卡拉胶降解菌M－2的筛选与产酶性质

从多种海藻表面分离筛选到具有较高卡拉胶降解活性的菌株M-2,对该菌株所产卡拉胶降解酶的部分酶学性质和酶解产物进行分析。研究表明,M-2所产卡拉胶降解酶为诱导酶,具有热不稳定性,反应的最适温度为32～38℃,而最适pH为6～8;酶的反应活性受多种离子的影响。经基体辅助激光解吸电离———飞行时间质谱测试,酶解卡拉胶终产物以四糖和六糖为主,该酶为κ-卡拉胶酶。     

锈凹螺褐藻胶裂解酶的分离纯化及性质研究

采用硫酸铵沉淀、离心超滤、DEAE-Sephadex A25、Sephadex G-100和Sephacryl S-300 HR 柱层析等方法从海洋食藻性锈凹螺(Chlorostoma rustica)消化腺中分离纯化出一种褐藻胶裂解酶(Alginate lyase),得到电泳纯酶制品,并对此酶的酶学性质进行了研究.结果表明:此褐藻胶裂解酶的分子量为28 kD,反应的最适温度为40 ℃,具有热不稳定性,最适pH为7.0;酶的反应受多种离子的影响,Mn2 、Co2 和Cd2 对此褐藻胶裂解酶活性具有明显的抑制作用,而Mg2 、Zn2 、Na 和K 则具有促进作用;采用透明圈法和底物法验证了此裂解酶对聚甘露糖醛酸和聚古洛糖醛酸的特异性,实验表明,此酶对聚古罗糖醛酸(Polyguluronate,PG)有特异性.     

琼胶降解菌AT-22的筛选和产酶性质

从青岛近海的红藻(Gelidium amansii)中分离筛选到1株高活力的海洋琼胶降解菌AT-22，对其生长、产酶特性和酶活力影响因素进行初步研究。结果表明，AT-22所产琼胶酶为诱导酶，0．2％葡萄糖的添加对菌株产酶有抑制作用。该酶作用的最适pH值为6．0-7．0，最适温度为40℃，最适底物质量分数为1％～1．2％，Ca^2 的添加对酶促反应有较强的促进作用，而Fe^3 、Mn^2 、Cu^2 和Hg^2 等有不同程度的抑制作用。     

虾头内源酶酶解虾肉产物的ACE抑制活性及其降低原发性高血压老鼠血压的效果

虾头内源酶酶解虾肉产物的ACE抑制活性及其降低原发性高血压老鼠血压的效果=Angiotensin I converting enzyme inhibitory activity of shrimp meat hydrolysate by endogenous enzymes from shrimp head and its antihypertensive effects on spontaneously hypertensive rats［刊,中］/洪鹏志（广东海洋大学食品科技学院,湛江524088）,曹文红,郝更新,章超桦//水产学报,—2007,31(1).-76～83 在pH 7.35、温度57.2 ℃、水解时间4 h、虾肉/虾头为1∶1,底物浓度为20%（W/V）的条件下,利用虾头的内源酶酶解虾肉（南美白对虾）,制备了具有血管紧张素转化酶（ACE）抑制活性的酶解产物,其对ACE的抑制率为41.9%（2 mg·mL-1）。通过凝胶过滤层析测定出酶解产物的分子量分布较广,在7.4×104至29.7之间。分子量在2.7×103以下的凝胶层析组分占酶解产物氨基酸总量的83.1%。收集的高活性组分分子量在959～338之间,其IC50为0.32 mg·mL-1苯丙氨酸、疏水氨基酸（亮氨酸、异亮氨酸和缬氨酸）和芳香族氨基酸（脯氨酸、酪氨酸和色氨酸）占氨基酸总量的42.33%。体内试验的结果显示,南美白对虾的虾肉虾头内源酶酶解产物经灌喂原发性高血压老鼠后显示较强的降血压活性。 图4表2参13 关键词：南美白对虾;内源酶;血管紧张素转化酶抑制活性;抗高血压作用 E-mail:zhangch@gdou.edu.cn     

