长期施肥对黑土、棕壤微生物量的影响

以公主岭黑土长期定位试验和中科院沈阳生态试验站棕壤长期试验为平台,对不同施肥处理土壤微生物量碳、氮含量的变化及其与土壤有机碳、全氮的关系进行研究。结果表明,长期不同施肥处理黑土和棕壤微生物量碳、氮含量不同,大小依次为有机肥配施化肥>有机肥>化肥>不施肥,其中有机肥配施化肥处理可以显著提高土壤微生物量碳、氮。微生物量碳、氮含量与土壤有机碳、全氮含量之间具有极显著的正相关关系。同时,有机肥配施化肥处理能够显著增加土壤微生物商。     

Influence of inorganic fertilizers and organic amendments on soil organic matter and soil microbial properties under tropical conditions

 Soil organic matter level, mineralizable C and N, microbial biomass C and dehydrogenase, urease and alkaline phosphatase activities were studied in soils from a field experiment under a pearl millet-wheat cropping sequence receiving inorganic fertilizers and a combination of inorganic fertilizers and organic amendments for the last 11 years. The amounts of soil organic matter and mineralizable C and N increased with the application of inorganic fertilizers. However, there were greater increases of these parameters when farmyard manure, wheat straw or Sesbania bispinosa green manure was applied along with inorganic fertilizers. Microbial biomass C increased from 147 mg kg^–1 soil in unfertilized soil to 423 mg kg^–1 soil in soil amended with wheat straw and inorganic fertilizers. The urease and alkaline phosphatase activities of soils increased significantly with a combination of inorganic fertilizers and organic amendments. The results indicate that soil organic matter level and soil microbial activities, vital for the nutrient turnover and long-term productivity of the soil, are enhanced by use of organic amendments along with inorganic fertilizers. Received: 6 May 1998     

长期施肥对红壤性水稻土微生物生物量与活性的影响

土壤微生物及其活性是指示土壤增肥过程和土壤环境变化的灵敏指标.本文研究了红壤荒地开垦为水田后不同施肥制度定位施肥 16 年后水稻土的微生物生物量与活性特征,结果表明:经 16 年水稻耕植,不同施肥措施下土壤的微生物生物量和活性还处于较低水平.施肥制度显著影响了水稻土的微生物生物量 C 和基质诱导呼吸,但对基础呼吸的影响还不明显.只施用 N、K 肥对提高土壤微生物生物量和活性没有显著效果,在不施肥或施用化肥的基础上配合有机循环可以显著提高土壤微生物的生物量、代谢活性和微生物呼吸的温度敏感性,N、P、K 肥配合有机循环的施肥制度对提高土壤微生物生物量和代谢活性的作用最好.     

Biological and chemical properties of arable soils affected by long-term organic and inorganic fertilizer applications

 Using soils from field plots in four different arable crop experiments that have received combinations of manure, lime and inorganic N, P and K for up to 20 years, the effects of these fertilizers on soil chemical properties and estimates of soil microbial community size and activity were studied. The soil pH was increased or unaffected by the addition of organic manure plus inorganic fertilizers applied in conjunction with lime, but decreased in the absence of liming. The soil C and N contents were greater for all fertilized treatments compared to the control, yet in all cases the soil samples from fertilized plots had smaller C:N ratios than soil from the unfertilized plots. The soil concentrations of all the other inorganic nutrients measured were greater following fertilizer applications compared with the unfertilized plots, and this effect was most marked for P and K in soils from plots that had received the largest amounts of these nutrients as fertilizers. Both biomass C determined by chloroform fumigation and glucose-induced respiration tended to increase as a result of manure and inorganic fertilizer applications, although soils which received the largest additions of inorganic fertilizers in the absence of lime contained less biomass C than those to which lime had been added. Dehydrogenase activity was lower in soils that had received the largest amounts of fertilizers, and was further decreased in the absence of lime. This suggests that dehydrogenase activity was highly sensitive to the inhibitory effects associated with large fertilizer additions. Potential denitrification and anaerobic respiration determined in one soil were increased by fertilizer application but, as with both the microbial biomass and dehydrogenase activity, there were significant reductions in both N₂O and CO₂ production in soils which received the largest additions of inorganic fertilizers in the absence of lime. In contrast, the size of the denitrifying component of the soil microbial community, as indicated by denitrifying enzyme activity, was unaffected by the absence of lime at the largest rate of inorganic fertilizer applications. The results indicated differences in the composition or function of microbial communities in the soils in response to long-term organic and inorganic fertilization, especially when the soils were not limited. Received: 10 March 1998     

