Hog cholera diagnostic techniques.

Clinical signs and lesions can sometimes provide the basis for a presumptive diagnosis of hog cholera (HC). However, an accurate diagnosis requires laboratory testing. The usual procedure for the detection of viral antigen is the examination of cryostat sections stained with fluorescein-conjugated HC antiserum. A more definitive technique is isolation of the virus in PK-15 cell cultures and identification of the viral antigen in cells using an HC fluorescent antibody conjugate. As bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) virus will cross-react with HC virus, isolation must be confirmed by the comparison of BVD and HC staining or, preferably, by the use of monoclonal antibodies that can differentiate between HC and BVD viruses. Hog cholera surveillance must rely on serology. The fluorescent antibody virus neutralization (FAVN) test is the classical technique, and HC and BVD antibody can usually be differentiated if HC-positive serum samples are tested against both viruses. Recently the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and peroxidase-labeled antibody tests have become the commonly used techniques.     

Common diagnostic and clinical techniques for fish.

Fish medicine has common diagnostic and clinical procedures that are essential for disease diagnosis and patient management. With a few modifications for handling of the fish patient, these resemble procedures performed in most veterinary hospitals and clinics in our other companion species. The predictive value of these diagnostic methods is improving with the ever-increasing number of publications in fish medicine. Training in aquatic clinical procedures is offered at most large continuing education conferences and as specialty courses. These basic procedures are the important first steps toward improving the health of our aquatic companion animals.     

Ancillary diagnostic techniques for the lame patient.

The cause of lameness is usually identified through evaluation of signalment, history, and physical examination. Radiographic evaluation provides a definitive diagnosis in many cases; however, laboratory evaluation may prove useful in the characterization of certain conditions or in the prognostication of the condition. In some instances where the definitive diagnosis remains elusive, arthroscopic examination is a minimally invasive diagnostic tool that may be more affordable and available than computed tomography. This article reviews laboratory evaluation of the lame patient and arthroscopic evaluation of joint abnormalities.     

Update on molecular techniques for diagnostic testing of infectious disease.

The era of diagnostic molecular biology has arrived for small animal clinicians, and it is a near certainty that assays such as the PCR and RT-PCR will become more widely available for a wider array of infectious agents. Already there is an extensive list of infectious diseases of dogs and cats that have been investigated with molecular tools. A partial list is included in box 1. An understanding of the advantages and disadvantages of the molecular techniques and some of the questions these techniques can answer for clinicians can serve practitioners well in their approach to the diagnosis of infectious diseases in dogs and cats. It is likely that additional applications of these tools to small animal medicine will become apparent as investigators use and refine them for their research purposes, or as new uses emerge from human medical applications. Clinicians also are likely to reap the benefits of this knowledge. Because samples often are acquired easily from clinical patients in most practice settings, access to these tools puts all clinicians in the group of discoverers of new, or variations of, infectious diseases and their clinical manifestations.     

伪狂犬病检测技术研究进展

伪狂犬病(pseudorabies，PR)是一种可感染多种动物的高度接触性传染病，作者综述了到目前为止的伪狂犬病诊断技术，其中包括传统的病毒分离技术、实验室的血清学检测技术以及分子生物学诊断技术等，着重对目前在全世界应用广泛的ELISA技术进行了介绍。     

隆朋麻醉及其手术下对犬儿茶酚胺的影响

应激反应是一种急性时相反应,常导致神经、内分泌系统的激素和炎性细胞因子的变化.神经系统的表达主要是通过交感-肾上腺髓质系统使儿茶酚胺水平发生改变,儿茶酚胺水平的改变是反映机体应激反应的重要指标之一.     

口蹄疫诊断技术研究进展

口蹄疫是偶蹄动物的一种重要的烈性传染病，可使世界范围内的畜牧业遭受严重的经济损失，作者综述了目前的口蹄疫诊断技术研究进展，其中包括了传统的病毒分离技术，实验室的血清学检测技术以及分子生物学诊断技术等，着重对目前在全世界应用广泛的ELISA技术进行了重点介绍，并对口蹄疫诊断技术进行了展望。     

Bovine rumenotomy: comparison of four surgical techniques.

Rumenotomy in cattle is a routine procedure for treatment and diagnostic purposes. A comparative study of different rumenotomy techniques is lacking in the veterinary literature. Four rumenotomy techniques were compared in 20 cattle: skin suture fixation, Weingarth's ring, stay suture, and skin clamp fixation. Results indicated that skin suture fixation was superior to Weingarth's ring and the stay suture techniques. Skin clamp fixation was comparable with skin suturing and required a shorter operative time. Rumenotomy using the stay suture technique was followed by postoperative inflammatory complications, as indicated by significant (P < 0.05) increases in mean body temperature and total white blood cell counts of 39.3, s = 0.56 degrees C and 12.6 x 10(9), s = 1.57 x 10(9)/L, respectively, on day 4. Therefore, rumenotomy using the skin clamp fixation technique could be considered as an alternative to the more commonly used skin suture fixation technique.     

Green iguana nephrology: a review of diagnostic techniques.

There is still much to learn about renal physiology and pathophysiology in reptiles. In the case of the green iguana, initiating causes are often inferred from poor husbandry and nutrition, or extrapolated from histopathologic interpretations made late in the course of the disease, or at postmortem. The link between parathyroid hormone and renal disease in humans has been well documented and, given the high prevalence of clinical (and subclinical) secondary nutritional hyperparathyroidism in iguanas, this certainly warrants further investigation in saurians [31,32,34,35]. Apart from hyperparathyroidism, chronic water deprivation also appears to be a common historic factor. As a foliovore originating from the high humidity rain forests of central and South America, water recovery is not considered to be an adaptive stress in Iguana iguana, and therefore, renal anatomy and physiology are considered to be non-specialized compared to more arid or aquatic reptiles [21]. These arboreal lizards do not voluntarily drink from open water but instead imbibe rain or dew droplets from foliage [2]. Maintaining such a species in low relative humidity with a water bowl from which to drink is likely to both increase insensible water losses and interfere with normal water intake. Appropriate therapeutic decisions (including euthanasia) can only be made following an accurate diagnosis. To date, our diagnoses are based largely upon the structural evaluations of renal histopathology, and renal biopsy remains our most useful tool. However, in the future it may become possible to evaluate renal function by quantifying glomerular filtration rate, proximal tubular secretion, or functional renal mass. Glomerular filtration rate may be estimated by measuring the rate of glomerular clearance of substances from the blood (e.g., iohexol). Phenolsulphonphthalein assays may offer an insight into proximal tubule secretion and renal blood flow.     

Some experimental surgical techniques on the alimentary tract of young pigs.

The paper describes the surgical techniques used in the preparation of gastric, intestinal and caecal fistulae, intestinal re-entrant fistulae, gastric pouches and Thiry-Vella loops. A total of 189 pigs were used in the study ranging from 1 h to 16 weeks of age. All procedures were carried out under cyclopropane/oxygen anaesthesia.     

Symposium on surgical techniques in small animal practice. Surgery of the esophagus.

There are many anastomotic techniques available that have been used successfully but no one technique guarantees 100 per cent success. Therefore the surgeon should be capable of altering his planned approach according to the circumstances. No matter what anastomotic technique is selected, for a consistently successful outcome it is imperative that the whole animal be considered in all aspects of care and rude handling of tissues be avoided during the surgical procedure. The simple interrupted approximating suture technique is recommend as one which meets the general goals of intestinal anastomosis in dogs and cats.     

Intestinal malformations in calves and their surgical correction.

A clinical study was made on 45 cases of intestinal malformations found in calves during a four year period. Fifteen calves were euthanised for different reasons. Surgical correction was made in 30 calves; 15 of them recovered. The recovery depended on the extent and the localisation of the defect and on the general condition of the animal.