Predicting the saturated hydraulic conductivity of compacted subsoils using the non-similar media concept

It is widely recognized that saturated hydraulic conductivity is dominated by the micromorphology of soil pores rather than by the merely total porosity or dry bulk density. Nevertheless, some researchers are reporting that the decrease in saturated hydraulic conductivity of subsoil is simply associated with the decrease in soil porosity or increase in dry bulk density. Based on these understandings in published papers and on our preliminary field investigation, we assumed that micromorphology of soil pores in topsoils is subjected to be destroyed with continuous disturbance by frequent tillage while subsoils tend to be compacted without serious changes of micromorphology of soil pores. Thus, we focused on finding the dependence of saturated hydraulic conductivity on dry bulk density by separating the soils into tilled layer and compacted layer. The objective of this study was to describe the relationship between saturated hydraulic conductivity and dry bulk density using a theoretical model, the non-similar media concept (NSMC) model, capable of predicting saturated hydraulic conductivities of soils with different values of dry bulk densities. The study area was located near the Tone River in Saitama Prefecture, Japan, where the soils were classified into Haplic Brown Lowland Soils according to the Classification of Cultivated Soils in Japan (Eutric Fluvisol according to FAO/UNESCO). Two sites, where the topsoils were seasonally tilled while the subsoils were sustained as it is, and another site where the topsoil was seasonally tilled, too, but extra deep tillage (1 m tillage depth) had been done, were chosen for the measurements. The saturated hydraulic conductivities and dry bulk densities of undisturbed soil cores from different depths were measured in the laboratory. The NSMC model was carefully applied only when the soil textures were the same among samples. The well-known conventional equations formulated by Kozeny–Carman and by Campbell, were used to compare the applicabilities with the NSMC model. The NSMC model succeeded in predicting the saturated hydraulic conductivities in the compacted subsoils. On the other hand, the NSMC model was not applicable to the tilled topsoils and to the deeply tilled subsoil. The saturated hydraulic conductivity of tilled topsoils and deeply tilled subsoil was always lower than that of compacted subsoils at the same dry bulk densities. The Kozeny–Carman and Campbell equations both failed in the prediction of saturated hydraulic conductivity in subsoil. It was concluded that the saturated hydraulic conductivity of subsoils under compaction without extreme disturbance is well related with its dry bulk density by the NSMC model.     

室内基于土壤水分再分布过程推求紫色土导水参数

选择三峡库区3种不同质地的紫色土,室内通过土壤水分再分布试验,探讨基于土壤水分再分布过程推求导水参数对于紫色土的适用性.结果显示,结合土壤水分垂直和水平再分布过程推求的紫色土水分扩散率与实测值具有很好的一致性,但推求的非饱和导水率偏差较大.然而,选用单一的土壤水分再分布过程结合实测水分特征曲线推求的紫色土非饱和导水率与实测值具有良好的一致性.湿润锋湿度与湿润剖面平均湿度不同函数关系对推求非饱和导水率和水分扩散率差异不明显.此外,基于土壤水分再分布过程推求导水参数方法比较适合低湿土壤的非饱和导水参数推求.     

应用土壤质地预测干旱区葡萄园土壤饱和导水率空间分布

田间表层土壤饱和导水率的空间变异性是影响灌溉水分入渗和土壤水分再分布的主要因素之一,研究土壤饱和导水率的空间变化规律,有助于定量估计土壤水分的空间分布和设计农田的精准灌溉管理制度。为了探究应用其他土壤性质如质地、容重、有机质预测土壤饱和导水率空间分布的可行性,试验在7.6 hm2的葡萄园内,采用均匀网格25 m×25 m与随机取样相结合的方式,测定了表层(0～10 cm)土壤饱和导水率、粘粒、粉粒、砂粒、容重和有机质含量,借助经典统计学和地统计学,分析了表层土壤饱和导水率的空间分布规律、与土壤属性的空间相关性,并对普通克里格法、回归法和回归克里格法预测土壤饱和导水率空间分布的结果进行了对比。结果表明:1)土壤饱和导水率具有较强的变异性,平均值为1.64 cm/d,变异系数为1.17;2)表层土壤饱和导水率60%的空间变化是由随机性或小于取样尺度的空间变异造成;3)土壤饱和导水率与粘粒、粉粒、砂粒和有机质含量具有一定空间相关性,而与土壤容重几乎没有空间相关性;4)在中值区以土壤属性辅助的回归克里格法对土壤饱和导水率的预测精度较好,在低值和高值区其与普通克里格法表现类似。研究结果将为更好地描述土壤饱和导水率空间变异结构及更准确地预测其空间分布提供参考。     