长期施肥处理对玉米生长期潮土微生物生物量和活度的影响

以1989年建立的中国科学院封丘农田生态系统国家试验站的长期定位试验为平台,研究经18a连续不同施肥处理后玉米季土壤微生物生物量碳氮和微生物活度的动态变化及其与土壤有机碳之间的相互关系,并探讨施肥措施对土壤微生物及其活性的影响。施肥处理包括:(1)有机肥(OM);(2)1/2化肥和1/2有机肥(1/2OM+1/2NPK);(3)氮磷钾肥(NPK);(4)氮磷肥(NP);(5)磷钾肥(PK);(6)氮钾肥(NK);(7)不施肥,即对照(CK)7个处理。结果表明,微生物生物量碳氮和微生物活度在玉米生长期内均有明显的时间变异性,其中微生物生物量碳与微生物活度的动态变化比较一致,其间的极显著相关关系表明潮土微生物生物量碳的变化可以在很大程度上代表土壤微生物活度的变化。施肥制度显著影响微生物生物量碳氮和微生物活度的变化,总体趋势为OM1/2OM+1/2NPKNPKNPPKNKCK,表明OM有利于保持土壤的生物化学环境及促进土壤的生物学活性;与OM处理相比,化学肥料的长期施用有降低土壤微生物生物量和微生物活度的趋势,尤其是缺素处理的表现更为明显,其中以缺磷处理的表现最为严重。土壤微生物生物量碳氮、微生物活度与土壤有机碳变化均呈极显著正相关。     

Long-term organic nutrient managements foster the biological properties and carbon sequestering capability of a wetland rice soil

Monitoring the qualitative and quantitative changes of soil organic carbon (SOC) is very much essential to keep the soil viable and productive for long-term sustainability. Impact of long-term (36 years) enforcement of organic and inorganic nutrient management practices on changes in physio-chemical, microbiological properties and enzymatic activities of flooded rice soil was assessed along with soil carbon pools. The results revealed that the fractions of SOC, microbial biomass carbon, culturable microbial counts and dehydrogenase and β-glucosidase activities increased significantly in green manure amended soil. The population of functional microbial groups, namely denitrifiers and methanotrophs was high in farm yard manure applied soil, while methanogens population was high in green manure application. Higher nitrifier population was evident in inorganic or integrated organic and inorganic fertilizer. Continuous application of recommended levels of chemical fertilizers did not greatly affect biological activities in the soil. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy analysis of humic acid revealed that organic fertilized soil fractions were more aliphatic with greater diversity than did the inorganic fertilized soil fractions. This study emphasizes the importance of organic manure and underscores the recommended dose of inorganic fertilizer to maintain the soil biological properties in flooded rice soil.     

长期施用化肥对红壤性水稻土中微生物生物量、活性及群落结构的影响

利用化肥长期定位试验,研究了施肥对土壤微生物生物量、活性及其群落结构的影响.结果表明:与不施肥相比,长期施用化肥不仅增加了土壤微生物生物量,而且导致了土壤微生物群落结构的分异.其中,有机无机配施处理和2倍NPK配施处理显著提高了土壤有机质含量、全N含量、土壤微生物生物量和土壤微生物活性.NPK均衡施肥处理对土壤有机质、土壤微生物生物量及其活性的影响小于非均衡施肥的处理(NP、NK、N、P、K),适当增施K肥有利于提高土壤微生物中真菌的比例.     

