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1.
西红柿铜毒害的土壤主控因子和预测模型研究   总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6       下载免费PDF全文
通过有代表性的16种中国土壤的外源铜的西红柿毒害试验,发现淋洗(使用模拟的人工雨水滤洗定量的土壤样品)可以显著提高有机碳和盐分含量较高的土壤的毒性阈值。土壤pH是影响西红柿铜毒性阈值最重要的因子。基于土壤pH和有机碳含量的两因子回归方程能够很好地预测淋洗和非淋洗土壤上铜对西红柿生物量50%抑制的毒性阈值(EC50),且相关性均达到了80%以上。当考虑到黏粒含量或阳离子交换量对EC50的影响时,对于非淋洗和淋洗土壤来说,回归方程的决定系数R2分别提高到了0.862和0.891。本试验结果证明了利用土壤性状(土壤pH,有机碳含量以及黏粒含量或阳离子交换量)可以较好地预测土壤中外源铜对西红柿生长的毒性阈值。  相似文献   

2.
土壤溶液性质对水溶性镍的西红柿毒害的影响   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
张晓晴  韦东普  李波  马义兵  黄占斌 《土壤》2013,45(6):1062-1069
选取17种具有代表性的中国土壤,研究土壤溶液性质对土壤孔隙水以及0.01 mol/L CaCl2浸提液中镍(Ni)植物毒害的影响。结果发现,孔隙水中Ni(PW-Ni)对西红柿地上部分生物量50% 抑制的毒性阈值(EC50)变化范围为1.02 ~ 8.91 mg/L,最大值是最小值的 8.7倍;CaCl2-Ni的毒性阈值EC50变化范围为 0.77 ~ 20.40 mg/kg,最大值是最小值的26.5倍,表明土壤溶液性质对水溶性Ni的毒性阈值影响很大。土壤PW-Ni毒性主要受到K+、Mg2+、S的影响,基于这3个因子的回归方程可以较好预测PW-Ni对西红柿毒性阈值EC50,决定系数为0.71。当回归方程包括土壤溶液中溶解性有机碳(DOC)、pH、电导率(EC)、Ca2+、Na+ 时,其决定系数提高到0.84,说明其他因子对PW-Ni的毒性也存在一定的影响,利用这些土壤溶液性质可以较好预测PW-Ni的植物毒性阈值。  相似文献   

3.
有机物料对土壤中外源铜形态及土壤化学性质的影响   总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5  
在室内培养条件下,运用连续提取法研究了稻草,紫云英,猪粪对红壤,潮土中外源铜的形态及土壤化学性质的影响。结果表明,经过1个月培养后,两种土壤中外源铜主要以有机结合态铜为主,交换态铜的消长主要取决于有机结合态铜。在潮土中添加稻草和紫云英经在红壤中添加稻草和紫云英更有效地降低交换态铜的含量。  相似文献   

4.
气相色谱法测定代森锰锌在西红柿及土壤中的消解动态   总被引:4,自引:3,他引:4  
  相似文献   

5.
外源铜对土壤果树系统中酶活性影响的研究   总被引:10,自引:0,他引:10       下载免费PDF全文
利用褐土和红富士苹果嫁接苗为供试材料 ,研究外源铜对土壤—苹果树系统中酶活性的影响。结果表明 ,低量的外源铜能使果树叶片的过氧化氢酶、多酚氧化酶、抗坏血酸氧化酶及根系过氧化氢酶的活性加强 ,而高量铜使活性大幅度降低 ,加入钙铁后在一定程度上使抑制缓解。土壤过氧化氢酶的活性与外源铜量具显着的曲线相关性 ,(y =x ( - 1 1 .2 6 0 .75x) ,r=0 .995 5 ) ,蔗糖酶活性与土壤施铜量呈Logistic函数关系 (y =2 .95 ( 1 0 .5 7exp( - 5 .0 2× 1 0 - 5x) ,r=- 0 .982 0 )。脲酶对铜过量非常敏感 ,大于 1 0 0mgkg- 1的各处理均未测出其活性  相似文献   

6.
硼作为一种植物必需元素,在土壤中过量存在会对植物产生毒害,硼对植物的毒害作用以及利用植物修复高硼土壤已经日益受到关注。目前,硼对不同类型植物的毒害特点,植物的耐受机制还不十分清楚。特别是对于硼污染的植物修复,其研究还处于起步阶段。本文分别从植物的表观症状、生理生化和基因水平等层次,综述了过量硼对植物的毒害,并从高耐受性、超富集能力植物筛选,以及转基因技术应用等角度回顾了硼污染的植物修复研究进展。在此基础上,提出了当前相关研究存在的主要问题,并对未来的研究进行了展望。  相似文献   