基于土壤物理基本参数的土壤导热率模型

土壤物理基本参数是影响土壤导热率的重要因素,为了获取土壤的颗粒组成、有机质含量与土壤导热率计算模型中参数之间的关系,该文分析了陕西省9个地区的土壤质地对土壤导热率的影响,对不同土壤导热率估算模型的准确性进行评价,并在C?té-Konrad模型和Lu-Ren模型的基础上,建立了基于土壤物理基本参数的改进模型,结果表明:改进的C?té-Konrad模型与改进的Lu-Ren模型可以用来拟合不同质地的土壤导热率,且具有较好的拟合精度,决定系数R2均在0.92以上,相对误差(relative error,Re)均低于9.6%;对于砂粒含量或粉粒含量较高的土壤导热率,改进的C?té-Konrad模型模拟结果的均方根误差(root-mean-square error,RMSE)≤0.1183、R2≥0.9259以及Re≤9.55%,均优于C?té-Konrad模型、Lu-Ren模型和改进Lu-Ren模型;对于砂粒和粉粒含量均较低的土壤导热率,改进Lu-Ren模型模拟结果的RMSE≤0.0815、R2≥0.9326,Re≤8.21%,均明显优于其他3种模型。两种改进的模型分别建立了模型参数与颗粒组成、有机质含量之间的关系,能够更加详细描述土壤物理基本参数与导热率之间的关系,并且针对不同的土壤质地,选取合适的改进模型能够更加准确地计算土壤导热率。     

田间测定土壤导水率的方法研究进展

 土壤导水率是决定坡地降水入渗与径流比例的关键,也是水分循环和土壤侵蚀模型中的重要参数,国内外对相关理论与方法进行了大量研究。综述田间测定土壤导水参数的几种方法的原理及应用,并对各种方法的优缺点进行对比分析。人们趋向于应用简单快速的测定仪器,降水头方法因为用水少,测定快速,有很大发展空间。盘式入渗仪是一种既简便又可以获得较多信息的测定仪器,可以应用于坡地土壤导水率的测定,应当广泛开展相关研究。     

土柱尺寸对扰动黏壤土饱和导水率的影响

土壤饱和导水率Ks是最基本的水力参数之一,而已知实验室内其值的确定受土柱尺寸的影响.以关中的塿土为研究对象,在室内,采用定水头法,研究5～30 cm内6个不同土柱尺寸对扰动黏壤土Ka测定的影响.结果表明：随着时间的延伸,Ks逐渐减小,其值最初降幅较大,其后趋于稳定,且在5 ～ 30 cm土柱直径范围内,Ks随着土柱直径的变大,扰动黏壤土的Ks递增,二者线性相关,y=0.000 4x＋0.003 7（R2=0.965 1）.研究结果可为测定Ks合理测定时间段及合理尺寸的选择提供参考.     

Effect of data resolution on soil hydraulic conductivity prediction

The aim of the paper is to compare results of the instantaneous profile method (IPM) for measurement and calculation of unsaturated hydraulic conductivity k(ψ) of soils obtained with different measurement data resolution. The application of IPM allows to realize a great number of k(ψ) measurements for the purpose of mapping soil properties on large areas. Application of shorter samples i.e. less sensors makes the method even more quick and cheap. The calculation of unsaturated soil water conductivity by the IPM method bases on measurements of time and space variability of water content and water pressure within the soil sample in a cylinder. The spatial resolution of data depends on the number of probes applied in the core. The question arises how the number of compartments within one core influences the calculation of soil hydraulic conductivity. Application of three sensors instead of five reduced the accuracy of calculation but allowes to use 5 cm long standard cores during unsaturated flow experiment.<?show $6#>     

