Sparing of the brain in neonatal undernutrition: amino acid transport and incorporation into brain and muscle

Rates of tyrosine and lysine transport and incorporation into protein were measured in control and undernourished weanling rats. Undernutrition was induced by feeding lactating dams a low protein diet (12 percent casein) from birth to day 21. At weaning, body and brain weights of undernourished rats were 50 percent and 88 percent, respectively, of control values. Lysine and tyrosine transport rates into skeletal muscle were reduced by over 75 percent, more than twice the reduction seen in brain. Rates of amino acid incorporation into muscle protein were reduced by approximately 50 percent; the change in rate of incorporation into brain protein was not statistically significant. These data indicate that, in spite of marked retardation of amino acid transport into brain, the brain seems fully capable of maintaining normal rates of protein synthesis.     

Persistent increase in brain serotonin turnover after chronic administration of LSD in the rat

Lysergic acid diethylamide at doses of 20 micrograms per kilogram per day was administered orally to rats for I month. Eighteen hours after the final dose a 25 to 30 percent increase in the synthesis and turnover of serotonin was noted, as well as a moderate but significant increase in the concentration of tryptophan (18 percent) and serotonin (13 percent) in the brain.     

笼养和地面平养方式下卢氏鸡胃肠道生长发育规律比较

研究卢氏鸡在笼养和地面平养方式下胃肠道的生长发育情况.选用1日龄健康卢氏鸡公雏240只,随机分成2个处理组,每组120只,设6个重复,其中一个处理组笼养,另一个处理组地面平养.测定肝脏、腺胃、肌胃、胆囊、胰腺、十二指肠、空肠、回肠的质量,计算相对体质量,以及小肠总长度、十二指肠、空肠、回肠长度和相对小肠总长长度指数.结果表明:① 21和42日龄时,笼养组胰腺、十二指肠、空肠、回肠的质量和相对体质量指数都比地面平养组的高,但两组间无显著性差异(P＞0.05);②21和42日龄时,地面平养组肝脏、腺胃、肌胃、胆囊的质量和相对体质量指数都比笼养组高,两组之间差异不显著(P＞0.05);③ 21日龄和42日龄时,笼养组十二指肠、空肠、回肠相对小肠总长长度指数都比地面平养组的高,但两组间无显著性差异(P＞0.05).     

Phenobarbital: effects of long-term administration on behavior and brain of artificially reared rats

Two doses of phenobarbital were given daily for 2 weeks to infant rats fed by intragastric cannulas. The larger dose (60 milligrams per kilogram of body weight) resulted in decreased spontaneous activity and increased responses to novel stimuli. The smaller dose (15 milligrams per kilogram) resulted in increased spontaneous activity and also an increase of responses to novel stimuli. The larger dose produced a 12 percent reduction in brain growth, while the smaller dose was associated with a 3 percent reduction in brain growth.     

Lung maturation in the fetal rat: acceleration by injection of fibroblast-pneumonocyte factor

Fibroblast-pneumonocyte factor, produced by the fetal lung fibroblast in response to glucocorticoids, was partially purified by column chromatography on Sephadex G-75. The resulting preparation showed two major and two minor bands on sodium dodecylsulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. When fetal rats were injected on day 17 of gestation with 1 microgram of this material, they showed on day 20 biochemical evidence of accelerated lung maturation as compared to littermate controls. There were no differences between the two groups in body weights, organ weights, or circulating corticosteroid levels.     

四明香鸡体重和体尺性状指标的主成分分析

以四明香鸡为研究对象,分别测定了公鸡91日龄、母鸡119日龄的体重与体尺性状指标,并进行了体重与体尺性状的主成分分析。结果表明：四明香鸡公鸡平均体斜长、龙骨长、胸宽、胸深、骨盆宽、胫长、胫围和体重分别为1884,1057,753,909,606,851,435 cm和1 59113 g,母鸡各项指标平均值分别为1818,1072,730,824,632,720,396 cm和1 64833 g;公鸡体重与体斜长、龙骨长、胸宽、骨盆宽均极显著相关（P<001）;母鸡体重与体斜长、胫长、胫围均极显著相关（P<001）,与胸宽、胸深显著相关（P<005）。从主要成分的特征根和贡献率来看,体重、龙骨长、胸宽和胫长对主成分的贡献率最大,提示今后对四明香鸡的体型性状进行选育时至少应包括以上4个指标。     