7.
添加物对土壤提取液中铜、镉生物毒性的影响   总被引:14,自引:1,他引:14       下载免费PDF全文
本文着重讨论添加物紫云英、CaCO3、膨润土对土壤提取液中Cu、Cd的降毒效应及其金属形态的影响.测试结果表明,添加CaCO3对降低红壤水溶态Cu、Cd和0.1mol/LHCl可提取态Cu、Cd含量及其毒性具有非凡的功能,并能使红壤中可溶态、交换态Cu、Cd明显向有机态、铁锰氧化物包被态和硫化物Cu、Cd转化.换言之,CaCO3能使红壤中有效态金属向迟效态和无效态金属转化,致使其水、酸浸提液中Cu、Cd毒性被消除.  相似文献   

8.
铜盐毒害对紫鸭跖草养分吸收和生长的影响   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3       下载免费PDF全文
通过含有不同浓度CuSO4的Hoagland营养液培养紫鸭跖草枝条,研究了紫鸭跖草对铜的耐性和超积累以及铜胁迫下紫鸭跖草生长和营养状况.结果表明:紫鸭跖草根部铜的积累量低浓度Cu2 供应时增加幅度不大,高浓度Cu2 供应时增加幅度较大;茎部的情况与根部相似;但叶部在低浓度Cu2 供应时铜的积累量几乎没有变化,高浓度Cu2 供应时铜的积累量增幅较大.在500 μmol · L-1和1 000 μmol · L-1铜处理下,紫鸭跖草整株铜积累量分别为866 mg · kg-1(DW)和1 130 mg · kg-1(DW).紫鸭跖草对铜的吸收和转运效率与铜的供给量呈正相关性.100~250 μmol · L-1铜的供应能明显促进紫鸭跖草生长.高浓度铜促进了钾、钙的吸收而阻碍了锌的吸收及镁向地上部分的运输,尽管如此,氮、磷、钾、镁、钙的浓度均在满足常规植物正常生长的浓度范围内.铜胁迫下对根部蛋白质表达活跃,氨基酸含量增加.研究结果表明紫鸭跖草对铜有很大耐性和富集能力.  相似文献   

9.
过量铜对苹果树生长及代谢的影响   总被引:31,自引:2,他引:31       下载免费PDF全文
通过盆栽试验 ,研究了铜对苹果树生长及代谢的影响。结果表明 ,过量铜会抑制苹果新梢的生长 ,降低叶片中活性铁的含量 ,使叶绿素含量极显著下降 ,叶片中的过氧化氢酶活性也大幅度降低。铜在苹果叶中的积累有一限度 ,小于此限度值 ,叶片中铜的含量随外源铜施加量的增加而增加 ;超过该限度值 ,叶片中铜的含量则几乎不再增加。向土壤中施加钙和铁 ,能降低叶片中铜的含量 ,有减缓过量铜对苹果树生长和代谢毒害的作用  相似文献   

10.
西安污灌区土壤重金属含量及对西红柿影响研究   总被引:36,自引:1,他引:36  
《土壤与环境》2001,10(2):94-97
  相似文献   

11.
We assessed the response of the tomato variety “Tiny Tom” to the application of copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) fertilizers in three tropical peat soils of Sarawak: mixed swamp forest, Alan forest and Padang Alan forest. Limed soils were used because peat soils in their natural condition are unsuitable to sustain healthy growth of most crops. Yield responses were correlated with added Cu and Zn using Mitscherlich model. Adequate levels of applied Cu and Zn were calculated as those which resulted in 90% of the maximum obtainable shoot dry weight. Application of Cu and Zn significantly (P ≤ 0.05) increased the shoot dry weight and the shoot Cu and Zn concentrations of tomato. Application of the equivalent of 8.3 kg Cu and 5.2 kg Zn per ha was required to achieve 90% of the maximum shoot dry weight. In tomato shoots, the critical concentration for Cu was 18 mg/kg and for Zn, 92 mg/kg. The corresponding concentrations for diethylenetriaminepentaaceticacid (DTPA) extractable Cu and Zn in the soils were 2.3 mg Cu kg ?1 and 3.6 mg Zn kg ?1 . However, the addition of Cu fertilizer also increased Zn uptake by tomato plant, probably by displacing native Zn that was weakly sorbed to the soil solid phase.  相似文献   

12.
    