凡纳滨对虾蛋白酶的分离纯化及生化特性

采用Tris-HCl缓冲液抽提、Sephadex G-100凝胶过滤层析、DEAE-Sepharose F.F.阴离子交换层析和SDS-PAGE等方法,分离和纯化了凡纳滨对虾蛋白酶,研究了其生化特性.试验结果表明,该蛋白酶粗提物经层析后,得到聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳纯的一酶组分.该蛋白酶的比活力从128.35 U/mg增至1835.65 U/mg,提高了14.3倍,产率达31.9%.SDS-PAGE显示该蛋白酶只含一条谱带,相对分子量为25 kD.以酪蛋白为底物,该酶的最适pH为7.0,最适温度为60 ℃, 在50 ℃以下,比较稳定,放置1 h后活性仍超过60%,而超过50 ℃时蛋白酶活性急剧下降,60 ℃放置1 h后,酶活性只残留4.7%.10 mmol/L EDTA、Fe~(2+)、Ba~(2+)和Zn~(2+)对该蛋白酶有较强的抑制作用,抑制率分别为84%、53%、43%和38%,10 mmol/L Mg~(2+)和Cu~(2+)对蛋白酶活性有轻微抑制作用,而10 mmol/L Ca2+能显著促进蛋白酶活性,据此推测凡纳滨对虾蛋白酶可能为一种金属蛋白酶.     

菲律宾蛤仔酶解产物的抑菌活性

以菲律宾蛤仔为原料,比较其胃蛋白酶、酸性蛋白酶、菠萝蛋白酶、胰蛋白酶和木瓜蛋白酶酶解产物的抑菌活性;利用正交实验优化抑菌活性最强的酶解产物的制备工艺,并测定最优酶解条件下酶解产物的相对分子质量分布。结果表明,菲律宾蛤仔胃蛋白酶酶解产物的抑菌活性最强,对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、酿酒酵母和副溶血弧菌均有一定的抑菌活性,其中对金黄色葡萄球菌、枯草芽孢杆菌的抑菌活性较高,对四联微球菌则未见明显的抑菌活性。胃蛋白酶的最优酶解工艺条件为：酶解时间2h,温度35℃,pH 2.0,加酶量3 000U/g,料水比1∶4;该条件下酶解产物的相对分子质量主要分布在5000以下。     

褐藻多糖体外免疫调节活性研究

以甘露糖醛酸多糖和岩藻聚糖硫酸酯为实验材料,通过酸水解法得到不同的聚甘露糖醛酸组分;采用超声法对岩藻聚糖硫酸酯进行降解,收集不同分子量范围区间的组分,对各样品进行红外光谱分析,并考察了体外对RAW264.7细胞活力的影响,以探索各组分的体外免疫调节活性。实验结果表明,采用三氟乙酸对甘露糖醛酸多糖进行水解,其红外谱图与水解前有明显变化,出现酯基吸收峰,表明水解程度较高;而醋酸水解后红外吸收谱图峰型无显著变化;采用凝胶排阻层析进行分子量检测,各组水解后的聚甘露糖醛酸分子量有不同程度降低。岩藻聚糖硫酸酯经超声处理后,分子量>100kD的组分在2μg/mL浓度下具有提高RAW264.7活性的作用,而浓度上升至54、162μg/mL时对细胞活性有抑制作用;而水解后所得的聚甘露糖醛酸各样品对RAW264.7活性无显著影响。     

大鲵肉酶解产物的制备及其抗氧化性的研究

以大鲵肉为原料,利用Aspergillus sp.酸性蛋白酶进行酶解,研究其最佳的酶解条件以及酶解产物的抗氧化作用。结果表明,大鲵肉酶解的最佳工艺条件为Aspergillus sp.酸性蛋白酶加酶量为0.4%(质量比)及底物浓度为0.1g/mL时,酶解时间5.5h,pH 2.0,温度45℃。时间飞行质谱表明酶解产物的分子量小于2 000,苯酚硫酸法测定糖含量为2%,Folin-酚试剂法测蛋白含量为93%。大鲵酶解产物清除羟基自由基(.OH)和DPPH自由基的能力随浓度升高而增强。     