Weaning of young rats: effect of time on behavior

Male rats were weaned on the 15th, 16th, 17th, 25th, and 30th day of postnatal life. The rate of elaboration of the conditioned reflex at 8 months of age and the stability of the memory trace at 12 months were studied. Compared with rats weaned at 30 days of age, those weaned on day 15 elaborated the conditioned reflex much more slowly and the memory trace was less firm. Rats weaned on days 16 and 17 elaborated the conditioned reflex more quickly than rats weaned on day 15 but more slowly than those weaned on day 30. In all groups the memory trace showed the same stability and was significantly firmer than in rats weaned on day 15. The higher nervous activity of rats weaned at the age of 25 days more nearly resembles that of rats weaned at 15 days than the 30th day.     

Bladder tumors in rats fed cyclohexylamine or high doses of a mixture of cyclamate and saccharin

Papillary transitional cell tumors were found in the urinary bladders in 8 rats out of 80 that received 2600 milligrams per kilogram of body weight per day of a mixture of sodium cyclamate and sodium saccharin (10:1) for up to 105 weeks. From week 79 on, several of these rats received cyclohexylamine hydrochloride (125 milligrams per kilogram per day, the molecular equivalent of the conversion of about 10 percent of the cyclamate dosage to cyclohexylamine) in addition to the sodium cyclamate and sodium saccharin. In another study in which 50 rats were fed daily 15 milligrams of cyclohexylamine sulfate per kilogram of body weight for 2 years, eight males and nine females survived. One of the eight males had a tumor of the urinary bladder. In neither study were bladder tumors found in the control rats or in rats treated with lower doses of the compounds.     

牛初乳提取物(BCE)对成骨细胞增殖及胎鼠骨骼发育的影响

ＮＩＨ小鼠孕期连续服用牛初乳提取物（ＢＣＥ）、活性钙和蒸馏水,孕后第１８天解剖母鼠,检查胎鼠骨骼发育情况。结果表明,ＢＣＥ能显著促进胎鼠骨骼的生长发育,比单纯补钙更有效。用离体培养的新生大鼠头盖骨成骨细胞检测不同浓度的ＢＣＥ和表皮生长因子（ＥＧＦ）的促细胞增殖作用时发现,ＢＣＥ浓度在２μｇ／ｍＬ至２０ｍｇ／ｍＬ之间递增时,其促细胞增殖作用随之加强,继续提高浓度则对细胞增殖产生抑制作用;不同浓度的ＥＧＦ也有促细胞增殖作用,但ＥＧＦ的剂量曲线比较平缓,提示ＢＣＥ的促细胞增殖作用是多种生长因子协同作用的结果。实验结果表明ＢＣＥ具有促进骨骼发育的作用。     

The opioid peptide dynorphin, circadian rhythms, and starvation

Dynorphin, an opioid peptide whose functions are unknown, is found in brain, pituitary, and peripheral organs. Specific radioimmunoassays were used to measure dynorphin in the hypothalamus and pituitary, during the day and at night, as a function of food and water deprivation. Immunoreactive dynorphin was increased in the hypothalamus and decreased in the pituitary at night. Water deprivation led to more than 50 percent reduction in daytime levels of pituitary dynorphin and concomitant increases in hypothalamic dynorphin.     

