水土流失问题依然很严重.为保证城镇经济建设的顺利开展,加强城镇水土流失治理已势在必行.     

东北黑土区水土保持综合治理获得新成效

<正>自2011年3月1日新水土保持法施行以来,国家在东北黑土区进一步加大了水土流失治理投资力度,实施了坡耕地水土流失综合治理工程、水土流失重点治理工程、国家水土保持重点建设工程和国家农业综合开发水土保持项目等项目,累计治理水土流失面积约5000km~2。经过多     

Transformation of the Bryansk Paleosol in Microdepressions in the Center of the East European Forest-Steppe during the Maximum of Valdai Glaciation and in the Holocene

Eurasian Soil Science - Recent and Late Pleistocene soils of the central forest-steppe in the East European Plain have been studied. The main objective of the work is to reveal changes in the...     

Changes in the structure of the rhizosphere complex of actinomycetes in the ontogenesis of winter rye

Changes in the taxonomic structure of actinomycetes in the rhizosphere of winter rye (Secale cereale L.) growing on acid soddy-podzolic soil were studied. During the first stages of ontogenesis of winter rye, the rhizosphere complex of mycelial prokaryotes was characterized by a relatively level generic structure (with respect to the indices of abundance and frequency of particular genera), low values of the species diversity, and low domination frequency of the species from the Streptomyces genus. The numbers and species diversity of the streptomycetes increased during the further growth of the winter rye, so that streptomycetes became a dominant group in the complex of the rhizosphere actinomycetes. According to the two-way ANOVA, the population density of the Micromonospora and the Streptosporangium genera in the rhizosphere was mainly dictated by the winter rye variety, whereas the population density of the streptomycetes depended on the particular stage of the winter rye development. The differences between the actinomycetal complexes characteristic of different varieties of winter rye at the early stages of its development was leveled by the end of the winter rye growth.     

Evolution of forest pedogenesis in the south of the forest-steppe of the Central Russian Upland in the Late Holocene

The Late Holocene stage of forest pedogenesis has been studied on the interfluves along river valleys in the forest-steppe zone of the Central Russian Upland. The development of gray forest soils from the former chernozems as a result of the Late Holocene advance of forest vegetation over steppes is discussed. It is argued that the climatic conditions of the Subatlantic period were unstable, so that multiple alternation of forest and steppe vegetation communities took place. This specified a complex character of soil evolution upon contrasting substitution of forest pedogenesis for steppe pedogenesis. On the interfluves near the natural drainage network (balkas, ravines, and steep slopes of river valleys), the climate-driven dynamics of forest and steppe vegetation with corresponding changes in the character of pedogenesis could take place during the entire Holocene, which is reflected in a lower thickness of humus profiles and deeper leaching of carbonates from chernozems of the Early Iron Age in comparison with their analogues formed under steppe cenoses in central parts of the interfluves. Two variants of the evolution of gray forest soils can be suggested: the pulsating evolution typical of balkas and interfluves near river valleys and the continuous progressive evolution typical of automorphic (plakor) positions in central parts of the interfluves.     

Accumulation of chemical elements in the raised peatbogs of the subtaiga Trans-Urals in the Holocene

The results of studying the variability of the geochemical parameters of the layers of the Sartamskii upland peatbog in the south of Tyumen oblast based on the radiocarbon time scale are given. Four basic types of peat and stages of peat deposits formation in the Holocene are distinguished: the organomineral layer of the sediments in a paleolake (up to 5065 ± 60 years ago), the low moor layer (4300–4900 years ago), the transitional layer (3100–4300 years ago), and the high moor peat (250–3100 years ago). The upper peat layer (last 200–300 years) significantly differs from its main portion; in particular, it is characterized by an increased ash content and the accumulation of a number of elements. The relationship between the various characteristics of the deposit is analyzed using principal component analysis, and the conditions of the formation of the peat deposit in different time periods are estimated, including the climatic conditions (in relative units). The anthropogenic signal of the accumulation of some elements in wetland systems is identified.     

论图书馆数字馆藏资源建设中亟待解决的问题

论述数字馆藏的产生、概念和特点,分析数字馆藏资源建设中存在的问题,探讨数字馆藏资源建设中应采取的策略。     

Variations in the composition of the sap of zea mays with the increase in osmotic pressure of the nutritive solution

The alterations are studied which are produced in the content of mineral elements and organic fractions of sap with the increase in the osmotic pressure of the nutritive solution at levels of 2.0; 3.5 and 5.0 atm., obtained through the addition to the nutritive solution either of magnesium sulphate or PEG‐4000.

