杂草稻落粒粳种子的耐冷性评价

采用低温处理方法评价了杂草稻落粒粳（Orayza sativaL.）种子的耐冷潜力。浸种0~48 h,落粒粳种子平均含水量为17.038%,显著低于栽培稻春江11的20.533%和赣早籼的20.180%,落粒粳颖壳具有比两种栽培稻更强的水分阻隔能力。在相同含水量条件下,经过低温-20℃处理3 h和28℃条件下培养4 d的落粒粳种子发芽率显著高于春江11和赣早籼,落粒粳种子具有更强的耐冷能力。     

二甲戊灵与扑草净或异丙甲草胺复配制剂的活性和安全性测定

采用田间随机区组试验设计方法测定35%二甲戊灵·扑草净乳油和45%二甲戊灵·异丙甲草胺乳油对棉田杂草的防治效果及其对棉花安全性的影响。结果表明,用药后45 d,35%二甲戊灵·扑草净乳油1 312.5、2 100.0 g a.i./hm~2处理对杂草的鲜质量防效在84%左右,787.5、1050.0、1 312.5、2 100.0 g a.i./hm~2处理对杂草的总株数防效分别为54.0%、60.3%、70.4%、75.6%,鲜质量防效分别为60.7%、77.6%、81.7%、84.9%。45%二甲戊灵·异丙甲草胺乳油1 100.0、1 900.0 g a.i./hm~2处理对杂草的鲜质量防效在90%左右,800.0、950.0、1 100.0、1 900.0 g a.i./hm~2处理对杂草的总株数防效分别为61.4%、65.2%、70.9%、73.2%,鲜质量防效分别为76.0%、81.9%、88.7%、92.0%。35%二甲戊灵·扑草净乳油、45%二甲戊灵·异丙甲草胺乳油的推荐适宜用量分别为1 312.5、1 100.0 g a.i./hm~2;在供试剂量下,2种药剂对棉花出苗、生长、产量和品质无不良影响,对棉花安全。     

330 g/L二甲戊灵乳油+激健防除豇豆田杂草药效试验

试验结果表明,于豇豆播种覆土后,进行土壤喷施防除豇豆田杂草,防效最好是330g/L二甲戊灵EC150ml/667m~2,其次是330g/L二甲戊灵EC60ml/667m~2+激健15ml/667m~2,再次是330g/L二甲戊灵EC100ml/667m~2。330g/L二甲戊灵EC60ml/667m~2+激健15ml/667m~2处理比常规用药330g/L二甲戊灵EC100ml/667m~2处理用药量减少40%且防效稍好,施药后20d的总体株防效达95.7%;施药后30d的总体株防效达94.4%,总体鲜重防效达94.5%。     

不同配方体系的二甲戊灵制剂对水稻秧苗安全性比较

为明确二甲戊灵在水稻田的安全使用技术,采用茎叶喷雾法测定二甲戊灵对不同水稻品种以及不同叶龄水稻的安全性影响。结果表明,水稻苗前施用1 980 g a. i./hm2以下剂量二甲戊灵,对籼稻、粳稻、粳糯稻的生长发育基本无影响;水稻出土后,立针期施用495 g a. i./hm2以上剂量二甲戊灵对籼稻、粳糯整体表现较严重的抑制生长作用,而对粳稻影响较弱。水稻1叶1心期施用二甲戊灵,对水稻的影响弱于立针期,仅1 980 g a. i./hm2剂量下施田补对籼稻、粳糯稻整体有较明显抑制作用,而对粳稻抑制作用较弱。水稻2叶1心期即药后28 d,仅施用高剂量施田补对籼稻有轻微抑制作用,抑制率在10%以上。     

轻简化栽培稻田谨防杂草稻危害

近年来杂草稻在江苏省大面积水稻田发生，尤其是苏中地区发生较严重，在少数田块已成为比稗草和千金子危害更重的杂草。杂草稻植株生长繁茂，在稻田与栽培稻争夺阳光、养分和水分，并且自身早熟，落粒性强，严重影响水稻产量。另外，部分未落粒的杂草稻与栽培稻一起收获，因粒型小，果皮有色素沉淀，也会影响稻米加工及外观品质。     