齐氏田中鳑鲏的早期发育研究

通过对齐氏田中鳑鲏(Tanakia chii)人工授精和培育(22℃恒温环境)阶段早期发育的观察,描述了其仔稚鱼发育形态特征。初孵仔鱼卵黄囊饱满,呈淡黄色,表皮布满微突;3日龄仔鱼卵黄囊两侧向上突起,尾部鳍褶延展变大;6日龄仔鱼眼囊发育;8日龄仔鱼眼囊有黑色素,晶状体形成;11日龄仔鱼口形成,脑开始发育,体上有黑色素出现;15日龄仔鱼鳃沟和肛门形成,背鳍和臀鳍的鳍基出现,尾鳍下叶鳍条形成;21日龄仔鱼头与躯干分界明显,鳔分化为前鳔和后鳔,背部和臀部鳍条数目分别为8和10枚,身体黑色素连接成条带状,虽然残存有卵黄囊,但已经开口并摄食。31-36日龄仔鱼胸鳍呈膜状鳍褶,腹鳍出现鳍条,尾鳍呈深叉形。61-66日龄稚鱼,鳞片出现,体中线后半部具一条黑色素带,稚鱼出现集群游动现象。仔鱼体长的生长呈阶段性:1-26日龄仔鱼生长较为平缓;26-81日龄生长较快。综合21日龄仔鱼卵黄囊残留很少并开口摄食的特征,我们推测在孵化后21日为自然条件下齐氏田中鳑鲏的出蚌时间。同时,仔鱼的感觉、摄食、呼吸和游泳器官在早期阶段快速发育。这些器官在仔鱼的早期快速发育,使出蚌后的仔鱼在最短的时间内获得与早期生存相关的各种能力,提高了出蚌后仔鱼的生存能力。     

荒漠草原不同饮水半径和放牧距离对山羊生产性能的影响

测定了典型荒漠草原,天然放牧状态下的阿尔巴斯白绒山羊,在不同饮水半径,不同放牧距离时的饮水量,蒸发量及体重,产绒量,羔羊成活率,全群死亡率,经济效益等生产性能。试验结果表明,饮水半径在２．６ｋｍ,放牧距离在８．２～１４ｋｍ范围内,隔日饮水对山羊的生产性能无不良影响,各种生产指标与每日饮水的对照组相同或接近。但隔日饮水羊只每日平均饮水量比对照组增加１９．８％～２３．８％。在放牧条件下,饮水半径和放牧距离是影响生产力的主要因素之一。为了饮水,增加徒走距离,使羊只体内营养物质损失加大,对山羊生产性能产生持续、积累、缓慢的消耗性影响,并且随着时间的延长,其作用程度不断增加。在饮水半径为７ｋｍ,放牧距离为２４ｋｍ时,山羊群的各种生产性能明显降低。比有饮水点的对照组两个月平均多减重３．５ｋｇ;产绒量下降５．７１％;流产母羊增加４．１７％;羔羊成活率下降８．２％;每只羊肉、绒年经济效益减少１１．８３元。     

测墒补灌对2个小麦品种旗叶叶绿素荧光及衰老特性的影响

【目的】探讨测墒补灌和定量灌溉对2个小麦品种旗叶叶绿素荧光、衰老特性及籽粒产量的影响,为小麦节水高产提供理论依据。【方法】于2013—2015两年度,在大田条件下,选用泰农18(T18)和济麦22(J22)2个小麦品种,设置3个水分处理:W0(全生育期不灌水)、W1(依据0—40 cm土层土壤相对含水量进行测墒补灌,拔节期和开花期目标土壤相对含水量均为65%)、W2(定量灌溉,拔节期和开花期分别灌溉60 mm),研究测墒补灌和定量灌溉对2个小麦品种旗叶叶绿素荧光特性及衰老特性的影响。【结果】W1处理通过调节拔节期和开花期灌水量,保持灌水后0—40 cm土层土壤相对含水量在65%,可防止灌水过多或过少,为小麦生长发育创造适宜的土壤水分环境。W1处理条件下,两小麦品种开花后14、21和28 d的旗叶电子传递速率、光化学猝灭系数、PSⅡ实际光化学效率及旗叶蔗糖含量均显著高于W2处理,磷酸蔗糖合成酶活性在花后14和21 d显著高于W2处理;两小麦品种开花后14、21和28 d的超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化氢酶活性均显著高于W2,但同期旗叶丙二醛含量显著低于W2并保持较高的旗叶可溶性蛋白含量。两年度T18和J22两品种W1处理的籽粒产量、水分利用效率和灌溉效益均显著高于W2。品种间比较可知,T18两灌水处理的旗叶电子传递速率、光化学猝灭系数、PSⅡ实际光化学效率及旗叶蔗糖含量在花后21和28 d均显著高于J22,磷酸蔗糖合成酶活性在花后7、14和21 d亦显著高于J22;T18开花后21和28 d的超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化氢酶活性、可溶性蛋白含量均显著高于J22,但同期旗叶丙二醛含量显著低于J22。同一年度同一处理条件下,T18和J20总耗水量和水分利用效率均无显著差异;在W0处理条件下,J22的籽粒产量显著高于T18;但在W1和W2处理条件下,T18的籽粒产量、灌溉效益均显著高于J22。【结论】在小麦拔节期和开花期依据0—40 cm土层土壤相对含水量进行测墒补灌至65%土壤相对含水量,是两小麦品种同步实现高产与节水的有效措施。在灌溉条件下T18的产量潜力高于J22,但在干旱条件下,其对水分敏感,致使产量低于J22。     