有机肥质量分数对土壤导水率稳定性的影响

饱和导水率是水循环和土壤侵蚀模型中的重要参数,也是土壤结构改善的重要指标.通过室内土柱模拟实验研究有机肥添加量对风沙土和壤土导水率的影响.土壤添加有机肥的比例设置为0％、5％、10％、15％、20％、25％、30％7个水平,土壤密度设3个水平,各处理5个重复.结果表明：1）土壤饱和导水率随有机肥质量分数的增加呈降低趋势,风沙土的饱和导水率随有机肥质量分数的增加呈直线下降趋势,而壤土饱和导水率的降低趋势随有机肥质量分数的增加减缓;2）有机肥质量分数的增加对土壤密度的降低作用可以抵消有机肥增加导致的饱和导水率的降低;3）低土壤密度下土壤导水率随时间变化不稳定,土壤密度增大后随时间变化稳定.随着有机肥质量分数的增加,土壤导水率的测定过程趋于稳定,但是测定时间延长.     

烟台棕壤土饱和导水率的初步研究

该文利用单环入渗的概化解,对不同土地利用方式下烟台棕壤土的饱和导水率进行了研究,同时分析了不同单环直径对求解饱和导水率产生的影响。研究结果表明：草地、裸地和道路的入渗速率、累积入渗量和饱和导水率呈现依次降低的变化趋势,利用直径为20、30和45 cm的入渗环得到的饱和导水率具有明显的差异性。根据求解的饱和导水率计算的累积入渗量非常接近实测值,整体相对误差很小,草地、裸地和道路,在5、7和40 m in后浮动在5%以内;在15、43和55 m in后变化幅度小于1%。20、30和45 cm入渗环累积入渗量计算值的相对误差初始阶段波动较大,随后逐渐趋于平稳。     

Influence of water content and soil properties on unsaturated hydraulic conductivity of some red and black soils

The unsaturated hydraulic conductivity was determined in the laboratory for some red and black soils, following water movement into a horizontal column of homogenous soil of uniform packing. A highly significant positive relationship was found between moisture content and hydraulic conductivity values in all the soils studied. Correlation coefficients calculated for the relationships between soil constituents/properties and the change in hydraulic conductivity per unit change in moisture content (regression coefficient between hydraulic conductivity and moisture content) have shown positive relationship to sand and negative relationships to silt, silt + clay, clay, carbonates, aggregates > 0.25 mm and saturated hydraulic conductivity. It is concluded that the unsaturated hydraulic conductivity decreases rapidly with decrease in moisture content and this decrease depends on the soil constituents/properties and differences between soil types are clear.     

秸秆-膨润土-PAM改良材料对砂质土壤饱和导水率的影响

为改善砂质土壤持水状况,设计了由作物秸秆、膨润土和聚丙烯酰胺（PAM）配制的改良材料,以重庆市分布面积较大的冷沙黄泥为研究对象,采用恒定水头入渗双环法,研究了秸秆改良材料对砂质土壤饱和导水率的影响。结果表明,施用秸秆改良材料能增加砂质土壤的饱和导水率,并且随着施用剂量的增大,土壤饱和导水率逐渐增加;随土培时间的延长土样饱和导水率均出现了先增大后减小的趋势,当土培时间为60 d时土样饱和导水率达到最大值;添加麦秆改良材料（质量分数为10 g/kg,配方中PAM质量分数为2%）的土样,在培养60 d后其饱和导水率是对照组的4.97倍,对砂质土壤改良效果最明显。可见,秸秆改良材料可以改善砂质土壤持水状况,对砂质土壤具有改良作用。     

盘式吸渗仪测定土壤导水率的两种新方法

应用盘式吸渗仪测定田间土壤导水率具有快速简单的优点，但是测定结果的计算处理比较繁琐，寻求简单的计算方法是广泛应用盘式吸渗仪的关键问题。该文改变盘式吸渗仪测定土壤导水率的三维入渗过程为一维入渗过程，简化了测定结果的计算处理。结果显示：两种不同的一维入渗过程达到的稳定入渗率和导水率之间有很好的线性关系，但是三维过程计算的导水率大于一维过程。双套盘吸渗仪一维过程计算导水率与稳定入渗率一致性较好，但是和三维稳态、瞬态方法计算结果之间差异明显，因此在应用这些方法时需要适当调整参数，建议使用双套盘吸渗仪快速测定田间土壤导水率。     