二甲戊灵防除烟田杂草的效果

为明确330 g/L二甲戊灵乳油对烟田杂草的防除效果及对烟苗的安全性,开展了田间封闭喷施药剂试验。结果表明,330 g/L二甲戊灵乳油制剂用量225、262、300 g/667m~2的处理区均未出现药害;其300 g/667m~2处理在药后30 d对烟田总草的株防效、鲜质量防效均接近70%,与对照药剂50%敌草胺可湿性粉剂150 g/667m~2处理差异不显著。330 g/L二甲戊灵乳油可用作对照药剂的轮换药剂,参考剂量为262～300 g/667m~2。     

绿豆田土壤处理除草剂筛选

采用田间试验和室内生测相结合的方法研究了5种土壤处理除草剂对绿豆的安全性和对杂草的防效,筛选适于内蒙古中部绿豆田使用的化学除草剂。田间试验结果表明,在常规用量处理下,33%二甲戊灵乳油990g/hm2、50%扑草净可湿性粉剂750g/hm2和96%精异丙甲草胺乳油1 152g/hm2处理对绿豆田一年生杂草的防效分别为92.4%、91.9%和90.3%,80%唑嘧磺草胺水分散粒剂48g/hm2处理对一年生阔叶杂草的防效在94%以上。田间安全性调查及测产结果显示,上述4种除草剂常量处理和倍量处理的绿豆出苗数、根系鲜重、茎叶鲜重、株高等指标及产量性状指标均与空白对照差异不显著。室内结果表明,这4种除草剂的施药量增加到常用量的3倍后,对绿豆生长仍比较安全。从除草剂药效和作物安全性考虑,33%二甲戊灵乳油、50%扑草净可湿性粉剂、96%精异丙甲草胺乳油和80%唑嘧磺草胺水分散粒剂可推荐用于内蒙古中部绿豆田。     

杂草稻对粳稻生长及产量的影响

在同期播种情况下,和粳稻相比,杂草稻出苗时的叶片更肥长、营养生长期的植株更高、分蘖数多达4倍以上。不同生物型杂草稻的落粒性差异较大。杂草稻密度愈高对栽培粳稻的产量影响愈大。     

几种除草剂对冬甘蓝田杂草防除效果及安全性

杂草危害是制约甘蓝产业发展的重要因素,为筛选高效、低毒、安全的冬甘蓝田除草剂,选用5种除草剂进行比较试验。结果表明:25%砜嘧磺隆水分散粒剂对冬甘蓝田杂草总株数防效和总鲜质量防效最高,17.5%精喹·草除灵乳油、330 g/L二甲戊灵乳油防效次之,900 g/L乙草胺乳油的防效最低。建议生产上可选用25%砜嘧磺隆水分散粒剂、330 g/L二甲戊灵乳油和17.5%精喹·草除灵乳油防除冬甘蓝田杂草。     

丙炔氟草胺与二甲戊灵混配使用对棉田杂草的防除效果及棉花安全性研究

为明确丙炔氟草胺与二甲戊灵混配使用防除新疆覆膜棉田杂草的效果及其对棉花的安全性,在新疆南北疆进行了田间药效试验。结果表明,50%丙炔氟草胺WP 45~120 g/hm2+33%二甲戊灵EC 742.5/1 237.5 g/hm2对龙葵Solanum nigrum、藜Chenopodium album、灰绿藜C.glaucum、反枝苋Amaranthus retroflexus和稗草Echinochloa crus-galli等一年生杂草防除效果理想,持效期45～60 d,对苘麻Abutilon theophrasti、田旋花Convolvulus arvensis有一定的防效,但对其生长抑制作用不佳,对榆树Ulmus pumila 苗防效差。50%丙炔氟草胺WP+33%二甲戊灵EC高剂量处理或在持续低温多雨情况下,对棉花出苗和生长有一定影响。在农业生产中,应重视完善和优化丙炔氟草胺与二甲戊灵混配使用的田间应用技术,避免和降低除草剂药害风险。     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.     

