Biological studies on the olive leaf moth, Palpita unionalis Hübner (Lepid., Pyralidae), and the olive moth, Prays oleae Bernard (Lepid., Yponomeutidae)

Abstract The biology of two important lepidopterous pests, Prays oleae Bernard and Palpita unionalis Hübner, was studied. The target pests were reared on olive plants, Oleae europaea L. (Oleaceae) under laboratory conditions for two successive generations, from March to June 2002. For P. oleae, the duration of larval stage development in the first generation was 21.4 ± 0.18 days at 19.3–20.9 °C, 65–68 % R.H, while in the second generation it was 14.8 ± 0.10 days at 20.8–24.2 °C, 65–69 % R.H. The number of eggs laid per female ranged from 58 to 109 eggs in the first generation, and from 47 to 113 in the second. The larval stage duration of P. unionalis was 16.3 ± 0.12 days at 16.8–22.9 °C, 65–69 % R.H. and 15.5 ± 0.12 days at 21.6–25.5 °C, 66–69 % R.H. for the first and second generations, respectively. Also, the number of eggs laid per female ranged from 630 to 653 eggs, and from 425 to 493 eggs in the second generation under the same previous laboratory conditions. P. oleae laid eggs at night mostly singly on flower-buds, more on the calyx. than on the petals. The larvae mined on leaves and damaged groups of flowers. P. unionalis adults were active at night, laid eggs singly at twilight usually on the lower surface of foliage. Larvae fed on leaves spinning several leaves together to form shelter for the pupa.     

Biological studies on the olive leaf moth, Palpita unionalis Hübner (Lepid., Pyralidae), and the olive moth, Prays oleae Bernard (Lepid., Yponomeutidae)

Abstract The biology of two important lepidopterous pests, Prays oleae Bernard and Palpita unionalis Hübner, was studied. The target pests were reared on olive plants, Oleae europaea L. (Oleaceae) under laboratory conditions for two successive generations, from March to June 2002. For P. oleae, the duration of larval stage development in the first generation was 21.4 ± 0.18 days at 19.3–20.9 °C, 65–68 % R.H, while in the second generation it was 14.8 ± 0.10 days at 20.8–24.2 °C, 65–69 % R.H. The number of eggs laid per female ranged from 58 to 109 eggs in the first generation, and from 47 to 113 in the second. The larval stage duration of P. unionalis was 16.3 ± 0.12 days at 16.8–22.9 °C, 65–69 % R.H. and 15.5 ± 0.12 days at 21.6–25.5 °C, 66–69 % R.H. for the first and second generations, respectively. Also, the number of eggs laid per female ranged from 630 to 653 eggs, and from 425 to 493 eggs in the second generation under the same previous laboratory conditions. P. oleae laid eggs at night mostly singly on flower-buds, more on the calyx. than on the petals. The larvae mined on leaves and damaged groups of flowers. P. unionalis adults were active at night, laid eggs singly at twilight usually on the lower surface of foliage. Larvae fed on leaves spinning several leaves together to form shelter for the pupa.     

Zum Auftreten der Robinien-Miniermotte,Phyllonorycter robiniella (Clem.) und der Ro?kastanien-Miniermotte,Cameraria ohridella Desch. & Dim. (Lep., Gracillariidae) in Südtirol

Zusammenfassung  An 2 Gracillariiden,Phyllonorycter robiniella undCameraria ohridella, wird gezeigt, wie rasch importierte Sch?dlinge sich ausbreiten k?nnen: Die RobinienblattmotteP. robinella wurde in Südtirol erstmals 1991 festgestellt und trat 1996 bereits in Massenbefall bei Brixen an Robinien auf.—Die Ro?kastanienminiermotteC. ohridella war hier erstmals 1992 im Pustertal bei Toblach festgestellt worden (Butin & Führer, 1994). Neueste Untersuchungen im Herbst 1997 zeigen, da? sie nun bereits im gesamten Eisacktal zwischen Franzensfeste und Bozen an Ro?kastanien (Aesculus hippocastanum) verbreitet ist (Tab. 1); hingegen wurde im Etschtal südlich und westlich von Bozen bisher noch kein Befall festgestellt.