植被群落演替对土壤饱和导水率的影响

土壤饱和导水率是表征土壤入渗能力的重要参数,对不同土地利用类型反应敏感。为了揭示植被演替对土壤剖面上饱和导水率的影响规律,采用恒定水头法测定了天童林区155 a植物群落演替序列60 cm深土壤剖面上的饱和导水率。结果表明,不同演替阶段饱和导水率均随土壤深度增加迅速降低,在0～20 cm土层内,各演替阶段饱和导水率均存在极显著差异,0～60 cm土层内饱和导水率的平均值从裸地、石栎+檵木灌丛、马尾松林、木荷+马尾松林、木荷林到栲树林升高极为显著,植物群落演替到灌丛阶段,平均饱和导水率已与裸地存在显著差异,演     

喀斯特小流域土壤饱和导水率垂直分布特征

土壤剖面饱和导水率(Saturated hydraulic conductivity,Ks)的垂直分布对土壤水文过程有极其重要的影响,但在地质背景特殊的喀斯特地区其研究还相对匮乏。通过测定典型喀斯特小流域内23个土壤剖面(0~10、10~20、20~30、30~50、50~70、70~100 cm)土壤Ks及土壤碎石含量(Rock fragment content,RC)、容重(Bulk density,BD)、毛管孔隙度(Capillary porosity,CP)、非毛管孔隙度(Non-capillary porosity,NCP)、土壤有机碳(Soil organic carbon,SOC)等土壤性质,并结合各样点的坡位(Slope position,SP)、坡度(Slope gradient,SG)、坡向(Slope aspect,SA)、裸岩率(Bare rock,BR)、土地利用类型(Land-use type,LU)等环境因素,应用偏相关分析和典范对应分析(CCA)的方法,研究了喀斯特小流域Ks的垂直分布特征及其主要影响因素。结果表明,Ks随土壤深度的增加而减小并可用对数函数模拟(R2=0.848)。20~100 cm各层Ks变幅较小且变异接近,因此在水文模型中可用20~30 cm土壤Ks代替深层。土壤性质中,RC与Ks的相关系数(0.484)最大。环境因素对Ks垂直分布的影响依次为SPSGSALUBR。由此可知,RC是影响Ks最重要的土壤性质,而SP则是影响Ks垂直分布最重要的环境因素。该结果有利于弄清喀斯特地区降雨入渗规律及其主要影响因素,为小流域植被恢复及水文模型的构建提供科学依据。     

Comparison of seven water retention functions used for modelling soil hydraulic conductivity due to film flow

The unsaturated soil hydraulic conductivity accounting for film flow is important for understanding soil hydrological and biological processes, especially in arid and semi‐arid regions. Recently, a theoretically based hydraulic conductivity model was developed to describe the hydraulic conductivity as a function of water content. We have used this model to compare seven soil water retention functions commonly used for predicting soil hydraulic conductivity due to film flow. A total of 30 soils, varying in basic properties, were selected from the Unsaturated Soil Hydraulic Database to evaluate the seven functions. The Webb method was applied to identify the critical soil matric potential (h _c) below which thin film flow controls water movement. Soil hydraulic conductivity measurements at matric potential below h _c were then used for curve fitting according to the seven functions. Slight differences were observed among the functions in predicting soil hydraulic conductivity due to film flow. Six of the seven functions in combination with the hydraulic conductivity model described the hydraulic conductivity due to film flow well, according to the terms of the coefficient of efficiency. The relatively poor performance of the one exception was due to the fact that the linear shape of the function made it less flexible at low matric potentials. In addition, the effect of textural class on its performance was substantial, showing a poorer fit for the sand soil compared with the loam and clay soils. These findings have important applications related to soil and water resources conservation especially in arid and semi‐arid regions.     

利用圆盘入渗仪推求含碎石土壤饱和水力传导度(英)

在模拟土柱中，利用圆盘入渗仪对碎石对土壤饱和水力传导度的影响进行了分析。结果表明：含碎石土壤饱和水力传导度可以通过对不同负压下土壤稳定入渗速率进行非线性回归获得。含碎石土壤饱和水力传导度与去除碎石后的土壤饱和水力传导度及碎石形状指数密切相关。试验中含碎石土壤的饱和水力传导度随碎石含量的增加而呈指数降低趋势。