鸡传染性法氏囊病病理组织学图谱

传染性法氏囊病(Infections Bursal Disease)又称传染性法氏囊炎,是由传染性法氏囊病病毒引起的一种破坏鸡免疫中枢器官--法氏囊的急性接触性传染病.自1957年起,先后发生于美国、法国、加拿大、日本等20多个国家和地区.     

Magnetic resonance imaging of navicular bursa adhesions

Adhesions occur in the navicular bursa between the deep digital flexor tendon (DDFT) and other structures. Our objectives were to describe the appearance of navicular bursa adhesions on high-field magnetic resonance (MR) images, to compare these findings to findings at navicular bursoscopy, and to determine the prevalence of lesions in the remainder of the podotrochlear apparatus. Sixteen forelimbs from 14 horses that underwent MR imaging and navicular bursoscopy were evaluated. Adhesions were considered type 1 when characterized by a discontinuity in the navicular bursa fluid signal between two structures, type 2 when the navicular bursa fluid signal was disrupted and ill-defined tissue was present between two structures, and type 3 when the fluid signal was disrupted and well-defined tissue was present between two structures. Twenty-six adhesions were suspected on MR images and nineteen were visualized at surgery. The positive predictive value was 50% for type 1 adhesions, 67% for type 2 adhesions, and 100% for type 3 adhesions. Additional lesions were detected in the navicular bursa in 15 limbs, the DDFT in 13, the navicular bone in 15, the collateral sesamoidean ligaments in 9, and the distal sesamoidean impar ligament in 8. A discontinuity in the navicular bursa fluid signal with well-defined tissue between two structures detected on high-field MR images is diagnostic for a navicular bursa adhesion. Additional lesions in the podotrochlear apparatus are common in horses with navicular bursa adhesions.     

Histomoniasis in the bursa of fabricius of chickens

Histomoniasis was diagnosed in a flock of 6-wk-old commercial chickens. Clinical signs included depression, stilted gait, inappetence, and a slight increase in mortality. At necropsy, there were pale-yellow to dark-gray circular and depressed necrotic lesions in the liver. The ceca were enlarged and impacted with caseous cores. Cecal worms were not observed either at necropsy or on histopathology. Histomonads were demonstrated microscopically within the bursa of Fabricius in addition to the liver, ceca, and spleen. This is the first report of the presence of histomonads in the bursa of Fabricius in commercial chickens.     

鸭感染鸡传染性法氏囊病病毒的调查和人工感染试验

鸡传染性法氏囊病 ( IBD)是危害幼鸡的一种急性、传染性和高度接触性病毒性感染 ,发病率和死亡率均很高 ,给养鸡业造成严重的经济损失。该病呈世界性流行。IBD病毒有两个血清型 ,即血清 1型病毒和血清 2型病毒。血清 1型病毒能使鸡产生明显的临床症状和病理变化。我国流行的多属血清 1型病毒 ,血清 1型病毒又分不同的变异株或血清亚型。近年来国内有关 IBDV对雏鸭的感染 ,并引起临床症状、病理变化和暴发疾病的报道 ,我们对此很感兴趣 ,因为我们在 IBD诊断试剂盒的研制过程中 ,通过雏鸡法氏囊繁殖病毒 ,制备兔抗 IBDV高免血清 ,这样…     

Studies on the pathogenesis of Escherichia coli in the bursa of Fabricius (cloacal bursa) of the turkey.

Turkey poults were inoculated with avirulent or virulent strains of Escherichia coli by direct application to anal lips and were killed at postinoculation hours (PIH) 0.1, 2, 5, 10, 24, 48, 72, and 96. Bursae of Fabricius (cloacal bursae) were collected, cultured, and examined by light, fluorescent, and electron microscopy. The virulent strain of E coli was not recovered from the bursae after PIH 24, although the avirulent strain was recovered up to PIH 96. The E coli strains neither localized at nor associated with the bursal fold epithelium, passed through the follicular pad epithelium, nor caused cytopathologic changes in the lymphoid follicle. A mild catarrhal bursitis was observed at PIH 48 with the avirulent strain of E coli.     

The structure of the sternal bursa of turkeys.