异育银鲫肝微粒体体外恩诺沙星N-脱乙基酶酶促反应动力学初步研究

建立了异育银鲫肝微粒体体外孵育恩诺沙星(enrofloxacin,EF)的酶促反应体系,应用RP-HPLC法检测其主要代谢产物环丙沙星(ciprofloxacin,CF),以间接反映恩诺沙星N-脱乙基酶的活性。采用二氯甲烷提取、正已烷去脂提取有效成分,样品回收率均大于81.4%,含CF或EF的肝微粒体样品能在4℃下稳定至少72 h,日内变异系数不超过3.51%,日间变异系数不超过3.71%,EF和CF准确度分别小于8.1%、6.5%,检测限(信超比为3)分别为0.15μmol/L、0.3μmol/L。恩诺沙星在银鲫肝微粒体中代谢符合一级消除方程C=140e-0.072t,消除速率常数(K)为0.072/h,消除半衰期(T1/2)为9.627 h。用Origin Lab软件的Hyperbl模型进行拟和,以方程y=P1.x/(P2+x)表示米氏常数Vmax、Km两者的关系,求得Vmax为0.2602±0.0147nmol/mg.min,Km为53.8985±10.2257μmol/L,内在清除率(Clint)约为0.0048 mL/(min.mg)。恩诺沙星消除率和环丙沙星转化率的研究结果提示,恩诺沙星在银鲫肝微粒体中的代谢以N-脱乙基反应为主,提示可能还通过其它途径生成另外代谢产物。而酶动力学研究数据(Vmax,Clint值)表明,恩诺沙星N-脱乙基酶与底物结合力不强,酶促反应强度处于中等水平。据此,笔者推测恩诺沙星在银鲫肝微粒体中的代谢速度较为缓慢。     

固定化木瓜蛋白酶水解甲壳胺的研究

木瓜蛋白酶经戊二醛固定于自制的甲壳质上制成固定化木瓜蛋白酶，其水解甲壳胺的最佳条件是：45℃，pH4.0的1％的甲壳胺溶液（醋酸缓冲液配置），酶／底物比1：3．5（质量比）。震荡反应24h后，用超滤器分离不同分子量的甲壳胺低聚糖产物，结果产物中分子量小于10000的甲壳胺低聚糖得率约为45．55％，分子量小于5000的约为34．0％，优于游离木瓜蛋白酶水解甲壳胺的效果。此固定化酶可反复使用至少10次以上，总反应时间达192h，提高了酶的使用效率和酶解效果。     

Rare serotype occurrence and PFGE genotypic diversity of Streptococcus agalactiae isolated from tilapia in China

Previously, we reported 10 PEGE types of 85 tilapia Streptococcus agalactiae(GBS), which shifted from Streptococcus iniae in China, by using PEGE method. Presently, larger and more representative tilapia GBS were isolated, for the ?rst time in China, to characterize their serotypes and genetic diversities more precisely than had done before. 168 GBS strains were distributed in ?ve provinces of China, in which Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan were the major ones, holding36.9%(62/168), 37.5%(63/168) and 19.6%(33/168), respectively. Serotypes, Ia, Ib and III, were observed in these strains and the most predominant one was Ia(95.2%), which mainly distributed in Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan. Ia initially occurred in 2009, it shoot up to 32.1% in 2010,but decreased to 16.1% in 2011 before went up to 45.2% in 2012. Ib sporadically occurred during2007–2011, III onlyoccurred in 2012. 14 different PFGE types, including 4 new types(N, O,P and Q), were observed, in which B, D, F and G were the predominant types, holding 83.9%(141/168) of the total GBS strains. Ia corresponded to 11 PFGE types(A–H, N–P), in which type D predominated(51%). Ib represented 3 genotypes(I, J and Q) and III harbored only 2genotypes(N and F). Type N and Fsynchronously presented in Ia and III. In summary, the genetic diversity of tilapia GBS varied by serotypes and changed with geographical locations and years.Although Iastillpredominated, new rareserotypeIII alreadyoccurred in China.     

Growth hormone (GH) and reproduction: a review

Interaction between growth and reproduction occurs in many vertebrates and is particularly obvious at certain stages of the life cycle in fish. Endocrine interactions between the gonadotropic axis and the somatotropic axis are described, the potential role of GH being emphasised. A comparative analysis of these phenomena in mammals, amphibians and fish, suggests a specific role of GH in the physiology of puberty, gametogenesis and fertility. It also shows the original contribution made by studies on the fish model in this field of investigations.     

Purification and partial characterization of GtHs (cfLH and cfFSH) from Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus) (L.) and development of a homologous ELISA for cfLH

Two gonadotropins (GtH; Qa and Qb) were purified by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography from the pituitaries of Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus). The presence of GtH during purification was assessed by in vitro oocyte maturation and in vivo steroidogenic activity, and their identities were determined by elution profiles, molecular weight, biological activities and yield. The molecular weights of Qa and Qb were 37 and 42 kDa, respectively, and composed of distinct subunits (Qa: 20 and 14 kDa and Qb: 26 and 18 kDa). Polyclonal antibodies raised against Qa immunostained Qa, Qb and pituitary GtH cells. A competitive Qa‐ELISA was developed whose sensitivity was 6.25 ng mL^?1 (1.25 ng well^?1) with intra‐ (3.5%) and inter‐ (12.4%) assay coefficients of variation. Displacement curves parallel to the standard were obtained with plasma and pituitary extracts of catfish, Qb and carp GtHII. The assay was validated by measuring the plasma Qa levels after LHRH treatment and in relation to ovarian growth in the female catfish during different reproductive phases. Based on the results, Qa and Qb corresponded to fish LH and FSH respectively. The findings will increase the knowledge of the mechanisms controlling fish reproduction and identification of sensitive phases in fish in captivity for hormonal manipulation.     

Controlled infection of Poecilia reticulata Peters (guppy) with Tetrahymena by immersion and intraperitoneal injection

Tetrahymena is a protozoan parasite, which infects guppy, Poecilia reticulata Peters, and causes substantial economical losses in commercial farms worldwide. Studies of guppy infected by Tetrahymena require standardized infection protocols. The LD50 for Tetrahymena infection of guppies by intraperitoneal (IP) injection was calibrated, and the level obtained was 946 parasites per fish. Guppy infection with Tetrahymena by immersion, imitating the natural route of infection via the integument, was studied under normal or stress conditions. Exposure to cold and netting (CNI) and to cold only (CI) followed by immersion exposure to 10 000 Tetrahymena per mL resulted in 22.5% and 19.2% mortality, respectively, as compared to 14.2% and 10% in groups that were netted only (NI) or non‐stressed (I). Histopathology revealed that immersion infection resulted in a systemic infection. Lysozyme levels, measured 3 weeks after infection, were significantly higher in the CNI group (288 μg per mg protein) compared with CI‐, NI‐ and I‐treated groups (94.5, 64 and 62.3 μg mg^?1, respectively). There was no evident parasite immobilization activity in body homogenates, suggesting no development of acquired immunity. Re‐infection by IP injection revealed no increase in protection in any of the treatment groups, mortality range of 56.3–75%, higher than in the non‐exposed control (40.6% mortality).     

Imported ornamental fish are colonized with antibiotic‐resistant bacteria

There has been growing concern about the overuse of antibiotics in the ornamental fish industry and its possible effect on the increasing drug resistance in both commensal and pathogenic organisms in these fish. The aim of this study was to carry out an assessment of the diversity of bacteria, including pathogens, in ornamental fish species imported into North America and to assess their antibiotic resistance. Kidney samples were collected from 32 freshwater ornamental fish of various species, which arrived to an importing facility in Portland, Oregon from Colombia, Singapore and Florida. Sixty‐four unique bacterial colonies were isolated and identified by PCR using bacterial 16S primers and DNA sequencing. Multiple isolates were identified as bacteria with potential to cause disease in both fish and humans. The antibiotic resistance profile of each isolate was performed for nine different antibiotics. Among them, cefotaxime (16% resistance among isolates) was the antibiotic associated with more activity, while the least active was tetracycline (77% resistant). Knowing information about the diversity of bacteria in imported ornamental fish, as well as the resistance profiles for the bacteria will be useful in more effectively treating clinical infected fish, and also potential zoonoses in the future.     