Through the effect of the osmotic pressure, the transformations are modified of the nitrogen and mineral phosphorus at organic fractions experience a series of modifications which produce different values in the Nm%TSN and Pm%TSP ratios with respect to control. Through action of the specific effect of magnesium sulphate, the reducing sugars concentrations in sap having an important increase.     

Seasonal changes in the communities of microorganisms and algae in the litters of tree plantations in the steppe zone

Specific structural and dynamic parameters of communities from various ecological and trophic groups of microorganisms and algae in the litter of artificial tree stands were studied using the example of the Staro-Berdyansky Forest in the steppe zone of Ukraine. The composition of the communities was shown to vary by seasons and depend on the forest-forming woody species. In spring, in all the litters, the maximal number of actinomycetes and aminotrophs was recorded; in the leaf litter, the number of phosphate-mobilizing organisms was also the largest. In summer, the development of cellulolytic organisms, ammonifiers, and nitrogen-fixers was intensified; in autumn, the number of micromycetes and oligotrophic organisms decreased. The composition of dominants, the species richness of algae and their abundance also varied by seasons. Representatives of the Chlorophyta division predominated. The highest species richness of algae was characteristic of the spring litter samples, and their number, for the spring and autumn ones. The positive correlation was established between the numbers of micromycetes and oligotrophs, micromycetes and algae. The negative correlation was found between the numbers of micromycetes and actinomycetes, cellulose-decompose bacteria and algae in the litters.     

Changes in the physical properties of soils in the Kamennaya Steppe under the impact of shelterbelts

The physical properties of ordinary chernozems and meadow-chernozemic soils under different land management practices (maple, larch, birch, and pine sections of the shelterbelts; continuous (since 1959) fallow; and arable field (since 1952)) were studied in the Kamennaya Steppe. The soils had favorable physicochemical properties, light clayey texture, and high microaggregation independently from the type of land management. The long-term impact of the shelterbelts improved the soil structure in the upper part of the humus horizon: the content of agronomically valuable aggregates increased, the content of coarse aggregates (>10 mm) decreased, the aggregation coefficient increased by 3.7–4.3 times, and the water stability of the aggregates became by 8–12% higher. The soils under the shelterbelts were characterized by minimum values of the bulk density and solid phase density and by maximum values of the total, active, and air porosities. At the same time, no considerable differences between water reserves in the studied range of soils were detected. The ratio of the optimum productive water range to the active (productive) water range (OPWR/AWR) within the upper soil meter varied from 0.42–0.44 to 0.45–0.54. This points to changes in the character of perched water: the content of intra-aggregate capillary-perched water decreases, and content of film perched water increases down the soil profile.     

近50年博斯腾湖水位变化特征分析

以干旱区博斯腾湖为研究对象,依据博斯腾湖1956—2012年期间的水位监测数据,采用小波分析及MannKendall(M-K)趋势检验等统计学方法,揭示了近50a博斯腾湖水位变化趋势及规律。结果显示:博斯腾湖1956—2012年水位变化分为3个阶段下降(1956—1987年)—上升(1988—2002年)—下降(2003—2012年),其中1956—1987年水位下降了3.39m;1988—2002年上升了3.7m;2003—2012年再次下降了3.21m。水位总体上呈现出显著的下降趋势,且通过了α=0.05时的显著性检验。就其周期性变化规律而言,博斯腾湖水位存在18a的主周期,而38a的周期由于水位资料序列有限难以确定,需要更长的资料序列进行分析验证。     

Quality of used-snow discharged in the ST-Lawrence river,in the region of the Montreal Harbor

Snow disposal creates problems each year in Montreal. Snow dumping in water courses is favored due to both esthetic and economic considerations. Used snow must be considered as a potential pollutant. Its impact on the aquatic receiving environment is not well known. With river dumping in progress, snow samples were collected at 3 sites: Concorde Bridge, and at piers 30 and 52 in Montreal Harbor. Analysis of 28 routine parameters demonstrated that the quality of snow ultimately dumped in the river varies considerably according to its sources and the time it remains in the streets. Used-snow from residential areas was shown to be less polluted than the snow from commercial areas. Furthermore, from the total number of sampled districts, used-snow dumped at pier 30 appears to be relatively more polluted as it originated from downtown areas where vehicle circulation is more dense. Heavy metals in particles sizes between 0.45 and 63 μm represented more than 70% of the measured suspended solids which reflects the risk of bioaccumulation via benthic organisms. Principal component analysis of present data suggests that with analysis of chlorides, suspended solids and Pb alone, it is possible to approximately determine the quality of used-snow.