中国杂交水稻与常规稻产量和稻谷品质的比较分析

以2001—2002年国家和省级农作物品种审定委员会审定的383个水稻品种为材料,对杂交水稻和常规稻在区域试验中的平均产量和主要稻谷品质性状进行了比较分析。结果表明：杂交籼稻平均产量为7.720 t/hm^2,比常规籼稻高11.72%,达极显著水平;杂交粳稻平均产量为8.991 t/hm^2,比常规粳稻高6.91%,达显著水平。籼、粳杂交稻整精米率和直链淀粉含量的优质达标率均高于常规稻,但垩白粒率和垩白度的优质达标率均明显低于常规稻,垩白粒率和垩白度是籼、粳杂交稻品质改良的重点,其中杂交籼稻还应加强胶稠度的改良;垩白度、整精米率和垩白粒率为籼、粳常规稻品质改良的重点,其中常规籼稻还应注重直链淀粉含量的改良。     

不同籼型三系保持系的稻米品质相关性状分析

对16个籼型三系保持系稻米品质进行研究,考察了子粒的长宽比、千粒重、垩白粒率、垩白度、直链淀粉含量等指标及指标间的相关性．品质评价结果表明．现有水稻品系G763B和新育品系422B的外观品质等级为1级．吉香B的外观品质等级为2级。相关性分析表明长宽比与垩白度、垩白粒率呈极显著的负相关：直链淀粉含量与垩白度呈极显著的正相关;粒宽与垩白度、垩白粒率呈正相关。     

湖南优质稻品种品质指标间的相关性分析

对湖南省评选出的221个优质稻品种(组合)的主要米质指标进行了分析,探析了品质性状与评定等级的关系。结果表明,在一定范围内,稻米垩白粒率和垩白度越大,等级越低;而粒型长宽比和胶稠度越大,等级越高。湖南省二、三等优质品种的出糙率要求高于国家相应标准,垩白度和胶稠度要求低于国家相应标准。30年来,湖南省评选的优质稻品种米质有较大改善,但垩白粒率、垩白度仍普遍偏高。相关回归分析表明,稻米垩白粒率与垩白度呈极显著正相关,垩白粒率、垩白度与出糙率、精米率呈显著正相关,与粒型长宽比、整精米率、胶稠度、碱消值和食味值呈极显著负相关;粒型长宽比、整精米率与胶稠度、碱消值和食味值呈极显著正相关。     

北方粳稻区域试验产量与品质及其相互关系分析

以2015年北方稻区国家水稻品种试验为例,分析了黄淮粳稻、京津唐粳稻、中早粳晚熟、中早粳中熟、中早粳早熟5种类型的产量、产量构成因素、主要品质性状及其相互关系。结果表明:中早粳晚熟产量最高,显著高于黄淮粳稻和中早粳早熟,5种类型产量平均值达到了10.15 t/hm~2;产量与每穗粒数均表现为正相关,总体和中早粳晚熟达到极显著水平,产量与其他产量构成因素均未达到显著相关水平;5种类型糙米率平均值为83.59%、整精米率平均值为64.81%,直链淀粉含量基本在15%~16%,垩白度的平均值为4.44%、垩白粒率平均值为22.55%,主要品质指标都超过国标三级优质粳稻标准;籽粒长宽比与加工和外观品质的相关性均未达到显著水平,而外观品质与加工品质大多表现为显著或极显著的负相关。产量本身与主要品质性状关系并不密切,增加穗数、降低每穗粒数和千粒重有利于改善加工和外观品质。     

不同粒型中籼杂交稻组合稻米品质及相关性分析

通过米粒粒型分类,对2013-2014年通过四川省审定的36个中籼杂交水稻组合的主要品质性状进行了分析,并研究了品质性状指标间的相关关系。结果表明,36个组合中只有2个组合的稻米品质指标全部达国颁优质稻谷标准3级以上,这2个组合的米粒长宽比都在2.9以上;在单个品质性状指标中,这些组合优质达标率(达到国颁优质稻谷标准3级以上)最高的是糙米率,其次是胶稠度,第三是整精米率,达标率较低的是垩白粒率和垩白度。长米粒型组合垩白粒率和垩白度优质达标率均为16.67%,中米粒型组合分别为0和14.29%,短米粒型组合分别为10.00%和0。垩白粒率和垩白度是中籼杂交稻组合稻米品质提升的主要障碍因子。品质性状相关分析结果:垩白粒率和垩白度与米粒长宽比呈极显著负相关,与直链淀粉含量呈极显著正相关;在长米粒型组合中,垩白粒率、垩白度与直链淀粉含量显著或极显著正相关;在中米粒型组合中,垩白粒率、垩白度与米粒长宽比显著或极显著负相关,与直链淀粉含量极显著正相关;在短米粒型组合中,垩白粒率和垩白度与其他主要品质性状相关性均不显著。建议在遗传改良中籼杂交稻垩白粒率和垩白度时可以从粒型着手,选择米粒粒型偏长、容重大、无裂纹、近圆柱形的材料和组合。     

辽宁省水稻品种外观品质性状分析

以近年来辽宁省审定的77个水稻品种为试材,对辽宁省水稻品种外观品质性状进行了分析。结果显示,辽宁省水稻品种间外观品质性状差异较大,垩白粒率、垩白度变异幅度最大。垩白、粒形、透明是影响稻米外观品质的主要因子。性状间只有粒长与籽粒长宽比、垩白粒率与垩白度、粒长与透明度相关达到极显著或显著水平。中等粒长品种垩白性状和透明程式度较好,为品种外观品质改良和田间选择提供了依据。同时,探讨了在水稻品质改良中种质资源利用问题。     

吉林省耐盐碱早熟水稻品种品质与产量性状相关分析

对近年审定且推广面积较大、耐盐碱早熟的14个水稻品种的主要品质指标进行了分析,并研究了品质性状与产量性状的关系,结果表明:参试品种中仅有2个品种的垩白粒率、3个品种的垩白度达到农业部颁(NY/T83-1988)一级优质米标准,胶稠度、直链淀粉含量、蛋白质含量、透明度、碱消值、精米率、糙米率大部分都达到部颁优质米一级标准;垩白粒率和垩白度呈极显著正相关(r=0.892,P0.01),蛋白质含量与胶稠度呈极显著负相关(r=-0.744,P0.01),产量与垩白粒率呈显著正相关(r=0.614,P0.05),与蛋白质含量呈显著负相关(r=0.626,P0.05),千粒重与垩白粒率呈极显著正相关(r=0.702,P0.01),和胶稠度呈显著正相关(r=0.634,P0.05)。适当增加穗数,降低千粒重、提高整精米率可兼顾水稻品质改良与产量的提高。     

优质稻核心种质绿珍占8号及其衍生系统的株型和品质理想模式研究

分别对青六矮1号→绿珍占8号→绿源占衍生系统早季性状和晚季性状进行综合分析,结果表明：1）早季产量和食味品质与15项农艺性状和9项品质性状均不存在显著相关,着粒密度与垩白度、直链淀粉含量、不完善粒率呈极显著负相关,与胶稠度、粒型呈极显著正相关;2）晚季产量与结实率、穗长和剑叶长均呈极显著正相关,与倒2叶长和倒3叶长呈极显著负相关,与倒2叶宽和倒3叶宽呈极显著正相关。食味品质与垩白粒率和垩白度呈显著负相关,与胶稠度呈极显著正相关。主成分分析表明：1）早季垩白度因子对食味品质有极显著负线性关系;2）晚季穗长因子对产量有极显著正线性关系;整精米率因子对食味品质有极显著负线性关系。综合分析结果表明,华南籼稻早晚兼用型品种（系）同一套品种（系）早季种植和晚季种植时,大多数性状及其相互关系有显著差异,同一套育种材料在早季和晚季的株型和品质理想模式有显著不同。讨论了供试材料品种改良的综合育种指标。     

中等直链淀粉含量籼型杂交水稻组合稻米品质及相关性研究

对2012年四川省水稻区试的86个中等直链淀粉含量籼型杂交稻组合的主要品质性状及相关性进行了研究分析。结果表明,86个组合的品质性状中差异最大的是垩白度,变异系数为33.22%;其次是垩白粒率,变异系数为23.32%;差异最小的是糙米率,变异系数为1.01%。按优质稻米标准衡量单个品质性状,除直链淀粉含量外,达标率较高的是胶稠度和整精米率,达3级优质米以上标准的品种比例为94.19%和86.05%;达标率较低的是垩白粒率和垩白度,达3级优质米的品种比例仅为3.49%和4.65%。在86个组合中仅有2个组合综合品质性状指标达3级优质米标准。相关分析结果表明,在中等直链淀粉含量(15%~24%)范围内,直链淀粉含量与垩白粒率、垩白度极显著正相关;胶稠度与蛋白质含量极显著负相关;垩白度与长宽比极显著负相关,与蛋白质含量显著负相关,与垩白粒率极显著正相关;长宽比与整精米率、垩白粒率极显著负相关。在改良稻米品质的选择上必须以降低垩白粒率和垩白度为主攻目标,并注意耐碾磨力强的粒型选择。     

2001-2018年通过河南省审定的水稻品种情况分析

对2001-2018年通过河南省审定的水稻品种基本情况及其产量、米质等性状进行了介绍分析。结果表明,2001-2018年河南省通过审定品种132个,其中籼型水稻77个、占比58.33%,粳型水稻54个、占比40.91%,籼粳杂交稻1个、占比0.76%;育种单位涉及科研、教学及推广单位、种业企业等,种业企业选育或参与选育的品种比例正逐渐增加;审定品种年度间产量总体呈上升趋势,并以粳型杂交稻和籼型两系杂交稻产量最高;46.21%的水稻品种达到国标优质稻谷等级,粳型水稻优质达标率高于籼型水稻,垩白粒率和垩白度是限制河南稻米品质等级的主要因素,有待进一步提高。     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.