稀土饲料添加剂饲养绵羊的剂量选择试验

选用半舍饲的周岁龄青海细毛羊５６只，分为三组，试验１、２组各２０只，对照组１６只。在同等饲养管理条件下，试验１、２组每只羊每日分别添加０．２ｇ和０．１ｇＲＣＦ－３稀土添加剂，进行６０ｄ饲养试验。结果：试验１、２组绵羊平均日增重分别比对照组提高３０．６％（Ｐ＜０．０１）和１２．６％（Ｐ＞０．０５）；平均羊毛长度分别比对照组提高２２．１％（Ｐ＜０．０１）和５．５％（Ｐ＞０．０５）；经济效益分别比对照组提高２５．２％（Ｐ＜０．０１）和８．７％（Ｐ＞０．０５％）。试验１组平均日增重，羊毛长度和经济效益分别比２组提高１５．９％（Ｐ＜０．０５）、１５．７％（Ｐ＜０．０５）和１５．２％（Ｐ＜０．０５）以试验１组的效果为佳。     

有机稀土饲料添加剂饲喂蛋鸡试验

１９９５年１１月到１９９６年７月在平安县种鸡对罗曼商品代蛋鸡进行２３４天饲喂稀土试验，试验设４个组，每组２９５只，试验１，２，３组日粮中分别添加０．０１％，０．０１５％和０．０２％的ＲＣＴ－３有机稀土饲料添加剂，对照组不喂稀土，结果：试验１２，３组只均产蛋量比对照组提高１３．９２％（Ｐ〈０．０１），８．３６％Ｐ〈０．０５）和０．９７％（Ｐ〉０．０５）；产蛋率提高９．５９个，５．７２个和０．８３个百     

蛋鸡饲喂稀土饲料添加剂的效果

１９９５年１１月到１９９６年７月在平安县种鸡场对罗曼商品代蛋鸡进行２３４ｄ饲喂稀土试验。试验设４个组，每组２９５只。试验１，２，３组鸡日粮中分别添加０．０１％、０．０１５％和０．０２％的ＲＣＴ－３有机稀土饲料添加剂，对照组鸡不喂稀土。结果：试验１，２，３组母鸡日产蛋总重比对照组鸡分别提高１３．９１％（Ｐ＜０．０１），８．３６％（Ｐ＜０．０５）和０．９７％（Ｐ＞０．０５）；产蛋率分别提高９．５９，５．７２和０．８３百分点；只均纯收入增加８．５２元，５．０１元和０．２１元。     

玉米源异麦芽寡糖菌质粉对黄羽肉鸡生长性能和激素分泌的影响

本研究在饲粮中分别添加 ３个不同剂量的玉米源异麦芽寡糖菌质粉（ＩＢＳ）,旨在研究其对黄羽肉鸡生长性能和内源性激素分泌的影响。选择 １日龄黄羽肉鸡 ２７０只,公母各占 １／２,随机分成 ５组。对照 １组饲喂基础饲粮,对照 ２组在基础饲粮中添加 ４．２７ｇ／ｋｇ市售食品级低聚异麦芽寡糖粉,试验 １、２、３组分别在基础饲粮中添加 ６、１２、２４ｇ／ｋｇＩＢＳ。结果表明：１）与对照 １组相比,试验 １、２、３组死亡率分别降低 ３３．３０％、４９．９５％、４９．９５％;１～５２日龄,试验 １、２、３组平均日增重分别提高 ８．８０％（Ｐ＜０．０１）、１１．０２％（Ｐ＜０．０１）、７．８０％（Ｐ＜０．０１）;试验 １、２、３组料重比分别降低 ８．７３％（Ｐ＜０．０５）、９．０９％（Ｐ＜０．０１）、６．９１％（Ｐ＜０．０５）;试验 ２组血清中甲状腺素含量提高 ８．６８％（Ｐ＜０．０５）;试验 ３组血清中胰高血糖素含量降低 ２４．７５％（Ｐ＜０．０５）;在血清胰岛素动态变化过程中,采食后 １ｈ,试验 １组提高 ４０．３１％（Ｐ＜０．０５）,采食后２ｈ,试验 ２组提高 ４０．０９％（Ｐ＜０．０５）;在血清生长激素动态变化过程中,采食后 １ｈ,试验 ３组提高 ３５．１８％（Ｐ＜０．０５）,采食后 ２ｈ,试验 ２、３组分别提高 ４８．２６％（Ｐ＜０．０５）、４２．７２％（Ｐ＜０．０５）;试验 ２、３组血清中生长激素含量总体平均值分别提高 ２３．６５％（Ｐ＜０．０５）、２６．２９％（Ｐ＜０．０５）。２）与对照２组相比,试验２、３组死亡率均降低２４．９７％;１～５２日龄,试验１、２、３组平均日增重分别提高 ６．５７％（Ｐ＜０．０５）、８．７５％（Ｐ＜０．０１）、５．５９％（Ｐ＜０．０５）;在血清胰岛素动态变化过程中,采食后 ２ｈ,试验 ２组提高 ４４．５５％（Ｐ＜０．０５）;在血清生长激素动态变化过程中,采食后 ２ｈ,试验 ２、３组分别提高 ５０．２４％（Ｐ＜０．０５）、４４．６３％（Ｐ＜０．０５）;试验 ３组血清中生长激素含量总体平均值提高 ２３．８０％（Ｐ＜０．０５）。结果提示,黄羽肉鸡饲粮中添加一定剂量的 ＩＢＳ,对其生长性能、激素分泌有促进作用,且在本试验的 ３个剂量中,以添加 １２ｇ／ｋｇＩＢＳ综合效果最佳。     