The sternal bursa developed as a microscopically recognizable synovial sac in turkeys at about 4 1/2 to 6 weeks of age. In birds 12 weeks old it was difficult to delineate the bursa grossly although microscopically it was a definite structure. After 12 weeks, the walls of the bursa were thick enough that the limits of the sac could be determined grossly. The synovial membrane was in the subcutis, and microscopically was a vascular band of loose to dense connective tissue of variable thickness. Laterally the membrane was folded so that in cross section it appeared as a tonguelike projection of variable length into the cavity. The lining cells centrally were flat fibroblasts while laterally they were cuboidal, particularly over the lateral folds. In older turkeys the cuboidal lining cells were sometimes stratified.     

目前鸡传染性法氏囊病的流行特点及防制对策

一 流行特点、 1 发病日龄明显变宽。第一次免疫之后和第二次免疫之前仍然是发病最集中的时期,但近年来传染性法氏囊病发病日龄有增宽的趋势,最早有3日龄发病的报道,最长可延长到200日龄的产蛋鸡,而且高日龄鸡群患传染性法氏囊病有形成区域性爆发的报道。     

Cryptosporidiosis of the bursa of Fabricius of chickens.

Light-microscope and electron-microscope studies of a coccidial organism found in the bursa of Fabricius from 3 chickens clearly established the parasite as belonging to the family Cryptosporiidae. Hyperplasia and heterophil infiltration were associated with the presence of organisms attached to the microvillus border of epithelial cells lining the plicae of the bursa of Fabricius. Although there were no clinical signs or gross lesions common to the 3 cases described, all had similar histologic lesions in the epithelium lining the bursa of Fabricius.     

雏鸭腔上囊的生长及组织发育

通过对1～49日龄雏鸭腔上囊绝对质量和生长指数测定以及组织学观察,探讨雏鸭腔上囊生长及组织发育规律。结果:随日龄增长,腔上囊绝对质量逐渐增高;腔上囊生长指数21日龄达最高;黏膜大皱褶高、宽度、淋巴滤泡面积、皮质宽度均不断增加;小结相关上皮向腔面形成突起,并不断增高增宽。结果表明,雏鸭腔上囊1～14日龄生长较为缓慢,14～35日龄生长较快,35～49日龄发育基本趋于稳定,其中21～28日龄是雏鸭腔上囊生长发育的高峰时期,28日龄时,雏鸭腔上囊组织结构基本发育成熟。     

PCR-based detection of Theileria ovis in Rhipicephalus bursa adult ticks

Tick-borne diseases in ruminants are common in tropical and subtropical regions and lead to meat and milk production losses. In this study, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to assess the presence of Theileria ovis in Rhipicephalus bursa ticks. We have demonstrated that the PCR enabled detection of T. ovis in field isolates of R. bursa collected from naturally infested sheep and goats in eastern Turkey. The sampling was done in spring season (between May and June 2004). A total of 420 R. bursa were collected and randomly selected 192 number of them (97 female and 95 male) were dissected. Primers specific for 520 bp fragments small subunit ribosomal RNA (ssu rRNA) gene of T. ovis amplified products from 37 of the 192 (19.27%) samples. The parasite was detected in 17 (17.52%) female and in 20 (21.05%) male ticks. Two T. ovis amplicons from the tick samples were purified and sequenced. The resulting sequences were identical to the nucleotide sequence of the Turkish sheep strain of T. ovis. These results showed that R. bursa might play an important role in the field as a natural vector of T. ovis.     

