Aesthetic Evaluation and Application of Ornamental Plant Landscape

This paper employed the scenic beauty evaluation(SBE)method to study the relationship between the aesthetic preference of the public and the effect of ornamental plant groups.The results showed that color contrast,plant density,morphological diversity,and species diversity significantly affected the planting effect of ornamental plants.According to the aesthetic preference of the public reflected by scenic beauty model,strong contrasts in plant color,varied plant forms,suitable planting density,and appropriate arrangement of plants effectively improved the ornamental effect of plant groups.     

抗逆性北京野生花卉筛选初探

经过调查北京山区和平原的野生花卉资源,共记录北京野生植物170种,分别隶属于48科131属。其中有观赏利用价值的90种,包括木本植物29种,草本植物71种。 经过筛选、试种实验,筛选出景天三七、蛇莓、紫花地丁、苦菜、罗布麻等野生花卉,它们耐旱、耐瘠薄,其建植、栽培、养护的成本很低,适于在北京园林绿化中广泛应用。     

Confirmation and characterization of interspecific hybrids of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Passiflora</Emphasis> L. (Passifloraceae) for ornamental use

Three new varieties of Passiflora hybrids were developed from crosses between P. sublanceolata J. M. MacDougal (ex P. palmeri var. sublanceolata Killip) versus P. foetida var. foetida L. Twenty putative hybrids were analyzed. Hybridizations were confirmed by RAPD and SSR markers. The RAPD primer UBC11 (5′-CCGGCCTTAC-3′) generated informative bands. The SSR primer A08FP1 amplified species-specific fragments and heterozygote status was observed with the two parent bands 240 and 280 bp. The molecular markers generated by primers were analyzed in terms of the presence or absence of specific informative bands. The morphological characterization of the hybrids enabled their differentiation into three groups, identified as: (1) Passiflora ‘Alva’, composed of five hybrid plants with white flowers, large corona, light purple filaments at base, white and purple/white banding to apex; (2) P. ‘Aninha’, composed of six hybrid plants with pale pink flowers, corona filaments reddish/purple at base, white, purple/white banding to apex; (3) P. ‘Priscilla’, composed of nine hybrid plants with white flowers, small corona, filaments dark purple at base, white and purple to apex. The genomic homology of parent plants was verified by cytogenetic analysis. Both parents were 2n = 22. Meiosis was regular in genitors and hybrids. Aneuploidy was observed at hybrid groups P. ‘Alva’ and P. ‘Priscilla’ (2n = 20). Other authors had already observed the same number of chromosomes for some P. foetida genotypes. Obtaining valuable interspecific hybrids opens up new perspectives to offer opportunities in agribusiness for producers and to arouse the interest of consumers into using passion flowers in the Brazilian ornamental plant market.     

Pollination requirements for seed set in ulluco (Ullucus tuberosus)

Summary Pollination experiments were carried out on ulluco (Ullucus tuberosus), known as a very poor seed producer. All the clones used were diploids. The effect of self-vs. cross-pollination was studied in Experiment 1. Caged selfpollinated flowers produced no seeds. Different clones produced seeds in 0–8% of caged cross-pollinated flowers and in 5–19% of cross-pollinated non-caged flowers. Ulluco is thus basically an outbreeder.Experiment 2 studied whether seed set is limited by pollen availability. Total seed number per inflorescence number did not differ between plants treated with supplemental pollen and control plants; pollen availability thus did not limit seed set. The treated plants, however, produced more seeds in cross-pollinated than in other flowers on the plant, and the control flowers on treated plants produced fewer seeds than those on the control plants. In the treated plants, resources may have been allocated to artificially cross-pollinated flowers at the expense of other flowers. In some clones, seed set after artificial cross-pollination was at a level practicable for breeding work.     

优良草本花卉的引种评价与应用

本研究对引进的 30 种草本花卉在郴州地区进行了引种栽培试验,观测并记录了其生物学特性、观赏性状、生态适应性等,并在此基础上运用层次分析法建立了一套适合草本花卉的综合评价模型,以草花的观赏性、适应性、生长性作为优良草花品种选择的主要依据,确定了花色、花姿、花期长度、花覆盖度、抗逆性、抗病虫性、管理难易、繁殖能力等14个评价指标,对30种花卉进行了综合评价。筛选出香彩雀等Ⅰ级草花15种,雏菊等Ⅱ级草花13种,天竺葵等Ⅲ级花草花 2种,为草本花卉在城区园林绿化中大规模的推广应用提供参考。     

Natural outcrossing rate in Vernonia galamensis

Vernonia galamensis is a potential new industrial crop growing wild in Ethiopia. The seed oil is rich in vernolic acid, an epoxy fatty acid, which is of interest for oleochemical uses. Basic information on the reproductive system of Vernonia is still very limited. The amount of natural outcrossing was estimated at two locations in Ethiopia (Alemaya and Babile) using flower colour as a marker. Single plants with white flowers, which is a monogenic recessive trait, were planted in plots with normal pink flowers and the outcrossing rate was estimated from the frequency of pink‐flowered plants in the progeny of the white‐flowered plants. Estimates of the natural outcrossing rate ranged between individual plants from 3.5 to 16% at Alemaya and 2.5 to 12% at Babile. Vernonia galamensis can be classified as a mainly self‐pollinated species.     

山东省主要野生观赏草资源及其评价

观赏草作为一类新型景观植物,在城市绿地建设和生态景观建设中有很大的应用价值,目前尚未引起足够的重视,相应的研究也较少。笔者就观赏草的概念、应用价值、应用前景等方面进行了简要介绍,并根据多年调查对山东地区主要野生观赏草的种类、景观特点、分布进行了初步描述。调查表明,狼尾草等13种野生观赏草在山东地区极具发展潜力,并分别加以详细介绍。     

海棠树种资源的园林特性及其开发利用

海棠素有“国艳”之美誉，是中国传统名花之一，种类繁多，栽培历史悠久，文史底蕴深厚。但目前对海棠树种资源缺乏系统整理，园林绿化应用仍局限于少数传统种类和品种，开发利用的途径也比较单一。依据相关文献，概述了中国园林绿化中已经应用或有潜在应用价值的海棠树种资源的分类学归属、主要植物学特征和观赏特征，总结了海棠文化的内涵和表现形式，阐述了海棠树种在古典和现代园林中的配置方式和应用形式，指出了海棠树种资源在园林应用开发方面存在的问题，并提出开发对策，展望了应用前景。     

萝藦科观赏植物的应用

萝藦观赏植物以其花奇特；茎蔓飘逸而倍爱人们亲睐。作者在检索和查阅大量有关植物分类的资料和书籍的基础上，综述了萝藦科观赏植物的种类、形态特征、生态习性和主要用途，并着重介绍此科植物的园林观赏特色、药用价值和经济价值，目的是为开发利用此科观赏植物提供依据。此科植物叶花俱佳，是吊挂和垂直绿化的良好材料。     

Application of in vivo and in vitro mutation techniques for crop improvement

Summary Conventional mutation techniques have often been used to improve yield, quality, disease and pest resistance in crops, or to increase the attractiveness of flowers and ornamental plants. More than 1700 mutant varieties involving 154 plant species have been officially released. In some economically important crops, e.g. barley, durum wheat and cotton, mutant varieties occupy the majority of cultivated areas in many countries. Mutation techniques have become one of the major tools in the breeding of ornamentals such as alstroemeria, begonia, chrysanthemum, carnation, dahlia and streptocarpus. The use of in vitro techniques such as anther culture, shoot organogenesis, somatic embryogenesis and protoplast fusion can overcome some of the limitations in the application of mutation techniques in both seed and vegetatively propagated crops. In vitro culture in combination with induced mutations can speed up breeding programmes, from the generation of variability, through selection, to multiplication of the desired genotypes. The expression of induced mutations in the pure homozygote obtained through microspore, anther or ovary culture, can enhance the rapid recovery of the desired traits. In some vegetatively propagated species, mutations in combination with in vitro culture technique, may be the only method of improving an existing cultivar. Currently, many molecular studies rely on the induction and identification of mutants in model species for construction and subsequent saturation of genetic maps, understanding of developmental genetics and elucidation of biochemical pathways. Once identified and isolated, the genes that encode agronomically-important features can be either introduced directly into crop plants or used as probes to search for similar genes in crop species. It seems most likely that the recent developments based on these technologies will soon provide improved methods for selection of desired mutants.     