Transovarial transmission of murine typhus rickettsiae in Xenopsylla cheopis fleas

It has been generally accepted that infected fleas do not pass on Rickettsia mooseri, or indeed any other known pathogen, to their progeny. It is reported here that such transovarial transmission does occur in laboratory-infected Xenopsylla cheopis fleas. By means of the direct fluorescent antibody test, Rickettsia mooseri was observed in cells of the hemolymph of infected fleas. As many as 11 percent of the adults and 2.9 percent of the larvae of the generation reared therefrom, had demonstrable rickettsiae. Moreover, batches of the F1 fleas were capable of transmitting the infection to more than 18 percent of the rats they infested. The data support the contention that Xenopsylla cheopis fleas play an important role in the maintenance of murine typhus in rats in nature.     

Nuclear localization of histamine in neonatal rat brain

The concentration of histamine in the brains of neonatal rats is considerably higher than that in adults. Subcellular fractionation studies revealed that about 90 percent of the histamine content of neonatal rat brain is confined to the crude nuclear fraction obtained by differential fractionation. Purified nuclei prepared from these fractions retained 90 percent of their histamine content. The nuclear localization of histamine in the brains of neonatal rats suggests a function for histamine in modulating the growth processes of the neonatal brain.     

补充扇贝寡肽对运动大鼠骨骼肌废用性萎缩的干预研究

目的 通过组织学、免疫组化方法和Calpain活性的测试，观察扇贝寡肽对运动大鼠停训致肌萎缩后肌肉湿重、肌细胞形态、肌纤维直径、横截面积、Calpain活性、肌球蛋白表达以及肌细胞凋亡过程的影响，研究扇贝寡肽对停训后骨骼肌萎缩的干预作用。方法 40只SD雄性大鼠以15m/min的速度，持续性水平跑台训练30min，运动6d/week，休息1d/week，其后以速度递增3m/min/week，运动时间递增30min/week，在为期3周的训练后即随机抽取10只大鼠为基础对照组(A,n=10)，其余大鼠为B组用于制备骨骼肌萎缩模型，3周后随机分组为补充扇贝寡肽组(B1, n =10)、补充安慰剂组(B2, n =10)、补充牛乳组(B3, n =10)。实验组所有动物每天分别进行灌胃15%扇贝寡肽饮料2ml、B3组大鼠灌胃等量的牛乳，B2组大鼠灌胃等量的安慰剂。结果 固定大鼠左侧后肢3周后可导致骨骼肌废用性萎缩，废用性肌萎缩的发生、发展与Calpain活性升高、水解骨骼肌收缩蛋白有关，而且，骨骼肌细胞凋亡增加在废用性肌萎缩的发生发展过程中产生重要作用。而补充扇贝寡肽可显著减低骨骼肌细胞凋亡指数，明显抑制骨骼肌Bax蛋白的表达、促进Bcl-2蛋白的表达，抑制Calpain活性，减少收缩蛋白的降解，维持肌球蛋白结构的完整，从而干预肌萎缩的进程。     

Infant handling: effects on avoidance learning, brain weight, and cholinesterase activity

Infant rats were "handled" by removing them periodically from their home cages. "Non-handled" rats were left undisturbed. Half of the animals were killed at weaning, and weights and cholinesterase activity were determined on four different sections of the brain. The remaining animals were conditioned to avoid an administered shock. Handling increased ventral-cortex and subcortical weights and decreased subcortical cholinesterase. No differences in avoidance conditioning were observed.     