Abstract

Bush beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L. C.V. Improved Tendergreen) were grown with amendments in a glasshouse in two different serpentine soils from California. These serpentine soils are not high in Ni and Cr as in other areas of the world and the purpose of the study was to define the reasons for low plant yields in these two soils. The two soils behaved very differently. One seemed to have simple P deficiency and a mild imbalance of Ca‐Mg. The other soil appeared to have a severe Ca deficiency, the correction of which tended to increase Mg uptake also, but with improved yields. Present also seemed to be Zn, Cu, Al, Ni toxicities even though the levels of each were not high by leaf analysis tests. Stepwise regression for plants from one of the soils indicated that Cu concentration in leaves accounted for 60% of the yield variation (negative correlation), that Ca accounted for 9% more of it, and that P accounted for 13% more for a total of 82%. In the presence of low levels of Ca, some, at least, of the trace metals were toxic and Cu was one.  相似文献   

13.
Abstract

Samples of two widely divergent soils, a Waupun silt loam and a Plainfield sand, deficient in P, were treated with 0, 20 or 80 ppm As and 0, 50, 100 or 300 ppm P in all possible combinations and cropped twice for 40 days to corn in the greenhouse. Arsenic had a much more pronounced toxicity to corn in the sand than on the silt loam. At the 80 ppm As level, P had little effect on As toxicity with the silt loam but enhanced toxicity with the sand and increasing rates of P increased As uptake by corn. At the 20 ppm As level, P did not affect As toxicity or uptake. Soil As extracted by N NH4OAc (pH 7.0) decreased with time but increased with increasing levels of applied P. Bray Pl extractable As was not greatly affected by applied P or time, and appeared to be a more suitable “available”; soil As test. From the results obtained, it would appear that P applications are not the solution to an As toxicity problem.  相似文献   

14.
Abstract. We investigated whether a Na-K polyacrylate polymer could be used to remediate a sandy soil artificially contaminated with copper. An experiment, carried out in solution culture, showed that ionic copper was rapidly trapped within the polymer to a maximum content of c. 190mg Cu g -1 dry polymer, the proportion needed for chelation of each copper ion by four carboxylic groups present in the polymer chains. Cu-EDTA was not retained by the polymer. Growth of perennial rygrass in 10 kg pots was stimulated in the gel-amended soil, and even in the pots with the highest levels of copper, growth was much less impaired than in pots without polymer. Copper concentrations of the shoot.; were smaller in the plants cultivated in the amended soil. Water extractable copper was considerably reduced in the contaminated gel-amended soil and polymer particles removed from the soil were shown to contain high levels of copper.  相似文献   

15.
    
Abstract

Desorption of copper (Cu) is an important factor in determining Cu availability in calcareous soils. Kinetics of native and added Cu desorption by DTPA (diethylene‐triaminepentaacetic‐acid) from 15 highly calcareous soils of southern Iran were studied in a laboratory experiment. Our results showed that two constant‐rate, Elovich, simple Elovich, and parabolic‐diffusion equations were the best‐fitted equations among eight kinetic models used. The copper desorption pattern based on the parabolic‐diffusion equation revealed that the rate of native Cu desorption was higher in the first 2 h followed by a slower release rate, which suggests that two different mechanisms are involved. The trend may describe why the DTPA soil test has been considerably successful in predicting Cu availability in calcareous soils. Stepwise multiple regression equations indicated that CCE (calcium carbonate equivalent), CEC (cation exchange capacity), and clay content are the most important soil characteristics that predict the rate constants of the kinetic models. Mean extractant recovery percentage (ERP) of the soils was only 20%, which indicated that after 20 days, DTPA extracted only one‐fifth of added Cu. Regression equations indicated that as soil OM (organic matter) content increased, the value of ERP decreased. From results reported herein it seems that CCE, CEC, and clay are the most important factors controlling Cu release from highly calcareous soils of southern Iran. However, the initial soil Cu desorption rate is probably controlled by CEC.  相似文献   

16.
  总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
Abstract. We investigated whether a polyacrylate polymer could be used to remediate a soil which had been contaminated with copper for many years. Perennial ryegrass was grown in a loamy sand containing 230 mg ammonium-acetate-EDTA extractable Cu kg−1 and amended with 0, 0.1 and 0.2% of polymer. Growth of perennial ryegrass was stimulated in the polymer-amended soil, especially in the soil with 0.1% of polymer. After plant growth for 177 days, the amount of water extractable copper present in the unamended soil was 17 times that of the original soil. In the soil amended with 0.1% of polymer the level of copper after plant growth was only 0.11 times the amount present in the unamended soil. When the soil was incubated with polymer in the absence of plants, the level of water extractable copper was not reduced. The polymer seems to compete with plants for copper, and to prevent the increase of copper in soil solution brought about by root exudates.  相似文献   