Disorders of the infraspinatus tendon and bursa in three horses

CASE DESCRIPTION: 3 horses with penetrating wounds to the shoulder area were examined because of forelimb lameness. CLINICAL FINDINGS: All horses had physical examination findings (decreased cranial phase of the stride, swelling in the shoulder region, and signs of pain on manipulation of the shoulder) that were suggestive of problems in the upper portion of the forelimb. Injury to the biceps tendon or bursa was the primary differential diagnosis in each instance, but no abnormalities involving those structures were found. Radiographic and ultrasonographic imaging revealed injuries to the caudal eminence of the greater tubercle of the humerus, the infraspinatus tendon, and the infraspinatus bursa. Examination with ultrasound was more sensitive than radiography at detecting both osseous and soft tissue changes. TREATMENT AND OUTCOME: All 3 horses responded favorably to treatment with antimicrobials and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Although initial response to standing lavage was favorable in 1 horse, endoscopic lavage was later required. Standing removal of fracture fragments was performed in 2 horses. Ultrasonographic imaging was helpful in monitoring the response to treatment and changes in the affected structures. All 3 horses eventually became sound after treatment. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Infraspinatus bursitis and tendonitis should be included in the differential diagnoses of horses with shoulder lameness. Diagnosis and monitoring should include ultrasonographic monitoring. The prognosis for return to soundness after appropriate treatment appears to be good.     

Tenoscopy of the navicular bursa: Endoscopic approach and anatomy

Objectives: Our objectives were to describe an endoscopic technique of the navicular bursa, describe the endoscopic anatomy, assess its feasibility on live horses undergoing an exploratory endoscopy, and assess the usefulness of standard arthroscopic instruments introduced via a contralateral portal.Study design: This was an anatomic study on cadaver limbs and endoscopic observation on clinical cases associated with problems of the navicular bursa and/or navicular bone.Animals or sample population: The sample population was 4 cadaver forelimbs of 2 horses weighing 300 to 450 kg and 8 live horses and one pony weighing 180 to 550 kg with navicular bursa disease.Methods: One cadaver limb was left untouched; the 3 others were dissected in a different way. Dissection and endoscopy of the navicular bursa were performed on the cadaver limbs with 4-mm and 2.7-mm 30° forward oblique arthroscopes. Relative positions of the arthroscope and of various arthroscopic instruments in the bursa were observed. Then, exploratory endoscopy of the navicular bursa was performed on live horses suspected of navicular bursa disease after clinical, radiographic, and/or sonographic examination. Visualization with saline solution and carbon dioxide was compared. Standard arthroscopic instruments were introduced according to the lesions observed. Some lesions were treated and a lavage of the navicular bursa was performed in all horses. Postoperative recovery was followed until 3 months after surgery.Results: Most parts of the anatomic structures of the navicular bursa could be observed with the 4-mm or 2.7-mm arthroscope, and standard arthroscopic instruments could be introduced into the bursa. A lavage of the bursa could be performed in all horses and no iatrogenic damage or postoperative complications were noted.Conclusion: Endoscopy of the navicular bursa with standard arthroscopic instruments is a feasible technique in horses and could be a useful diagnostic modality in suspected disease of this area.Clinical application: Diagnostic endoscopy in horses suspected of navicular bursa disease can be used to complement other diagnostic means. It already is used for treatment of septic bursitis; endoscopy of the navicular bursa could have other therapeutic applications in the future.

Introduction

Arthroscopy of the dorsal aspect of the distal interphalangeal joint in horses was used for removal of extensor process fractures and for diagnosis examination of this joint.¹ Arthroscopy of the palmar (plantar) aspect of the distal interphalangeal joint was described for removal of fibrin, intra-articular lavage in septic arthritis, and to access some fractures of the distal sesamoid (navicular) bone and middle and distal phalanges.²Endoscopy of the bursa podotrochlearis (navicular bursa) was recently described for treatment of septic bursitis.³ In this procedure, the instruments were mostly introduced through the original penetrating wound at the frog and through the flexor digitorum profundus (deep digital flexor tendon). In another study,⁴ the authors observed the navicular bursa in cadaver limbs and compared the endoscopic observation with pathologic findings.Lesions of the navicular bursa and contiguous anatomic structures (deep digital flexor tendon, palmar/plantar fibrocartilaginous facies flexoria [flexor surface] of the navicular bone, ligamentum sesamoideum distale impar [impar ligament], and ligamenta sesamoidea collateralia [collateral sesamoidean ligament]) can be associated with navicular syndrome.^{5, 6 and 7}Conventional radiographs allow evaluation of osseous lesions of the navicular bone (loss of cortico-medullary definition, irregularity of the sagittal ridge of the facies flexoria, and irregularity or thickening of the flexor cortex)^{5, 8 and 9} but are less sensitive for soft tissue evaluation.Ultrasonography allows the evaluation of some soft tissue lesions.¹⁰ It can be performed at the palmar aspect of the pastern or by a transfurcal approach.Scintigraphy is more sensitive than radiography in the evaluation of navicular syndrome, and it can complete an inconclusive radiographic examination.¹¹Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT) scan are also valuable diagnostic means for navicular syndrome in revealing some osseous abnormalities undetectable with conventional radiographs^{8 and 12} and, for MRI, in providing a reliable evaluation of soft tissues.^{13, 14 and 15}The objectives of this study were to document an endoscopic approach to the navicular bursa, describe the endoscopic anatomy, assess the usefulness of standard surgical instruments introduced via a contralateral portal (which could have potential benefits in diagnosis or treatment of lesions in this area), and finally, to assess the feasibility of this technique in live horses undergoing an exploratory endoscopy.