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On the occurrence of the robinia-leafminer,Phyllonorycter robiniella (Clem.) and the horse-chestnut- leafminer,Cameraria ohridella Desch. et Dim. (Lep., Gracillariidae) in South Tyrol

The examples of two species of Gracillariidae,Phyllonorycter robiniella andCameraria ohridella, show how fast the expansion can take place: The robinia-leafminerP. robiniella was first noticed in South Tyrol in 1991 and an outbreak occured on False Acacias near Brixen, already in 1996.—The horsechestnut leafminerC. ohridella was first noticed in the Pusteria Valley near Toblach-Dobiacco, in 1992 (Butin & Führer, 1994). The latest research, of autumn 1997, shows that they are now distributed on Horse Chestnut Trees (Aesculus hippocastanum) in the whole Isarco Valley, between Fortezza and Bozen-Bolzano (Tab. 1), whereas in the Adige Valley at south and west of Bolzano no occurrence could be found as yet.

     

Untersuchungen über Fichtengallenl?use, Dreyfusia spp. (Hom., Adelgidae) und deren Predatoren in der Nord-Türkei

In the East Pontic mountains at Giresun (Black Sea shore) three species of the genus Dreyfusia have been established: D. nordmannianae Eckst. and D. prelli Grosm. on Abies nordmanniana Link. and Picea orientalis Link. and Dreyfusia nov. spec. on A. nordmanniana. The latter species, earlier known from Greece and the Balkans, but not yet described is most probably unholocyctic on fir.In the Zigana mountains between Trabzon and Gümüsane a species producing plenty galls on young P. orientalis trees and closely resembling D. merkeri Eichh. has been observed. Further investigations are necessary to evaluate whether or not it lives unholocyclic on spruce.In the West Pontic mountains near Bolu D. nordmannianae was intensively studied in twig infestations on A. bornmülleriana Mattf. The pattern of attack differs greatly from the one experienced in central Europe in that almost exclusively the current year's shoots are attacked whereas the leader and the older twig axis remain free of attack. In Europe all parts of the trees are colonized.Considering the known facts about generation- and morph sequences, morph determination and phenological behaviour of D. nordmannianae the characteristics of their population dynamics in Turkey and the interactions of the curious mode of attack and the extraordinary efficiency of their special predators have been completely evaluated.     

哈茨木霉菌(Trichoderma harzianum)和终极腐霉菌(Pythium ultimum)对玉米蛋白质组的影响(I)

 哈茨木霉(Trichoderma harzianum) T22菌株已普遍用于防治包括由终极腐霉(Pythium ultimum)引起的苗病或根腐病在内的各种病害。玉米自交系Mo17种子经T22处理后播种在接种腐霉或未接种的田间土壤内,5 d后取幼苗的根系或幼茎提取蛋白。结果表明:在接种腐霉菌的土壤内,未进行T22处理的5 d龄幼苗长势明显比对照差,而经T22处理的幼苗长势明显比对照好。T22和腐霉菌复合处理及T22单独处理对幼苗生长影响基本相同。本研究建立了蛋白质提取和双向电泳分离技术。通过双向电泳及相应的分析软件(PDQuest^TM 2-D softw are)可将不同处理的幼苗自交系蛋白进行分离。T22菌株处理的根系产生104种上游调控蛋白和164种下游调控蛋白,T22与腐霉菌复合处理可产生97种上游调控蛋白和150种下游调控蛋白,而用腐霉菌单一处理诱导的上游或下游蛋白的数量明显少于上述2个处理。T22或腐霉菌单一或复合处理的根系蛋白质组图谱与空白对照相比差异显著,它们与对照的蛋白质组图谱相似系数分别为0.72、0.51和0.49;T22与腐霉菌分别处理的蛋白质组图谱间也相差明显,两者的相似系数仅为0.65。进一步研究发现,T22菌体蛋白质组图谱与上述各种处理的蛋白质组图谱相似系数均很低,说明各种处理诱导后的幼苗根系蛋白质组组分主要来自植物本身,其变化主要因T22或腐霉菌的诱导所致。腐霉菌的侵染对寄主根系蛋白组图谱影响明显高于T22的作用。蛋白质组中各种蛋白质的质谱分析(M ALDI-TOF)与鉴定将另文发表。     

cryIA(b)基因及其介导的抗性在转基因水稻中的遗传

研究了cryLA(b)基因及其介导的抗虫性在转基因水稻自交或回交后代中的遗传规律和遗传稳定性。结果表明：cryLA(b)基因及其连锁的bar基因作为一个显性遗传位点遵循孟德尔遗传分离规律；在T1代群体中遵循3：1的分离规律，T2代稳定纯合；在BC11～BC4代群体中遵循1：1的分离规律，BC群体自交的BCF9群体中遵循3：1分离规律。cryLA(b)基因及其介导抗性已稳定地遗传至T7代和BC4代。室内及田间抗虫性鉴定显示，不同世代的转基因植株均保持稳定的高度抗虫性。     

黑龙江省小苹果黑星病Venturia inaequalis(cooke)winter的初侵染来源

 1958-1963年调查研究证明黑龙江省小苹果黑星病病叶上的分生孢子全部不能越冬。在早春也没有发现带病的枝条,因此以菌丝在病枝上越冬、春天产生分生孢子的可能性极小。每年春天在去年病树的干枯落叶上能找到大量子囊壳及子囊孢子,经人工接种后侵染率都极高。空中孢子捕捉的结果是:子囊孢子出现在前,分生孢子的出现是在田间发病以后,两者相距半个月以上,说明所捕捉到的分生孢子是受子囊孢子侵染后产生的。可以得出结论:黑龙江省小苹果黑星病的初次侵染来源是子囊孢子。
早期调查发病情况说明离地面越近的叶片发病越早,越重。初步认为,清扫落叶是减轻病害的重要措施之一。     

水稻白叶枯病菌(Xanthomonas oryzae pv.oryzae)化学诱变hrp基因突变体及相关性状的研究

 硫酸二乙酯(diethyl sulfate,DES)化学诱变水稻白叶枯病菌(Xanthomonas oryzae pv.oryzae,Xoo)日本系统III号小种(JXOIII),获得16株hrp-突变体,其在感病寄主水稻IR26、汕优63上失去致病性和在非寄主烟草上失去过敏反应。所得的hrp-突变体并无黄色素缺失现象。16株hrp-突变体的淀粉酶、果胶酶、蛋白酶、纤维素酶和脂酶等胞外酶活性基本与野生型一致。JCM2092、JCM2211、JCM2252和JCM2457这4株hrp-突变体为III型泌出通道突变体,JCM0066等另12株hrp-突变体的超声波破碎液、离心上清液中无激发HR的信号物质存在。细胞组分分析表明,激发烟草HR的信号物质不是LPS而是蛋白类物质。来自JXOIII基因文库hrp基因克隆pUHRX245中的1.1kb SacI-KpnI片段,能够互补hrp-突变体JCM0066和JCM2482,使其恢复在烟草上激发HR的能力,但不能恢复其致病性。     

粟杆蝇(ATHERIGONA BISETA KARL)的研究

粟杆蝇幼虫为害谷子常造成枯心或不实。此虫一年发生二代,部分一代。以老熟幼虫在5—10厘米土层中越冬。成虫于6月中旬出現,6月末达盛期,每雌产11—41卵,产卵于粟杆的基部。粟杆蝇的发生为害与湿度有密切关系,交尾、产卵、幼虫孵化、以及侵入粟茎均需高湿。田間枯心率与当年6月份降雨量的相关系数为0.71(P<0.01),相关显著。在晚播、高肥、密植的条件下,枯心发生严重。谷子品种、生育速度均与被害程度有关。在粟田雌蝇出現高峯期噴5％DDT与0.5％666等量混合粉剂,有良好的防治效果。     