Unilateral cross compatibility in Vaccinium elliottii × V. arboreum, an intersectional blueberry hybrid

Vaccinium elliottii Chapmn., a diploid blueberry in Vacciniumsection Cyanococcus, was crossed with V. arboreum Marsh, a diploid blueberry insection Batodendron. The goal was toproduce hybrids that could be used toincorporate traits from these species intotetraploid southern highbush cultivars. The crosses were made reciprocally usingtwo clones of each species. A recessiveseedling marker gene for anthocyanin-freecotyledons in the V. elliottii clonesused as female parents permitted thetesting of mentor pollination. For thementor pollinations, V. elliottiiplants that were homozygous for therecessive marker allele were pollinatedwith a small amount of viable V.elliottii pollen carrying the recessivemarker mixed with a large amount of V.arboreum pollen carrying the dominantmarker. Thousands of intersectional hybridseedlings were obtained when V.elliottii was the seed parent, both withand without mentor pollination, but nohybrids were obtained from 2735 flowerspollinated in the reciprocal crosses. Theseeds that gave rise to hybrid embryos weresmaller than normal V. elliottiiseeds, but germinated well. Hybridseedlings grew slowly at first, buteventually produced some vigorous plants inthe field, although many plants remainedmuch smaller than normal seedlings of thetwo parental species. Some of the hybridsproduced numerous flowers during the 6years they were observed in the field, buteven with many diploid, tetraploid, andhexaploid section Cyanococcus blueberryplants growing nearby that could haveprovided pollen for their flowers, thehybrids produced no viable seed.     

Post-harvest enhancement of aroma in transgenic lisianthus (Eustoma grandiflorum) using the Clarkia breweri benzyl alcohol acetyltransferase (BEAT) gene

Lisianthus (Eustoma grandiflorum) is an ornamental plant with beautiful but scentless flowers. In an attempt to induce a fragrance in their flowers, lisianthus plants were transformed with the Clarkia breweri gene coding for benzyl alcohol acetyltransferase (BEAT), catalyzing the synthesis of the volatile compound benzyl acetate under the regulation of the CaMV35S promoter. An external supply of benzyl alcohol induced five to seven times higher production of benzyl acetate in detached flowers and leaves of transgenic lisianthus plants, compared to non-transformed plants. No benzyl acetate was detected in tissues of both control and transgenic plants fed with water. When fed with additional alcoholic compounds, i.e. hexanol, benzyl alcohol, isoamyl alcohol, phenethyl alcohol, and cinnamyl alcohol, assumed to be used as substrates by BEAT, transgenic in vitro-grown lisianthus plantlets produced significantly higher levels of acetates than control plants. These results demonstrate the possibility of producing substrate-dependent acetates in transgenic lisianthus plants, which could lead to induction of new aromas.     

Kalanchoe blossfeldiana transformed with rol genes exhibits improved postharvest performance and increased ethylene tolerance

Kalanchoe blossfeldiana transformed with rol genes, termed root-inducing (Ri) lines, which had been produced through transformation using Agrobacterium rhizogenes wild-type strain ATCC15834, were tested for their postharvest performance. Flower longevity, ethylene sensitivity and display quality varied among control and chemical growth retarded plants and the Ri lines. Both chemical growth retardation and transformation with rol genes reduced the number of flowers in comparison to control plants. Detached single flowers of the two Ri lines tested, Ri line 306 and 331, had a longevity, defined as the stage where the flowers were 70% open, of 32 and 34 d, respectively, whereas chemical growth retarded and control plants had a longevity of 28 and 26 d, respectively. Ri line 331 had the significantly longest display life of 34 d to reach the stage of losing the ornamental value of the whole plant, defined as 10% wilted flowers. The corresponding display life of control and chemical retarded plants and plants of Ri line 306 was 25 d. The opening of the flowers was more synchronous in the Ri lines than control plants. Exposed to ethylene, the flowers of the Ri lines exhibited reduced responsiveness whereas chemical growth retarded and control plants were sensitive. Possible mechanisms behind the improved postharvest performance of plants transformed with rol genes are discussed.     

红地球葡萄贮藏效果预测因子初探

研究目的】研究不同产地红地球葡萄品质指标及发病率的变化，明确影响红地球葡萄贮藏效果的主要因素。【研究方法】以5个不同产地红地球葡萄为试验材料，测定冷藏条件下果实的带菌率、果梗含水量、发病率、可溶性固形物、可滴定酸及多酚含量的变化。【研究结果】不同产地红地球葡萄的贮藏特性不同，其中怀来葡萄的带菌率与发病率均较低，果梗含水量低且下降缓慢（下降率为5.60%），可溶性固形物含量和多酚含量高，比其他产地葡萄有更好的抗病性。各指标与果粒发病率相关程度不同，贮藏过程中可溶性固形物含量及果肉多酚含量变化与发病率的相关系数均大于0.828；采收时红地球葡萄果肉多酚含量与贮藏80d后果粒发病率相关系数为0.885。【结论】贮藏过程中可溶性固形物含量及果肉多酚含量变化可以较好的监测葡萄发病率的变化，采收时红地球葡萄果肉多酚含量能够作为大批量红地球葡萄贮藏效果的预测因子     

Breeding of transgenic orange Petunia hybrida varieties

Summary Colour is the major contributor to the total ornamental value of a flower. The combination of biochemical knowledge and genetic engineering technology has resulted in the addition of a new colour to the existing colour range of Petunia hybrida. This has been achieved by expression of the maize dihydroflavonol-4-reductase (dfr) gene in a suitable petunia acceptor which leads to the accumulation of pelargonidin-derived pigments in flowers. The resulting flower colour, however, was a pale brick-red, which is commercially unattractive in petunia.Our objective was to produce a product suitable for commercialisation by introducing the dfr gene into our breeding material via normal sexual recombination. Although the initial transformant exhibited many negative characteristics, first analyses indicated that it was feasible to obtain suitable material for creating commercial hybrids. Experimental hybrids based on F₄ lines were obtained with improved phenotypic expression of the orange flower colour in combination with a good general performance.In order to assess consumer-related characteristics, selected experimental hybrids were tested under field conditions. All transgenic plants had a normal appearance when compared with non-transgenic control plants. No linkage was observed between the transgenic trait and any negative characteristic. From these studies it can be concluded that through a combination of biochemistry, breeding and genetic engineering, it is possible to generate unique flower colours in a cultivars with commercial potential.     

杜鹃花的文化意蕴及其在园林绿化中的应用

杜鹃原产中国,家族庞大,种类繁多,具有极高的观赏价值,是中国十大传统名花之一,自古以来被誉为花中“西施”。本文依据相关文献,归纳了中国观赏价值较高的杜鹃品种的生态习性和观花期,阐述了杜鹃的文史内涵和观赏特征,提出了在园林绿化中的应用途径和主要配置方式     

渭河野生植物资源调查及其开发利用分析

以渭河野生植物资源为研究对象,对渭河野生植物资源的种类、分布、观赏和生态特性进行调查分析,以期科学合理地保护和开发渭河野生植物资源,为渭河生态修复过程中的植物选择以及渭河湿地植物保护提供参考,进而推进渭河甚至黄河生态修复和湿地保护进程。结果表明,渭河具有丰富的野生植物资源,共有93科310属453种。依照其分布范围筛选出具有优良开发前景的野生植物88种,其中乔木4种、灌木10种、草本植物74种。筛选出的植物在园林应用、生态修复、药用方面具有广阔的开发利用前景,在渭河生态建设工程中作为景观设计部分的植物配植材料有利于生态园林城市的营造,结合药用价值的开发更可兼顾生态价值与经济价值的实现。针对开发利用价值,结合渭河实际情况对渭河野生植物的保护和可持续开发利用提出结合园林应用进行保护与开发、加强植物生态效益研究和进行综合开发利用的建议。     

影响花卉生长和花期的环境因子研究

花卉生长的好坏以及花期的应时与否不仅与花卉自身习性、栽培措施有关,而且还与许多外界环境条件有很大关系。通过对花卉生长环境的调控,可以有效提高花卉的品质及应时能力,使花卉生产更好地迎合人们的需求。本文就光照、温度、植物生长调节剂、肥料等几个方面阐述了环境因素对花卉生长和花期的影响。     

Application of Common Poisonous Garden Plants in Kunming City

This study made a survey and an analysis by taking 46 kinds of common poisonous garden plants in Kunming City as research objects.The results showed that 79.84%of the poisonous plants in Kunming were not used frequently,and the application area was concealed,or there were warning signs and 20.16%of the common poisonous plants were used frequently,and there were potential safety hazards.There are following suggestions:Adjusting the application sites of some garden plants with high ornamental value but poisonous according to their toxicity and setting up warning signs to better embody their ornamental value while ensuring people’s safety.