Characterization of potato potyvirus Y (PVY) isolates from seed potato batches. Situation of the NTN, Wilga and Z isolates

A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVY^N strain and six to the PVY^O strain. No PVY^C was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVY^O, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Ny_tbr gene and probably represent the PVY^Z group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVY^O and PVY^N and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVY^O, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVY^N-Wilga. Some PVY^N isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVY^NTN group. The PVY^NTN, PVY^N-Wilga and PVY^Z groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVY^N and PVY^O, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.     

The autumn leafroller: Phenology,damage and parasitoids in a Dutch apple orchard

The phenology of the autumn leafroller,Syndemis musculana, a local pest of apple, was studied in order to forecast larval emergence. From 1983–1986, peak flight as determined with sexpheromone traps was always between 13–18 May. The duration of embryonic development was determined at various constant temperatures and used to estimate the periods of egg hatch in these four years. Each year, most eggs should have hatched in the second decade of June.Differences in attack rates between apple cultivars seem to be explained largely by the variation in picking time. Larvae are only half grown at the beginning of harvest (cv. James Grieve), and have gone into hibernation when the latest variety (cv. Golden Delicious) is picked. Moreover, the varieties Cox's Orange Pippin and Belle de Boskoop, picked about half time, are liable to receive additional damage by caterpillars brought with the picked fruits into storage.Various hymenopterous parasites were reared from caterpillars. As the only leafroller in the orchard which hibernates as mature larva,S. musculana may promote winter survival of some parasitoids, like the eulophidColpyclypeus florus.Samenvatting De fenologie van de herfstbladroller (Syndemis musculana Hübner), een incidentele plaag op appel, werd nader bepaald met het doel het uitkomen van de eieren te kunnen voorspellen. In 1983–1986 viel de piekvlucht, bepaald met behulp van feromoonvallen, steeds tussen 13 en 18 mei.De ontwikkelingsduur van de eieren bij verschillende constante temperaturen werd gebruikt om de periode van uitkomen te schatten. De meeste eieren zullen ieder jaar in de eerste helft van juni uitkomen.Geconstateerde verschillen in schade tussen appelrassen blijken goeddeels terug te voeren op verschillen in pluktijdstip. De rupsen van de herfstbladroller zijn pas half-was als de eerste appels eind augustus geplukt worden, terwijl tegen het einde van de oogst begin oktober de meeste al in winterslaap zijn. Met name tussentijdse rassen, als Cox's Orange Pippin and Schone van Boskoop, lopen extra schade op doordat grotere rupsen met de geplukte vruchten in de kist terecht komen.Uit de rupsen werden negen, al van andere boomgaardbladrollers bekende, sluipwespen gekweekt, Omdat deze bladrollersoort, als enige in de boomgaard, als volgroeide rups overwintert, lijkt zij bij uitstek geschikt als winterwaard.This study was carried out at the Experimental Orchard De Schuilenburg, Schuilenburg 3, 4041 BK Kesteren, the Netherlands, to which address correspondence should be addressed.     

Characterization of Sclerotinia minor populations in Texas peanut fields

In the summer of 2004 an epidemic of sclerotinia blight of peanut, a disease caused by Sclerotinia minor, occurred in Texas in fields where the disease was never previously detected. The disease was observed on many plants within one of the fields (>3000 disease foci), although most foci were <1 m. It is hypothesized that these observations were inconsistent with the recent introduction of a monocyclic pathogen, even if disease developed under conducive environmental conditions. The pattern of disease is most suggestive of the presence of foliar (ascospore) infections, although air temperature was above the known limits for apothecia development if the pathogen had arrived in the field in 2004 peanut seed. To further examine this epidemic, 232 isolates were collected, across a variety of spatial scales spanning this field and other Texas peanut fields, and evaluated for aggressiveness, fungicide sensitivity and genotypic diversity. There was wide variation among isolates for the phenotypic characteristics measured, but there was no evidence that a genotypically unique, highly aggressive, and fungicide resistant isolate had been introduced or evolved. The predominant genotype, TX1, which contained 154 isolates, was found in every county and field population.     