Effect of iodophor disinfection of non‐hardened Salmo trutta eggs on their bacterial and fungus load

This study investigated the efficiency of iodophor disinfection (135 ppm active iodine for 15–30 min) of non‐hardened Salmo trutta eggs against different groups of bacteria and against fungus. Egg samples were taken from non‐disinfected and from disinfected eggs, microorganisms were cultured on specific nutrient media and their mass was measured by turbidimetric methods. Bacteria and fungus mass of non‐hardened eggs could be reduced but not eliminated by iodophor disinfection with 135 ppm active iodine for 15 min. The extent of reduction was 47–65% (Experiment 1). The efficiency of disinfection increased with disinfection time as the reduction in bacteria and fungus mass was 40–55% after 15 min and 58–74% after 30 min (Experiment 2). Disinfection efficiency of iodophor solution diluted in water (reduction 49–57%) and of iodophor solution diluted in sodium chloride solution iso‐osmolar to the oocytes (reduction 52–61%) was similar (Experiment 3). The reduction in bacteria and fungus mass was persistent as it was 39–72% lower in embryos deriving from disinfected eggs than in embryos deriving from non‐disinfected ones (Experiment 4). In conclusion, the tested disinfection method is inadequate to eliminate pathogens completely but it could positively influence immune defence of eggs and embryos.     

Nitrogenous waste excretion and accumulation of urea and ammonia inChalcalburnus tarichi (Cyprinidae), endemic to the extremely alkaline Lake Van (Eastern Turkey)

The endemic, anadromous cyprinidChalcalburnus tarichi is the only fish species known to occur in alkaline Lake Van (Eastern Anatolia, Turkey). EightC. tarichi were maintained individually in Lake Van water (17 – 19°C; pH 9.8; 153 mEq·I^–1 total alkalinity; 22 total salinity) and tank water samples analyzed for 24 h in 2 to 4 h intervals. At zero time, < 1µM ammonia was present and urea was undetectable in the tank water; at 24 h, total ammonia and urea made up 114±32 and 35±25µM, respectively. Over the experimental period, ammonia-N and urea-N excretion averaged 1041±494 and 607±169moles·kg^–1 fish·h^–1, respectively. The extent of urea excretion was highly variable between specimens. Uric acid excretion was not detectable.Urea was present at high concentrations in all tissues and plasma (25 – 35moles·g^–1·ml^–1) of freshly caughtC. tarichi; total ammonia content of the tissues was by a factor of 1.9 (liver) to 3.0 (brain) lower. High arginase activity (2.4±0.2 U·min^–1·g^–1) was detected in the liver ofC. tarichi but ornithine carbamoylphosphate transferase, a key enzyme of the ornithine-urea-cycle, was absent. Ureagenesis is likely through degradation of arginine and/or uricolysis. High glutamine synthetase activity (11±0.6 U·min^–1·g^–1) and low ammonia content in brain suggest that, like other teleosts,C. tarichi has an efficient ammonia detoxification in the brain, but in no other tissue.Nitrogenous waste excretion at alkaline pH is discussed. The ability ofC. tarichi to excrete high levels of ammonia at extremely alkaline pH is unique among teleosts studied so far. The mechanism of ammonia excretion under Lake Van conditions remains to be elucidated.     

Influence of the antibacterial herbs, Solanum trilobatum, Andrographis paniculata and Psoralea corylifolia on the survival, growth and bacterial load of Penaeus monodon post larvae

The indiscriminate use of antibiotics and chemicals in shrimp hatcheries has led to biomagnification and that in turn could lead to rejection of a whole consignment. The application of the bioencapsulation technique as a tool for curative treatment in shrimp larvae was investigated. Herbs having antibacterial properties such as Solanum trilobatum, Andrographis paniculata and Psoralea corylifolia (methanolic extracts) were bioencapsulated in Artemia and fed to Penaeus monodon post larvae PL 1–25. The post larvae were reared in a medium inoculated with pathogenic bacteria such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi and Vibrio sp. Post larvae reared in the non-inoculated water and fed with non-enriched Artemia exhibited 90% survival, highest specific growth rate (12.43%) and reduced bacterial load. P. monodon reared in the bacterial inoculated water and fed with the non-enriched Artemia exhibited the lowest survival (10–30%), specific growth rate (8.42–9.1%) and increased bacterial load (2.86 × 10³ to 3.76 × 10⁵ cfu/g). The methanolic extracts of the herbs helped to increase survival and specific growth rate and reduced bacterial load in the P. monodon culture system. Among the three herbal extracts, P. corylifolia enriched Artemia fed post larvae showed the tendency to higher survival (>50%), growth rate (11.5 averaged) and low bacterial load (1.12 × 10⁵ cfu/g). This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.