Impact of long-term organic and inorganic nutrient managements on the biological properties and eubacterial community diversity of the Indian semi-arid Alfisol

Intensive cropping with limited nutrient management options in low fertile semi-arid tropical soils will have agricultural sustainability problems in future. A better understanding of soil variables as influenced by long-term nutrient amendments could lead to the identification of more precise indicators to monitor soil fertility that would promote sustainability. Long-term nutrient experiment in semi-arid Alfisol at Coimbatore, India was investigated in two successive years, 2009 and 2010 to assess the enduring effects of organic (OM) and inorganic (IC) nutrient managements on soil variables. The organic amendments induced higher microbial population and enzyme activity compared to IC and control soils. The principal component analysis of observed variables revealed that soil organic carbon, microbial biomass carbon (MBC), dehydrogenase and alkaline phosphatase activity and diazotrophs population could be the possible indicators for predicting soil fertility resulting from long-term nutrient managements. The eubacterial community profile assessed by 16S rRNA gene sequence polymorphism revealed that the abundance and relative ratio of phyla belonging to Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Acidobacteria and Firmicutes were considerably affected due to either organic manures or inorganic fertilizers, and organic nutrient management favours bacterial community diversity. These results emphasize the importance of organic nutrient management to maintain soil biological properties in semi-arid Alfisol.     

长期施氮肥对黄棕壤微生物生物性状的影响及其调控因素

基于黄棕壤小麦-甘薯轮作的长期定位试验,探究不同施氮处理土壤微生物生物量碳(MBC)、氮(MBN)含量和酶活性的变化及其潜在调控因子,为科学施氮提高土壤质量和改善土壤生态功能提供依据。试验选取始于2011年4个施氮处理:不施肥(CK)、不施氮肥(PK)、施化学氮肥(NPK)和化学氮肥配施有机肥(NPKM),调查两季作物收获后土壤MBC和MBN含量、酶活性及微生物碳氮利用效率的变化,并通过冗余分析(RDA)和结构方程模型(SEM)明确调控弱酸性黄棕壤中MBC和MBN变化的潜在因素。小麦和甘薯两季的结果表明:施氮肥降低了土壤MBC、MBN含量和蔗糖酶(SSC)、脲酶(SUE)活性,与NPK处理相比, NPKM处理增加了MBC、MBN含量和SSC、SUE活性。长期施用氮肥提高了土壤有机碳(SOC)和土壤养分[全氮(TN)和矿质态氮(MN)]含量,但施氮肥显著降低土壤p H以及微生物的碳氮利用效率。与小麦季相比,甘薯季土壤SOC和MN含量有所下降,而MBN含量和SSC活性有所升高。RDA和SEM结果表明,氮肥的施用强化了MBC与MBN、SSC与MBC以及SUE与MBC之间的关联性;不同施氮处理下土壤p H、有机碳、氮含量以及微生物的碳氮利用效率的变化直接或间接地影响土壤MBC、MBN含量和SSC、SUE活性,其中p H是调控土壤MBC变化的直接因素,而土壤SSC和SUE活性与MBC、MBN含量相互影响。长期施用氮肥降低了黄棕壤MBC、MBN含量和酶活性,化学氮肥配施有机肥有利于缓解生物性状的下降,土壤p H是影响MBC变化的主要因素,小麦-甘薯轮作中土壤微生物强烈的碳代谢过程利于增加MBN。     

长期施肥对砂姜黑土可溶性碳淋溶的影响

研究施肥对砂姜黑土可溶性碳淋溶的影响,对有机肥的可持续利用有重要意义.该研究依托33 a的长期试验,分析常规施肥(MF)、化肥+低量小麦秸秆(MFL)、化肥+高量小麦秸秆(MFH)、化肥+猪粪(MFP)和化肥+牛粪(MFC)等施肥方式对土壤剖面(0～60 cm)理化性质、微生物性状、可溶性有机碳(Dissolved O...     

长期施用有机肥对瘠薄红壤有效碳库及碳库管理指数的影响

主要分析了长期施用有机肥对瘠薄红壤有效碳库(微生物量碳,易氧化碳,矿化碳)及碳库管理指数(CPMI)的影响.结果表明:长期施用有机肥对土壤有效碳库和碳素有效率有很大影响,绿肥,稻草秸秆肥和厩肥处理的土壤有机碳,微生物量碳、易氧化碳、矿化碳的数量、碳素有效率明显高于对照处理的土壤。施肥对全碳、矿化碳的影响为:厩肥>绿肥>秸秆稻草肥>本田还田>对照,对微生物量碳的影响为:绿肥>厩肥>稻草秸秆肥>本田还田>对照,对活性碳(CA)、CPMI,碳素有效率A、B、C的影响为:绿肥>稻草秸秆肥>厩肥>本田还田>对照。在提高CA、CPMI方面,绿肥和稻草秸秆肥优于厩肥。相关分析表明:土壤有效碳库和碳素有效率与土壤化学性质相关或极相关,CPMI与土壤养分因子相关或极相关,反映了农业生产措施对土壤碳库的影响,可以运用CPMI来评估土壤碳库的变化。     