粟瘟病(Piricularia setariae Nishikado)的研究

 粟瘟(Piricularia setariae Nishikado)是关內外、魯西一带谷子上常見的病害,严重时引起苗枯、叶瘟、頸瘟,損失极大。     

菸蚜My zus persicae(Sulzer)的研究

菸蚜研究是1953—1961年在许昌进行的。一年之中,菸蚜的生活周期,春季在桃树上只有3代(包括干母代);在菸草上最多可繁殖15—17代;在白菜、萝卜等十字花科蔬菜上最多可繁殖5—6代。各代平均发育期:干母27天,干雌11天,春季迁移蚜17.4天;在菸草上各代平均7.9天;在白菜上各代平均8.3天,性母13天,产卵性雌蚜约21天。同时观察发现秋季从十字科蔬菜迁往桃树的有翅蚜本身就是性母,在桃树上只能产生产卵性雌蚜,雄岈则是从十字花科蔬菜迁往桃树的。关于寄主植物,菸蚜虽然经常在多种果树上产越冬卵,但干母除可在桃树上成活外,在其他树上的则全部死亡。此外,菸岈的孤雌胎生成蚜和若岈亦可在十字花科蔬菜上越冬,但次年大都不能再在菸草上成活。菸蚜适宜的温度范围为7—29℃,当5日平均气温低于6℃或5日平均相对湿度低于40%时,菸蚜数量均表现下降;温度与湿度对菸蚜消长有综合作用,当5日平均气温达26℃以上、相对湿度达80%以上时,数量亦表现下降。有翅幼蚜的大量出现,常是该寄主菸蚜数量下降的标志;同时有翅蚜的迁来,也常是该作物受菸蚜为害的起点。由于菸蚜喜集中在菸株幼嫩部分为害,所以菸株打顶和经过3—5次的打杈,常可除去部分菸蚜,使菸蚜数量下降。在不适宜的条件下,菸株上常出现“小型蚜”。在防治方法方面,测定了几种药剂治蚜的药效,以 E 1059较为良好,并经测定菸叶对人并无残毒;防治菸蚜必须采用综合措施,参、春在桃树上防治菸蚜尤为重要。     

Untersuchungen zum Voltinismus der Rotgelben Kiefern-BuschhornblattwespeNeodiprion sertifer (Geoffroy) in Südtirol und Trentino (Hym., Diprionidae)

Zusammenfassung  Bei einem Massenauftreten vonN. sertifer in Brentonico (am Monte Baldo im Trentino, N-Italien), in 1400–1600 m Seeh?he, wurden 1996 und 1997 Untersuchungen über den Voltinismus dieser Kurztags-Diprionide durchgeführt, durch Aufzucht von über 2000 Kokons (Abb. 1; Tab. 1–4). Dazu waren L4–5 Larven vonN. sertifer aus den verschiedenen H?henlagen nach Denno (430 m) und nach Brixen (550 m) transferiert und dort unter Freilandbedingungen aufgezogen worden. Die Untersuchungen wurden erg?nzt durch Populationsbeobachtungen aus Südtirol von St. Ulrich Gr?den (1200 m) sowie mittelitalienischen Herkünften aus Riolo Terme (150 m) in Brixen (Abb. 2). Diese vergleichenden Untersuchungen ergaben bei allen Populationen einen korrelativen Zusammenhang zwischen dem Zeitpunkt der Kokonbildung und dem Schlüpfen der Blattwespen. Es zeichnete sich dabei das Grundprinzip ab: je sp?ter die Kokonbildung—desto früher erfolgt das Schlüpfen der Blattwespen. Frühe Einspinner (z. B. Mai/Juni) schlüpften erst sp?t im Oktober, hingegen sp?te Einspinner (z. B. Anfang Aug.) bereits ab Ende August. Bei sp?ter Kokonbildung reduziert sich somit die obligatorische sommerliche Kokondiapause, bis sie schlie?lich bei Kurztagsbeginn (mit 15 Stunden Helligkeitsphase), Anfang August, zur Subitanentwicklung führt. Durch diese unterschiedlichen Kokonbildungszeiten kommt es auch beiN. sertifer —?hnlich wie bei anderen Diprioniden—zu verschiedenen Schlüpfwellen W1–W4, die auch aus den Pheromonfallenf?ngen ersichtlich sind (Abb. 2: 3); die m?glichen variablen Kombinationen dieser Schlüpfwellen werden diskutiert. Es wird aufgezeigt, da? der Voltinismus und das überliegerverhalten vonN. sertifer ma?geblich durch die Photoperiode und korrelierte klimatische Faktoren bestimmt werden. Die festgestellte niedrige überliegerrate von nur 1–2% h?ngt mit der südlichen und w?rmeren Lage des Befallsgebietes Brentonico (45° 49’ N) zusammen. Dabei spielt auch die au?ergew?hnliche Langlebigkeit der Imagines, die einige Wochen betragen kann, eine wichtige Rolle.