17.
农业土壤产生的氧化亚氮气体(N2O)是重要人为N2O源。农业土壤N2O排放模型众多,根据模型建立方法的不同,可分为过程机理模型和经验模型。为探讨产生N2O的具体过程(硝化过程和反硝化过程)和关键因子,着重介绍了DNDC、DAYCENT、Ecosys、WNMM等机理过程模型,指出尽管各个模型的N循环过程类似,但不同侧重因子造成N2O排放量不同,并列出不同模型的特点和应用现状。对目前应用得比较广泛的经验统计模型,如经验归纳模型、回归模型以及其他统计模型等,归纳了其特点并介绍了国内外研究进展。通过对比过程机理模型和经验统计模型的优缺点,指出前者参数较多、过程复杂,用于点位模拟准确度高,后者所需参数少,适用区域范围模拟,点位模拟结果不确定性差。在此基础上指出区域N2O模拟排放量和排放特性将是以后发展的重点方向,并提出区域模拟关键问题的解决方向。  相似文献   

18.
    
Abstract

Labile pools of Cu and Zn were measured on two calcareous soils from Saudi Arabia, using successive extraction with DTPA, and successive cropping followed by extraction with DTPA after cropping. The examined soils differed in their ability to supply Cu and Zn. The first DTPA extraction removed a major proportion of the labile pool, particularly in the sandy soil. The two soils showed a general decrease in extractable Cu and Zn with progressive extractions, with DTPA extractable Cu declining more rapidly than Zn. DTPA extractable Cu and Zn determined after cropping were highly correlated with DTPA extractable Cu and Zn values obtained after successive extractions. The results gave evidence on both the contribution of element dissolution from insoluble forms with progressive extraction or cropping, and the usefulness of the DTPA extractant for monitoring the availability of Cu and Zn in these calcareous soils.  相似文献   

19.
为研究西北旱区冬小麦蒸散和土壤蒸发规律,以及土壤蒸发比例与其影响因子的关系,利用2 a冬小麦小区控水试验实测数据,对SIMDual Kc模型进行了参数校正和验证,对比大型称重式蒸渗仪的实测蒸散量值(或水量平衡法计算值)与模型模拟值。用建立的模型模拟精度评价标准对模拟值和实测值的误差进行评价。用经参数校验的模型模拟冬小麦农田土壤蒸发,并与微型蒸渗仪的实测值进行对比。基于通径分析方法研究气象因子(最低气温、最高气温、平均相对湿度、2 m处风速、太阳辐射量)和作物因子(地面覆盖度)与土壤蒸发比例的关系。结果表明,该研究建立的模型模拟精度评价标准能够较为全面地评价模型精度;SIMDual Kc模型可以较好地模拟西北旱区不同灌溉制度下冬小麦蒸散量和土壤蒸发量的变化过程,且在模拟长时段累积值时具有较高精度;拔节-灌浆期是冬小麦的需水关键期,冬小麦全生育期土壤蒸发比例呈现出生长中期生长后期快速生长后期生长初期的规律;灌水仅在短时间内影响土壤蒸发,地面覆盖度是影响土壤蒸发的最主要因子;在实测数据不充足的情况下,可以将地面覆盖度和蒸散量作为输入变量,用该研究确定的土壤蒸发比例与地面覆盖度的回归模型计算土壤蒸发量,该模型在计算不同水分条件下冬小麦农田土壤蒸发量时表现出较高的计算精度,决定系数在0.721~0.902之间,可以作为计算土壤蒸发量的简便方法。研究可为西北旱区冬小麦农田节水和灌溉决策提供理论依据。  相似文献   

20.
县域农田土壤采样布局多目标优化分析模型   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2       下载免费PDF全文
合理布置农田土壤采样点可以在满足采样精度的前提下显著降低采样数量及成本,或在有限采样数量的限制下确保采样具有最佳的代表性。通过研究筛选区域范围内多种影响农田土壤养分采样点分布的因素,以及不同土壤养分的空间效应,建立区域农田土壤养分采样点布局多目标优化决策分析模型;并结合改进的遗传算法进行模型的求解过程分析。采用江苏省宝应县的农田空间数据及筛选的环境数据,分别从给定采样点数量条件下寻求最佳采样点分布方案,以及在满足采样精度和代表性的前提下确定最小采样点数量等2个角度进行了模型的分析验证工作;结果表明该模型可适用于解决县域范围大量分散耕作农田的土壤养分统一采样规划问题,为采样点的合理分布提供了一种定量优化分析手段。  相似文献   

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