不同施肥方式对灌漠土土壤有机碳、无机碳和微生物量碳的影响

利用武威市白云试验站18a长期定位试验资料,研究了不同施肥条件下,土壤有机碳、无机碳和微生物量碳在0-40 cm土层的变化状况.结果表明,氮肥与有机肥长期配合施用和长期施用农肥可以在0 20 cm土层增加土壤有机碳含量,减少土壤中的无机碳含量,增加土壤微生物量碳含量;单施秸秆可增加土壤有机碳,而对无机碳和微生物量碳影响无明显差异;长期施用氮肥对土壤的有机碳、无机碳和微生物量碳均无明显差异.土壤有机碳与土壤无机碳含量呈显著负相关关系,而与土壤微生物量碳呈显著正相关关系.     

Soil microbial biomass, dehydrogenase activity, bacterial community structure in response to long-term fertilizer management

This study describes the effects of balanced versus nutrient-deficiency fertilization on soil microbial biomass, activity, and bacterial community structure in a long-term (16 years) field experiment. Long-term fertilization greatly increased soil microbial biomass C and dehydrogenase activity, except that the P-deficiency fertilization had no significant effect. Organic manure had a significantly greater (P<0.05) impact on the biomass C and the activity, compared with mineral fertilizers. Microbial metabolic activity (dehydrogenase activity per microbial biomass C) was significantly higher (P<0.05) under balanced fertilization than under nutrient-deficiency fertilization. General bacterial community structure was analyzed by PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) targeting eubacterial 16S rRNA gene. Mineral fertilization did not affect the DGGE banding pattern, while specific DGGE band was observed in organic manure-fertilized soils. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the change of bacterial community in organic manure-fertilized soil might not be because of the direct influence of the bacteria in the compost, but because of the promoting effect of the compost on the growth of an indigenous Bacillus sp. in the soil. We emphasize the importance of balanced-fertilization, as well as the role of P, in maintaining soil organic matter, and promoting the biomass and activity of microorganisms.     

长期施肥对红壤旱地土壤活性有机碳和酶活性的影响

以江西进贤长期肥料定位试验为平台,研究了红壤旱地不同施肥措施对土壤微生物生物量、活性有机C、C库管理指数以及土壤酶活性的影响。研究结果表明:与不施肥和单施化肥土壤相比,施有机肥处理土壤的pH、CEC、有机C、全N、全P、无机N、速效P、速效K及土壤微生物生物量均显著增加,土壤活性有机C和C库管理指数也较试前土壤和其他处理土壤明显提高,此外,土壤的转化酶、脱氢酶、脲酶和酸性磷酸酶活性也较其他处理显著增加。土壤微生物生物量、活性有机C以及4种土壤酶活性之间的相关关系显著,且它们均与土壤有机C、全N、全P、无机N、速效P等土壤养分呈显著正相关。因此,红壤旱地通过长期施用有机肥或与无机肥配施,不仅能显著提高土壤有机质的数量和质量,而且能增加土壤微生物生物量和酶活性,从而显著提高土壤肥力和土壤持续生产力。     

Chemical and biochemical properties in a silty loam soil under conventional and organic management

To improve soil fertility, efforts need to be made to increase soil organic matter content. Conventional farming practice generally leads to a reduction of soil organic matter. This study compared inorganic and organic fertilisers in a crop rotation system over two cultivation cycles: first crop broad bean (Vicia faba L.) and second crop mixed cropped melon-water melon (Cucumis melo-Citrullus vulgaris) under semi-arid conditions. Total organic carbon (TOC), Kjeldahl-N, available-P, microbial biomass C (Cmic), and N (Nmic), soil respiration and enzymatic activities (protease, urease, and alkaline phosphatase) were determined in soils between the fourth and sixth year of management comparison. The metabolic quotient (qCO₂), the Cmic/Nmic ratio, and the Cmic/TOC ratio were also calculated. Organic management resulted in significant increases in TOC and Kjeldahl-N, available-P, soil respiration, microbial biomass, and enzymatic activities compared with those found under conventional management. Crop yield was greater from organic than conventional fertilizer. The qCO₂ showed a progressive increase for both treatments during the study, although qCO₂ was greater with conventional than organic fertilizer. In both treatments, an increase in the Cmic/Nmic ratio from first to second crop cycle was observed, indicating a change in the microbial populations. Biochemical properties were positively correlated (p < 0.01) with TOC and nutrient content. These results indicated that organic management positively affected soil organic matter content, thus improving soil quality and productivity.     

有机物料输入稻田提高土壤微生物碳氮及可溶性有机碳氮

土壤微生物量碳、氮和可溶性有机碳、氮是土壤碳、氮库中最活跃的组分,是反应土壤被干扰程度的重要灵敏性指标,通过设置相同有机碳施用量下不同有机物料处理的田间试验,研究了有机物料添加下土壤微生物量碳（soil microbial biomass carbon,MBC）、氮（soil microbial biomass nitrogen,MBN）和可溶性有机碳（dissolved organic carbon,DOC）、氮（dissolved organic nitrogen,DON）的变化特征及相互关系。结果表明化肥和生物碳、玉米秸秆、鲜牛粪或松针配施下土壤微生物量碳、氮和可溶性有机碳、氮显著大于不施肥处理（no fertilization,CK）和单施化肥处理,分别比不施肥处理和单施化肥平均高23.52%和12.66%（MBC）、42.68%和24.02%（MBN）、14.70%和9.99%（DOC）、22.32%和21.79%（DON）。化肥和有机物料配施处理中,化肥+鲜牛粪处理的微生物量碳、氮和可溶性有机碳、氮最高,比CK高26.20%（MBC）、49.54%（MBN）、19.29%（DOC）和32.81%（DON）,其次是化肥+生物碳或化肥+玉米秸秆处理,而化肥+松针处理最低。土壤可溶性有机碳质量分数（308.87 mg/kg）小于微生物量碳（474.71 mg/kg）,而可溶性有机氮质量分数（53.07 mg/kg）要大于微生物量氮（34.79 mg/kg）。与不施肥处理相比,化肥和有机物料配施显著降低MBC/MBN和DOC/DON,降低率分别为24.57%和7.71%。MBC和DOC、MBN和DON随着土壤有机碳（soil organic carbon,SOC）、全氮（total nitrogen,TN）的增加呈显著线性增加。MBC、MBN、DOC、DON、DOC+MBC和DON+MBN之间呈极显著正相关（P<0.01）。从相关程度看,DOC+MBC和DON+MBN较MBC、DOC、MBN、DON更能反映土壤中活性有机碳和氮库的变化,成为评价土壤肥力及质量的更有效指标。结果可为提高洱海流域农田土壤肥力,增强土壤固氮效果,减少土壤中氮素流失,保护洱海水质安全提供科学依据。     

Soil carbon and nitrogen dynamics as affected by long-term tillage and nitrogen fertilization

Quantifying seasonal dynamics of active soil C and N pools is important for understanding how production systems can be better managed to sustain long-term soil productivity especially in warm subhumid climates. Our objectives were to determine seasonal dynamics of inorganic soil N, potential C and N mineralization, soil microbial biomass C (SMBC), and the metabolic quotient of microbial biomass in continuous corn (Zea mays L.) under conventional (CT), moldboard (MB), chisel (CH), minimum tillage (MT), and no-tillage (NT) with low (45kgNha^–1) and high (90kgNha^–1) N fertilization. An Orelia sandy clay loam (fine-loamy, mixed, hyperthermic Typic Ochraqualf) in south Texas, United States, was sampled before corn planting in February, during pollination in May, and following harvest in July. Soil inorganic N, SMBC, and potential C and N mineralization were usually highest in soils under NT, whereas these characteristics were consistently lower throughout the growing season in soils receiving MB tillage. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on soil inorganic N, SMBC, and potential C and N mineralization. The metabolic quotient of microbial biomass exhibited seasonal patterns inverse to that of SMBC. Seasonal changes in SMBC, inorganic N, and mineralizable C and N indicated the dependence of seasonal C and N dynamics on long-term substrate availability from crop residues. Long-term reduced tillage increased soil organic matter (SOM), SMBC, inorganic N, and labile C and N pools as compared with plowed systems and may be more sustainable over the long term. Seasonal changes in active soil C and N pools were affected more by tillage than by N fertilization in this subhumid climate. Received: 20 September 1996     