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During an outbreak ofN. sertifer in Brentonico (on Monte Baldo, Trentino, North Italy), in altitudes of 1,400–1,600 m, surveys were made in 1996 and 1997 on the voltinism of these short-day-Diprionide, wherely over 2,000 cocoons were reared (fig. 1; tab. 1–4). Therefore L4–5 larvae ofN. sertifer from different altitudes were transferred to Denno (430 m) and to Brixen (550 m) and were reared there under outdoor conditions. These surveys were completed with further observations of populations from South Tyrol, of St. Ulrich Val Gardena (1,200 m) and italian provenances from Riolo Terme (150 m) in Brixen (fig. 2). These comparative studies revealed a correlative connection between the time of cocoonspinning and adult emergence. They showed the following principle: the later the cocoonspinning, the earlier the adult emergence. Early spinners (e. g., May/June) emerge only late in October, while late spinners (e. g., early August) emerge as soon at the end of August. In the case of late cocoon spinning the obligatory summer cocoon diapause is so reducted, eventually—at the start of the short-day phase (with only 15 hours brightness), in early August—leading to a subitan development. These different cocoon spinning periods cause varying flywaves, W1–W4, ofN. sertifer, similarly to other Diprionidae; this seems evident also by pheromon-trap catches (fig. 2: 3). The possible variable combinations of these fly-waves are discussed. It is shown that voltinism and diapause behaviour ofN. sertifer are essentially conditioned by the photoperiod and correlated climatic factors. The determined low diapause rate, of just 1–2%, is connected with the southern and warmer location of the outbreak area of Brentonico (45° 45’ N). The exceptional longevity of adults, which can amount to several weeks, also plays an important role.

     

烟草野火病菌(Pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci)诊断试剂盒的制备及应用

 本研究通过筛选致病力强的烟草野火病菌株作为抗原,制备了烟草野火病菌特异性的抗血清,研制出SPA-ELISA、间接-ELISA 2种诊断试剂盒,使检测真正作到了简便、快速、灵敏、准确。同时,应用这2种诊断试剂盒对从田间及温室中采集的土壤、烟株根围、田间杂草、种子进行检测,明确了云南烟草野火病的初侵染源主要为种子和根围。     

小麦秆锈病菌(Puccinia graminis var.Tritici)冬孢子萌发的研究

小麦稈锈病菌冬孢子的萌发受許多因素的影响。試驗証明:在田間直立过冬的麦稈上的冬孢子比在麦垜上的冬孢子萌发好,尤以晚播小麦在秋季低温下形成的冬孢子萌发更好;萌发方法以水滴正放为最优;用化学药剂处理方法对克服冬孢子的休眠期没有明显作用;冬孢子萌发温度范围为9°—20℃,最适温度为12°—16℃。     

灰霉菌(Botrytis cinerea)采后致病性研究

 灰霉菌(Botrytis cinerea)是引起葡萄采后病害的主要病原真菌之一。葡萄灰霉菌可在田间潜伏侵染,采后由健康果实携带进入销售市场,该菌的显著致病症状为果实软腐和脱落。灰霉菌与葡萄的其它采后致病菌,如链格孢菌(Alternaria alternata)、镰刀菌(Fusarium sp.)、芽枝霉(Cladosporium sp.)、青霉菌(Penicillium sp.)、黑曲霉(Aspergillus nigar)和粉红单端孢菌(Trichothecium roseum)相比,不仅表现出明显的潜伏侵染优势,而且具有较强的低温(4℃)条件下的致病优势。4℃低温下灰霉菌在寄主葡萄体外和体内分泌多聚半乳糖醛酸酶(PG)活力均显著高于以上各菌,而在25℃下无显著差异,这一结果与该2种温度下灰霉菌接种果实后的症状表现一致。     