日粮中添加含硒生长素对肉仔鸡成活率及增重的影响

选用８００只１日龄艾维茵肉用仔鸡，随机分成４组（第１组为对照组）。试验采用玉米＝－豆饼型基础日粮，各组日粮含硒生长素的添加水平分别为０．０．１５％．０．２５％．０．３５％。试验期８周。试验结果表明，日粮中添加０．２５％的含硒生长素组（第３组），鸡成活率最高，增重快，显著高于其他组（Ｐ＜０．０１）；添加０．３５％的含硒生长素组（第４组），鸡发生了慢性硒中毒，成活率及增重显著低于第３组。由此认为，日粮     

饲料酸化剂对断奶仔猪生产性能的影响

以玉米－豆粕－鱼粉型日粮饲喂,试验研究不同酸化剂对断奶仔猪生产性能的影响,试验结果：柠檬酸组、磷酸组、得卡肥组与对照组相比,断奶仔猪日增重分别提高了７．４６％（Ｐ〈０．０５）、４．４８％（Ｐ〉０．０５）和１３．９３％（Ｐ〈０．０１）,饲料报酬分别提高２．９１％（Ｐ〉０．０５）、１．１６％（Ｐ〉０．０５）和５．２３％（Ｐ〈０．０５）,腹泻率分别降低４８．８９％、４２．２３％和６０％,死亡率分别降低８     

小肽制品喂大快对断奶仔猪生长的影响

选择日龄、体重相近的三元杂交仔猪６０头,随机分为３组：即对照组。试验１组和试验２组,每个组各设置２个重复。经过２９ｄ试验,试验结果表明：试验组与对照组相比增重差异极显著（Ｐ〈０．０１）,组内差异不显著（Ｐ〉０．０５）。试验１、２组平均日增重比对照组分别提高７．８５％,８．８５％（Ｐ〈０．０１）;饲料转化率分别提高１０．６０％、１１．０６％。从腹泻情况看,饲用喂大快组仔猪痢头数明显少于对照组。     

NH_4Cl和NaHCO_3对肉用仔鸡慢性热应激的影响

３２０ 羽１ 周龄健康肉用雏鸡被随机分成４ 组, 经１ 周的适应后进行试验。组Ⅰ、组Ⅱ、组Ⅲ和组Ⅳ的日粮处理分别为： 基础日粮（Ｂ, 对照组） , Ｂ＋ ０－５ ％ ＮａＨＣＯ３ , Ｂ＋ ０－５ ％ ＮａＨＣＯ３ ＋ １ ％ ＮＨ４Ｃｌ 和Ｂ＋ １ ％ ＮＨ４Ｃｌ。试验为期５ 周。研究日粮中添加ＮａＨＣＯ３ 和ＮＨ４Ｃｌ 对慢性热应激肉用仔鸡的血液ｐＨ、ＣＯ２ 分压（ＰＣＯ２） 及生产性能的影响。结果表明： 在慢性热应激（２３ ～３５ ℃） 条件下, 肉用仔鸡未发生呼吸性碱中毒, 组Ⅱ的血液ＰＣＯ２高于对照组（ Ｐ＜ ０－０１） , 增重比对照组多９－４９ ％ ; 组Ⅲ血液ｐＨ 低于组Ⅰ和组Ⅱ（ Ｐ ＜ ０－０１） , 血液的ＰＣＯ２ 高于组Ⅰ和组Ⅳ（ Ｐ ＜ ０－０１） , 增重比对照组多８－１９％ 。组Ⅳ的血液ｐＨ 值极显著低于对照组（ Ｐ ＜ ０－０１） , 比对照组少增重２－５ ％     

仔猪断奶腹泻及断奶前期限饲对增重的影响

开展了对３６窝２９７头断乳仔猪腹泻频率及断奶前期限饲对增重的影响试验。试验表明,仔猪多在断奶后３～４天开始腹泻,６～９天腹泻达到高峰,三周内腹泻面可达７９．３％;２３．６％的仔猪在断奶后一周内失重,平均日增重为－５１．６克;不同腹泻频率对仔猪后期增重差异不显著（Ｐ〉０．０５）;仔猪断奶始重（Ｘ１）和前期日增重（Ｘ２）对保育期全程日增重（ｙ）相关极显著（ｒ１＝０．２５９,ｒ２＝０．４５９,Ｐ〈０．０１）,经回归分析,回归关系显著（ｙ＝２１４．３１＋１５．９５Ｘ１,ｙ＝３３９．２＋０．４８Ｘ２,Ｐ〈０．０１）。     

北方冬季应用塑料棚舍对肥育猪增重的影响

本试验选择杜洛克×长白杂交肥育猪２４头，在相同营养水平条件下进行试验，探索不同环境温度对肥育猪增重的影响。试验结果，试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ组舍内温度（１４．５℃、１０．５℃）均高，与最适温度（１５℃－２３℃）的基本接近。分别比对照组提高２８．９℃和２４．９℃（Ｐ＜０．０１）；日增重分别比对照组高出５８．５５％和４４．６５％（Ｐ＜０．０１）；每ｋｇ增重消耗饵饲料量分别比对照组减少３６．９％和３０．８％（Ｐ＜０．０１）。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -