SPF新西兰兔心电图测定

在麻醉状态下,测定30只SPF级新西兰兔心电图。结果表明:SPF级新西兰兔的心率为281.50次/min±16.64次/min,均为窦性心率。在Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、aVR、aVL、aVF和V导联中,只有aVR导联主波向下,各波倒置,aVL导联的P波直立或倒置。有明显S-T段,绝大部分没有发生偏移(27/30)。     

雷州山羊心电图正常值测定

对雷州山羊心电图测定与分析,了解雷州山羊心电图特征,并与人类心电图进行比较,以期为雷州山羊实验动物化提供心电图基本资料。用XDH-3型心电图仪测定安静及全清醒状态的雷州山羊13头,测定结果:①心电图均为窦性心律。②P波Ⅰ、Ⅱ、aVL导联直立,Ⅲ、aVF导联多为低平,aVR导联倒置,V1~V6导联直立。QRS波Ⅰ导联形态呈rsR型、qR型或qr型;Ⅱ导联呈rsR型、qR型或qr型;Ⅲ导联呈QS型或qr型;AVR导联呈QS型或RS型;AVL导联呈R型或QS型;AVF导联呈Qr型或qr型;V1~V6导联呈rs型或qR型。T波Ⅰ、Ⅱ导联直立;Ⅲ、aVR导联倒置;aVF导联负正双向或直立;V1~V6导联以负正双向为主,部分为直立尖锋或直立高尖锋。P波振幅变动范围为0.02~0.10 mV,在Ⅰ、Ⅱ、aVR、V5导联中最高。③P波时限变动范围为0.02~0.05 s;Q波时限介于0.01~0.03 s之间;Q波时限介于0.01~0.03 s之间;R波时限介于0.01~0.04 s之间;S波时限介于0.01~0.03 s之间;QRS综合波时限介于0.03~0.08 s之间;T波时限介于0.02~0.07 s之间;Q-T期间各导联时限介于0.28~0.36 s之间。④心电轴:无偏5例(占38.46%),右偏7例(占53.85%),左偏1例(占7.69%)。雷州山羊心率及心电图P波方向与人窦性P波方向基本一致,心电轴右偏,QRS波时限比人类短。     

雷州山羊心电图正常值测定

对雷州山羊心电图测定与分析,了解雷州山羊心电图特征,并与人类心电图进行比较,以期为雷州山羊实验动物化提供心电图基本资料。用XDH-3型心电图仪测定安静及全清醒状态的雷州山羊13头,测定结果：①心电图均为窦性心律。②P波Ⅰ、Ⅱ、aVL导联直立,Ⅲ、aVF导联多为低平,aVR导联倒置,V1-V6导联直立。QRS波Ⅰ导联形态呈rsR型、qR型或qr型;Ⅱ导联呈rsR型、qR型或qr型;Ⅲ导联呈QS型或qr型;AVR导联呈QS型或RS型;AVL导联呈R型或QS型;AVF导联呈Qr型或qr型;V1-V6导联呈rs型或qR型。T波Ⅰ、Ⅱ导联直立;Ⅲ、aVR导联倒置;aVF导联负正双向或直立;V1-V6导联以负正双向为主,部分为直立尖锋或直立高尖锋。P波振幅变动范围为0.02-0.10 mV,在Ⅰ、Ⅱ、aVR、V5导联中最高。③P波时限变动范围为0.02-0.05 s;Q波时限介于0.01-0.03 s之间;Q波时限介于0.01-0.03 s之间;R波时限介于0.01-0.04 s之间;S波时限介于0.01-0.03 s之间;QRS综合波时限介于0.03-0.08 s之间;T波时限介于0.02-0.07 s之间;Q-T期间各导联时限介于0.28-0.36 s之间。④心电轴：无偏5例（占38.46%）,右偏7例（占53.85%）,左偏1例（占7.69%）。雷州山羊心率及心电图P波方向与人窦性P波方向基本一致,心电轴右偏,QRS波时限比人类短。     

引入青海高原西宁地区的西德长毛兔及其后代心电图的分析

本试验对引入青海高原西宁地区的35只西德长毛兔原种免及34只第一代仔免进行了标准肢导联、加压单极肢导联共6个导联的心电图描记。结果发现试验兔皆为窦性心律,种兔组和仔兔组的平均 R-R 间期分别为0.229±0.022和0.212±0.023秒,心率为262±25和283±31次/分,QRS 综合波平均心电轴分别为+32.2±18.8°和+55.5±26.4°。两组兔的 P 波和 T 波在Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ和 aVF 导联皆呈正向,aVR 导联均为负向,在 aVL 导联上,P 和 T 波多数低平,不易辨别波向。试验兔Ⅰ、Ⅱ、aVF 导联的 QRS 综合波主棘波绝大多数为正向,呈 qR、R 或 Rs 型,aVR 导联多呈负向,呈 QS、rS 或 Qr 型,Ⅲ导联在种兔组以 RS 型为主,仔兔组以 Rs 型为主,aVL 导联在种兔组绝大多数呈 qR 型,而仔兔组 qR、R 与 Qr 型各约占一半。所测西德长毛免心电图的各项指标与平原上西德长毛兔和其它兔种大致相同,由此可以认为本次测定结果能够作为青海高原西宁地区西德长毛兔心电图的正常指标。     

京黄鸡公鸡心电图分析

采用标准肢导联、加压单极肢导联、单极胸导联对18只京黄公鸡心电图分析结果表明：①窦性心律;②心电轴显著左偏;③QRS向量的主向由尾侧指向头侧;④Ⅱ、Ⅲ、aVF、V3导联的QRS综合波呈rS或QS型,aVR、aVL、V10导联的呈qR或R型;⑤Ⅱ、Ⅲ、aVF、V3导联中P波和T波呈正向波,aVR、aVL、V10导联中呈负向波。     

三种麻醉剂对犬心电图的影响分析

观察和比较3种麻醉药对犬心电图的影响,排除心电图检查和手术等临床过程中麻醉药物对心电图的影响。6条杂种犬,测量麻醉前和静松灵、速眠新Ⅱ、丙泊酚麻醉后的Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、a VR、a VL和a AF 6个导联的心电图。静松灵和速眠新Ⅱ麻醉P-R间期、T波、Q-T间期时限显著高于麻醉前(P0.05),部分导联P波和QRS波群时限显著高于麻前。速眠新Ⅱ麻醉可导致Ⅲ、a VL、a VF导联R波电压显著增高和a VR显著降低(P0.05)。丙泊酚只引起部分导联P-R间期、QRS、T波时限的变化。3种麻醉药对犬的心电图均有不同程度的影响,丙泊酚対犬心电图的影响最小。     

青海省小尾寒羊羔羊心电图的研究

对青海省繁殖的25只小尾寒羊羔羊的心电图进行了分析和研究。结果发现,被检小尾寒羊皆为窦性心律;平均R-R间期的时限为(0.399±0.120)s;心电轴显著右偏(+184.2±80.9°);在Ⅰ,Ⅱ,aVL,aVF,C1和A-B导联心电图上,QRS综合波以QS,rS或Qr为主要波型;在Ⅲ,aVR,C2和C3导联心电图上以qR或R为主要波型;Ⅱ导联心电图上各波和间期的时限(s)为:P波(0.031±0.007);QRS综合波(0.039±0.005);T波(0.047±0.014);P-Q间期(0.089±0.016);Q-T间期(0.226±0.040);Q-Tc间期(0.312±0.031);Q-Tr(0.937±0.092)。在被检小尾寒羊中发现窦性心律不齐(20.0%)、二度房室传导阻滞(4%)、室性期前收缩(4.0%)、双峰P波(8.0%)以及R或S波波峰分叉(12.0%)5种异常心电图。     

牦牛心电图的初步研究——成年母牦牛的心电图——

本文论述了对生活在海拔4000米高原上25头成年母牦牛心电图的研究结果。试验中共描记标准肢导联(Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ),加压单极肢导联(aVR、aVL、aVF),单极胸导联(V_1、V_2、V_3、V_4),双极胸导联(CⅠ、CⅡ、CⅢ)和A-B导联等14个导联的心电图。通过对心电图各波电压、时限、波型和波向的分析,发现试验母牦牛皆为窦性心律,其中有18头呈窦性心律不齐(72％),2头有窦房结内游走性起搏点(8％),3头出现第2度房室传导阻滞(12％)。被检母牦牛的R-R间期为1.152±0.153秒,QRS综合波的平均心电轴为+59.3±54.2°。P波、QRS综合波和T波稳定而有规律的导联是A-B、V_3、V_4和CⅡ导联。在A-B导联心电图上,P波和T波皆呈正向,QRS综合波绝大多数呈rS型。在V_3、V_4和CⅢ心电图上,P波和T波皆呈负向,QRS综合波呈qR型。其余导联的QRS综合波波型多种多样。笔者认为单极胸导联和A-B导联是测量牦牛心电图的优选导联。     

达日县藏羊心电图的研究——Ⅰ.成年藏羊心电图

研究了生活在海拔4000米的达日县藏羊(母30,公羯14)11个导联的心电图。结果表明:(1)心率为81.7±13.4次/分,R-R间期0.689±0.106秒;(2)被检羊均为窦性心律;(3)QRS综合波平均心电轴极度右偏,为 156.8±29.3°;(4)Ⅱ导联各波的电压:P0.069±0.026,Q0.219±0.150,R0.200±0.141,S0.192±0.132,T0.144±0.105毫伏;(5)Ⅱ导联各波和间期的时限;P0.035±0.011,P-R段0.068±0.016,P-Q间期0.104±0.014,QRS综合波0.044±0.009,S-T段0.180±0.027,T0.060±0.014,Q-T间期0.284±0.028秒。并讨论了公、母羊之间Ⅱ、Ⅴ_3和A-B导联各波电压和时限的差异以及达日县藏羊心电图的特征。     

钩吻总碱对家兔心电图影响的研究

为进一步掌握钩吻的安全用量和毒副作用,探明钩吻对家兔心电图的影响特点.试验以家兔为研究对象,每千克体重耳缘静脉注射0.1mg钩吻提取物,描记并测量注射1min、5min后的心电图,与家兔正常心电图进行比较.钩吻总碱制剂对家兔心电图波形的影响结果为:(1)Ⅰ导联主波向上,Ⅱ导联主波向下的2例,Ⅰ导联主波向下,Ⅲ导联主波向上的4例;(2)不同导联中P波呈现有大小不等的纤维波的5例;出现了病理性的Q波、QRS波的3例;(3)Q-T间期延长的有5例;S-T段升高的2例,S-T段下移的4例;(4)所有试验兔的不同导联中均出现T波倒置,其中,T波低平或消失的5例,T波双向的2例,T波切迹或双峰的1例.结论:给药后家兔较正常对照组心率减慢,P波时间、QRS波时间和Q-T间期明显延长,P波电压、R波电压、T波电压降低.     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

Evaluation of serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism and results of radiography as indicators of severity of osteochondrosis in foals

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism can, in conjunction with radiographic evaluation, indicate severity of osteochondrosis in developing horses. ANIMALS: 43 Dutch Warmblood foals with varying severity of osteochondrosis. PROCEDURE: 24 foals were monitored for 5 months and 19 foals were monitored for 11 months. Monthly radiographs of femoropatellar-femorotibial and tibio-tarsal joints were graded for osteochondral abnormalities. Serial blood samples were assayed for 8 cartilage and bone biomarkers. At the end of the monitoring period, foals were examined for macroscopic osteochondrosis lesions. RESULTS: Temporal relationships were evident between certain serum biomarkers and osteochondrosis severity in foals during their first year. Biomarkers of collagen degradation (collagenase-generated neoepitopes of type-II collagen fragments, type-I and -II collagen fragments [COL2-3/4C(short)], and cross-linked telopeptide fragments of type-I collagen) and bone mineralization (osteocalcin) were positive indicators of osteochondrosis severity at 5 months of age. In foals with lesions at 11 months of age, osteochondrosis severity correlated negatively with COL2-3/4C(short) and osteocalcin and positively with C-propeptide of type-II procollagen (CPII), a collagen synthesis marker. Radiographic grading of osteochondrosis lesions significantly correlated with macroscopic osteochondrosis severity score at both ages and was strongest when combined with osteocalcin at 5 months and CPII at 11 months. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The ability of serum biomarkers to indicate osteochondrosis severity appears to depend on stage of disease and is strengthened with radiography. In older foals with more permanent lesions, osteochondrosis severity is significantly related to biomarker concentrations of decreased bone formation and increased cartilage synthesis.