赤豆(Phaseolus angularis Wight)花叶病毒的初步研究

 赤豆花叶病在北京相当严重,病株达10-40%。病株分离物用常规汁液摩接法接于赤豆幼苗,初生透明褪绿小点或轻微斑驳,后表现花叶及疱斑,重者叶扭折畸形,叶缘缺刻,株矮,荚小而少。同一病毒接种于豇豆(Vigna sinensis L.)上,与赤豆上的症状无明显的差别。这个病毒的物理属性为:致死温度60-65℃ 10分钟,稀释限点1:3000-1:4000,体外存活仅24小时。病株所结种子有传毒能力,视寄主不同而有所差异,赤豆种子发病率仅1.6%,而豇豆种子发病率为17.2%。桃蚜、豆蚜、棉蚜及菜缢管蚜皆能传播此病毒。寄主范围为多种豆科作物,如豇豆、藊豆、大豆、蚕豆及芸豆、豌豆,黎科的菠菜,十字花科的桂竹香、紫罗栏等。除在桂竹香上生褪绿小点外,余均表现系统花叶症。但不侵染紫云英、绿豆、山扁豆、三叶草、苜蓿、黄瓜、南瓜、烟草、藜、千日红、苋及芹菜等。据此,作者等认为它不是黄瓜花叶病毒的株系,亦不同于日野的赤豆花叶病毒(豇豆花叶病毒的一个株系),与典型的长豇豆花叶病毒有较多的共同点,因此认为是长豇豆花叶病毒(AbMV)种羣中的一个新株系。     

洋麻炭疽病(Colletotrichum hibisci Pollacci)的防治研究

 洋麻炭疽病早在1912年即于台湾发現,以后传到內地,按其引种的来源分析,是自印度传入中国的。     

柑桔花蕾蛆(Contarinia citri Barnes)的研究

本工作于1959—1960年在浙江黄岩桔区进行。文中对柑桔花蕾蛆的形态作了扼要的描述和学名的订正。此虫一年发生一代,成虫在4月上旬开始羽化,幼虫有三个龄期,第1龄期3—4天,第2龄期6—7天,第3龄期最长,老熟后落土,在土中呈休眠状态,一直保持到来春。防治方法可采用地面施药,控制成虫羽化出土,经多种考核防治效果比树冠施药理想,并通过试点证明成效显著。     

云南省珠芽魔芋(Amorphophallus bulbifer)软腐病病原菌鉴定

 魔芋 (Amorphophallus spp.) 是我国西南地区广泛种植的一种重要经济作物。2016~2018年在云南省发现一种由细菌侵染引起的珠芽魔芋新病害,症状表现为茎秆或叶片出现水渍状病斑,茎秆软化下垂,根部及球茎腐烂变褐,甚至整株倒伏。根据病害发病症状,并通过菌落形状、致病性测定、Biolog和16S rDNA测序分析,结果显示该病原菌在LB培养基上菌落呈近圆形,中央隆起,淡奶油色,质地均匀,表面光滑发亮;扫描和透射电子显微镜下观察显示,菌体形态呈短杆状,周生鞭毛,两端稍钝圆;基于16S rDNA扩增序列系统进化分析与已报道的Pectobacterium aroidearum strain CL1904-3 (MK875007) 相似性达99%以上,构建的系统进化树表明与P. aroidearum菌株亲缘关系最近,Biolog测定和16S rDNA序列分析均将该病原菌鉴定为软腐果胶杆菌 (P. aroidearum)。这是我国首次报道由P. aroidearum引起的珠芽魔芋软腐病害。研究结果进一步加深了人们对该病害的认识,为其防治提供了科学依据。     

中国禾本科植物上的蠕形菌(Helminthosporium)

 蠕形菌約有170余种,分布頗广,包括腐生性的和具有不同程度寄生性的菌类。在这些菌类中一向引人注意的是数目不大的寄生种类,其中尤以寄生于禾本科植物上的种类,常常誘致一些禾谷类作物的严重病害。