早期限饲开始日龄对肉仔鸡生产性能和胴体品质的影响

研究了早期限饲开始日龄对肉仔鸡生产性能和胴体品质的影响.采用单因子试验设计,选用1日龄健康AA肉仔鸡240只,随机分为4个处理,每处理设3个重复,每重复20只鸡,其中1个处理为对照组,其余为限饲组.限饲组在非限饲期及对照组肉仔鸡均为自由采食和饮水.3个限饲组的限饲开始日龄依次为6、9和12日,限饲强度为对照组前一天采食量的80%,限饲时间为7 d.研究结果表明:早期限饲可显著降低肉仔鸡21日龄体重(P＜0.05),但对42日龄体重无显著影响(P＞0.05);早期限饲对肉仔鸡全期的平均日采食量、日增重及饲料转化率无显著影响(P＞0.05),但早期限饲有降低肉仔鸡全期平均日采食量、日增重及饲料转化率的趋势;早期限饲町极显著降低肉仔鸡1～21日龄的平均日采食量(P＜0.01)及屁著降低日增重(P＜0.05),而6日龄开始限饲则显著降低了肉仔鸡1～21日龄的饲料转化率(P＜0.05);早期限饲对肉仔鸡22～42日龄的平均日采食量、日增重及饲料转化率无显著影响(P＞0.05).早期限饲开始日龄对肉仔鸡胴体性能指标无显著影响(P＞0.05),但6、9日龄开始限饲的试验组42日龄体重已经超过对照组,表明6、9日龄开始限饲的肉仔鸡在42日龄时达到完全补偿生长.以上结果表明,以9日龄开始限饲效果较好.     

DNA (cell number) and protein in neonatal brain: alteration by maternal dietary protein restriction

Female rats were maintained on 8 or 27 percent protein diet by a pair-feeding schedule for 1 month before mating and throughout gestation. The brains of newborn rats from females on the 8 percent protein diet contained significantly less DNA and protein compared to the progeny of the females on the 27 percent diet. The data on DNA indicate that there are fewer cells; the protein content per cell was also lower. If, at birth, the brain cells are predominantly neurons, and their number becomes final at that time, then such dietary restriction may result in some permanent brain-neuron deficiency. This quantitative alteration in number as well as the qualitative one (protein per cell) may constitute a basis for the frequently reported impaired behavior of the offspring from protein-deprived mothers.     

六味地黄汤对发育迟缓胎鼠脑NGF、EGF表达影响

目的 观察补肾益髓经典方六味地黄汤对发育迟缓胎鼠脑神经生长因子（NGF）、表皮细胞生长因子（EGF）表达影响,并为宫细胞内脑发育迟缓的治疗提供支持。方法 10只孕鼠依照受孕先后顺序随机分成5组,正常组、模型组、六味地黄汤高剂量组、六味地黄汤中剂量组、六味地黄汤低剂量组,采用孕鼠被动吸烟复制胎鼠发育迟缓模型,正常组、模型组均灌胃蒸馏水,六味地黄汤高、中、低剂量组分别灌胃2.164、1.082、0.541 g/mL的六味地黄汤浓缩液。于孕19 d将5组孕鼠处死,称算每组活胎脑体质量比;采用免疫组化法检测胎鼠脑内NGF、EGF的表达。结果 被动吸烟可使胎鼠脑体质量比降低,六味地黄汤高剂量能增加脑体质量比;模型组NGF、EGF表达低于正常组（P<0.01）,治疗组NGF、EGF表达均高于模型组（P<0.01或P<0.05）。结论 孕期被动吸烟可以导致胎鼠脑发育迟缓,六味地黄汤能通过调控脑内NGF、EGF改善胎鼠脑的发育。