Instrumentation

The procedure was performed at 2 different clinics with different sets of instruments. Equipment used included two 4-mm (Dyonics or Storz) and one 2.7-mm (Optomed) 30° forward oblique arthroscopes connected to a light cable (Optomed or Storz) and light source (Stryker or Storz). The arthroscope was connected to a camera (Stryker or Storz) and a video system, which allowed recording and printing of endoscopic views. Various surgical instruments were used: a blunt tendon knife for splitting surgery, motorized synovial resector blades (Dyonics), straight and curved curettes (Sontek), Basket type synoviectomy forceps (Acufex), and Ferris-Smith rongeurs (Sontec).

Procedure

Cadaver limbs

Four distal forelimbs from 2 French Warm Blood equine cadavers weighing 300 to 450 kg with no lameness history were examined. Radiographs of the navicular bone were previously performed to document the absence of preexisting lesions. Three views were used: Dorso (60°) proximal-palmarodistal oblique, lateromedial, and palmaro (45°) proximal-palmarodistal oblique.The first limb was partially dissected (skin and subcutaneous tissue were removed) and the navicular bursa was examined by introducing the 4-mm arthroscope lateral to the deep digital flexor tendon.Navicular bursa endoscopy was performed in a similar way on the second undissected limb. The procedure was recorded on videotape and endoscopic photographs were printed. Various instruments were introduced by a medial approach, symmetrically to the arthroscope portal.The third limb was partially dissected like the first and cut in a sagitttal way with a sharp circular saw. The 4-mm arthroscope was introduced into the bursa and its progression from the skin to the bursa was observed by a sagittal view (Figs 1 and 2).

鸡传染性法氏囊病的防制

鸡传染性法氏囊(又称腔上囊)病,是由法氏囊病毒引起的一种急性接触性传染病,仅鸡发病,发病日龄以14日龄多见,近年来有所提前,最早的有7～5日龄发病的,鸡场里,初次暴发本病通常危害最严重,后代再发生本病时就轻得多.     

Evaluation of four techniques for injecting the trochanteric bursa of horses

Objective: To describe the anatomic features of the equine trochanteric bursa and to evaluate 4 techniques for bursa centesis. Study Design: Prospective, randomized design. Animals: Equine cadavers (n=2) and 20 live horses. Methods: The trochanteric bursae of 2 equine cadavers were injected with latex to identify the boundaries of the bursae. Four techniques for centesis of the trochanteric bursa were evaluated by attempting to inject dye into both trochanteric bursae of 20 live horses. Techniques included injection of the bursa with the limb‐bearing weight and injection with the limb nonweight bearing and supported on a block, with or without ultrasonographic guidance of the needle. Ultrasonographic guidance of the needle was performed with or without the use of a guide channel attached to the ultrasound probe. Each of the 4 techniques was used to inject 10 bursae. The region of the bursa was dissected after horses were euthanatized to determine the location of the dye. Results: The trochanteric bursa was most successfully injected with the limb positioned caudally with the foot on a block, even though topographic landmarks for centesis were more difficult to identify when the limb was in this position. The highest incidence of success was achieved when the needle was inserted using ultrasonographic guidance with the foot in a Hickman block. Conclusion: Positioning the limb caudally with the foot nonweight bearing and on a block facilitated centesis of the trochanteric bursa.