长期施用有机肥增加黄壤稻田土壤微生物量碳氮

【目的】微生物量碳、氮是土壤中易于利用的养分库及有机物分解和矿化的动力,与土壤养分循环密切相关,其变化可反映土壤耕作制度和土壤肥力的变化。本研究旨在揭示长期施肥对贵州黄壤稻田土壤微生物生物量碳 (SMBC) 和土壤微生物生物量氮 (SMBN) 的影响,并探讨其合理培肥模式。【方法】以贵州黄壤肥力与肥效长期定位监测基地为依托,采用氯仿熏蒸—K₂SO₄提取法,重点研究不同施肥条件下土壤微生物生物量碳氮的变化及其与全量有机碳氮的关系。试验处理包括不施肥 (CK)、单施化肥 (NPK)、单施有机肥 (M)、低量有机无机肥配施 (0.5MNPK) 和高量有机无机肥配施 (MNPK)。【结果】长期不同施肥处理下,SMBC的变化范围在423.87～695.04 mg/kg之间,SMBN的变化范围在44.36～91.65 mg/kg之间。施用化肥 (NPK) 和施用有机肥及两者配施 (M、0.5MNPK和MNPK) 能增加SMBC和SMBN含量,其中MNPK处理较CK处理SMBC含量增幅最高,达64.0%,显著高于NPK和0.5MNPK处理,但与M处理差异不明显;M处理较CK处理SMBN含量增幅最高,达106.6%,显著高于NPK和0.5MNPK处理,但与MNPK处理差异不明显;长期单施化肥 (NPK) 仅对SMBN含量有显著提高作用 (44.1%),对SMBC作用不明显。SOC、TN和微生物熵 (qMB) 的变化与SMBC一致,均表现为MNPK处理最高,其次为M和0.5MNPK处理,NPK处理最低;所有施肥处理下的SMBC/SMBN无显著性差异且均低于CK处理。【结论】土壤微生物碳、氮量和微生物熵的显著提高均与土壤有机质和全氮的含量变化呈正相关,单施有机肥和高量有机无机肥配施是提高土壤微生物生物量的有效途径。     

Long-term effects of devegetation on composition and activities (including transcription) of fungal communities of a semi-arid soil

A stable plant cover is essential in the semi-arid soils of the Mediterranean area to maintain their fertility and functionality. In a semi-arid area, we have studied abundance, structure, and presence of active species of fungal communities of a devegetated soil (disturbed soil) and vegetated soil (undisturbed soil). Disturbed soil was covered by small spontaneous vegetation (5–10%) compared to undisturbed soils (70%), and this decreased the content of the total organic C, microbial biomass, microbial activity (adenosine triphosphate), and fungal counts. The composition and activities of fungal communities were also investigated by direct extraction of DNA and RNA from soil. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis analysis of 18S ribosomal DNA and 18S ribosomal RNA profiles indicated that total and active fungal communities were changed after vegetation removal.     

长期定位施肥对棕壤有机碳的影响

通过对棕壤有机肥和化肥长期定位施肥的研究表明,长期施肥对耕层土壤有机碳含量和有机碳储量有显著性影响(P<0.05)。与试验前土壤相比,施用有机肥能显著增加土壤有机碳含量和储量;当有机肥和无机肥配合施用时,其促进作用明显大于单施化肥。单施化肥能够提高土壤有机碳含量和储量,但增加幅度不大。经过26年施肥,不同层次土壤有机碳含量有一定程度的升高,随着土层的加深,有机碳含量迅速下降,各处理之间无明显差异。