Eyespot of Cereals Revisited: ITS phylogeny Reveals New Species Relationships

Four species so far classified in Pseudocercosporella or Ramulispora (hyphomycetes) are associated with eyespot disease symptoms of cereals. Two of these have been linked to teleomorphs that were described in Tapesia. Sequence data derived from the Internal Transcribed Spacer region (ITS1, 5.8S and ITS2) of the rDNA operon showed, however, that the eyespot fungi associated with Tapesia are not congeneric with Ramulispora sorghi, the type of Ramulispora. The genus name Tapesia is now rejected in favour of the conserved name Mollisia, which appears to comprise heterogeneous fungi. Tapesia yallundae is not closely related to the type of Mollisia, M. cinerea, but clusters separately, being more closely allied to species with Cadophora anamorphs. A new holomorph genus, Oculimacula, is therefore proposed for teleomorphs of the eyespot fungi, while the anamorphs are accommodated in Helgardia gen. nov.     

Tumours of Begonia and some other ornamentals,induced by Corynebacterium fascians

In 1975 many tumours were observed in plants ofBegonia Schwabenland grown in Aalsmeer. Submersion of the roots ofNicotiana megalosiphon seedlings in a homogenate of tumorous tissue, induced tumours after two weeks. Short periods of submergence yielded results similar to those obtained after longer periods. Tumour homogenates lost their infectivity after ten min at 50°C. Aphids transmitted the infectious agent.Treatment with propylene oxide did not inhibit infectivity completely. Filtration through a 450 nm filter removed the infectious agent.Tobacco tumor virus or a viroid could not be isolated. Cultures ofCorynebacterium fascians, isolated from tumours ofN. megalosiphon were highly infectious and induced tumours in healthyN. megalosiphon andBegonia. Tumorous tissue homogenates ofPelargonium zonale, Dahlia sp.,Gladiolus sp., andLilium sp. also caused tumours inN. megalosiphon, from whichC. fascians was isolated. It was not possible to produce tumours inN. megalosiphon with homogenates from roses with symptoms of bud proliferation.Samenvatting In 1975 werden vele tumoren waargenomen inBegonia Schwabenland op Aalsmeerse bedrijven (Fig. 1). De infectiositeit van tumorweefsel kon goed en snel worden vastgesteld door de wortels van zaailingen vanNicotiana megalosiphon in een homogenaat van tumorweefsel te dompelen. Tumoren ontstonden na twee weken, de eindbeoordeling geschiedde na een maand (Fig. 2). Ook verschillende andereNicotiana spp.,Melilotus officinalis (Fig. 3) enPisum odoratum (Fig. 4) werden aangetast.Bij de infectiositeitstoets gaven zeer korte dompeltijden even goede resultaten als langere (Tabel 1). Infectieus sap verloor zijn infectievermogen na 10 min verhitting bij 50°C. Bladluizen brachten de smetstof over. Propyleenoxide verminderde de infectiositeit wel, doch onderdrukte deze niet totaal. Bij filtratie door een 450 nm filter bleef het infectieuse agens op het filter achter. Het tumor-inducerende agens was ook aanwezig in die delen van planten met tumoren welke gezond leken en het ging voor een gering deel over met zaad (Tabel 2).Uit tumoren konden wij geen tabakstumorvirus of een viroïde isoleren. Culturen vanCorynebacterium fascians, geïsoleerd uit tumoren vanN. megalosiphon bleken zeer infectieus en veroorzaakten tumoren inN. megalosiphon enBegonia. Homogenaten van tumorweefsel vanPelargonium zonale, dahlia (Fig. 5), gladiool (Fig. 6) enLilium Mid Century Hybrid Enchantment (Fig. 7) veroorzaakten ook tumoren opN. megalosiphon, waaruitC. fascians werd geïsoleerd. Met sap van kroeskopzieke rozen konden wijN. megalosiphon niet besmetten.