不同氮磷施肥量对玉米生育期土壤微生物量的影响

通过田间小区试验研究了不同N、P施肥量对玉米生育期土壤微生物量C、N、P的影响。结果表明,不同N、P施肥量对微生物量C无明显影响;施N肥量高（225kg/hm^2）量降低微生物量N;当施P肥达225kg/hm^2时则对微生物量P产生明显的抑制作用。     

苹果与小麦间作对土壤养分状况及生物活性的影响

通过测定苹果与小麦间作条件下土壤养分及土壤生物活性的变化，探讨了种植方式对农田土壤肥力的影响。结果表明，土壤有机质、全磷及速效磷含量和几种主要土壤酶活性、微生物数量存在离树距内的空间变异。距树越近，有机质含量越高，全磷及速效磷含量越低；树冠区及近冠区几种主要水解酶和氧化酶活性显著受抑，且细菌、放线菌总数和解磷菌、纤维分解菌数量减少。     

大棚蔬菜种植年限、种植茬口对土壤微生物的影响

利用土壤微生物平板计数方法,对寿光市、苍山县(现兰陵县)两个蔬菜产区的土壤微生物区系进行了研究。获得如下结果:(1)蔬菜种植年限对大棚土壤微生物的区系变化有显著的影响。苍山以种植4年、8年的土壤细菌最多,寿光以种植2年、6年的细菌数量最大,两蔬菜产区土壤细菌数量都以种植12年和7年最低;寿光市土壤真菌数量以种植3年、2年最高,苍山以8年、10年最高,两个区都以种植12年和7年的真菌量降低最多;寿光市土壤放线菌都以种植10年、5年最高,苍山县以2年、10年最高,超过6年下降加快。蔬菜大棚连续种植12年时,两地蔬菜大棚土壤中的细菌、真菌、放线菌的数量都急剧减少。(2)蔬菜轮作有利于各种微生物数量维持较高的水平;单一蔬菜品种种植中,西红柿、大蒜对土壤细菌有不良影响,辣椒、大蒜能够抑制和减少土壤真菌数量,大蒜对放线菌有很强的抑制作用。(3)寿光市大棚蔬菜土壤微生物总量以黄瓜-架豆轮作最高,茄子的土壤微生物总量最少。苍山县土壤微生物总量以茄子-辣椒轮作种植最高,茄子、辣椒单一品种能够维持较高的土壤微生物水平,蔬菜轮作和茄子、辣椒单一种植均有利于提高土壤微生物总量。     

种植年限对京郊温室土壤生态环境的影响

在北京郊区选取80个不同种植年限（0 ~ 30 a）的温室作为研究对象,以露地土壤为对照,探究了京郊设施土壤主要化学性质和生物学指标随种植年限的演变规律及其影响因素。结果表明:随种植年限的增加,土壤pH波动强烈,有效磷含量持续上升,有机质、速效钾、水溶性8大离子和细菌数量均呈现先增加后降低趋势。与CK相比,细菌数量在6 ~ 10 a增加了231.33 %,真菌数量则随种植年限呈线性增加趋势,回归方程为y = 3E + 07x + 2E + 08（R2 = 0.9424**）,在16 ~ 30 a增加了49.62%。土壤酶活性随种植年限的增加而增加,其中α-葡糖苷酶（AG）、β-葡糖苷酶（BG）和磷酸酶（AP）活性呈线性增加的趋势。冗余分析表明土壤有机质、有效磷、速效钾及部分盐离子（K+、Mg2+、NH₄+）含量的增减导致了酶活性及微生物数量的变化。只有减少肥料投入、改变肥料种类和增施有益微生物菌剂,种植填闲作物、深耕等农艺措施,才能提升土壤质量和可持续生产能力。     

长期稻秆还田对土壤微生物量及C、N动力学的影响

A study was performed on the long-term effect of straw incorporation on soil microbial biomass C contents, C and N dynamics in both Rothamsted and Woburn soils. The results showed that for both soils, the microbial biomass C contents were significantly different among all the treatments, and followed the sequence in treatments of straw chopped and incorporated into 10 cm (CI10) > straw burnt and incorporated into 10 cm (BI10) > straw chopped and incorporated into 20 cm (CI20) > straw burnt and incorporated into 20 cm (BI20). Laboratory incubation of soils showed that the cumulative CO₂ evolution was closely related to the soil microbial biomass C content. Carbon dioxide evolution rates (CO₂-C, μg (g•d)^-1) decreased rapidly in the first two weeks' incubation, then decreased more slowly. The initial K₂SO₄-extractable NH₄-N and NO₃-N contents were low and similar in all the treatments, and all increased gradually with the incubation time. However, net N immobilization was observed in chopped treatments for Rothamsted soils during the first 4 weeks. Nevertheless, more N mineralization occurred in Treatment CI10 than any other treatment at the end of incubation for both soils. The Woburn soils could more easily suffer from the leaching of nitrate because the soils were more permeable and more N was mineralized during the incubation compared to the Rothamsted soils.     

不同施肥制度对小麦生育期土壤微生物量的影响

通过测定小同施肥制度下小麦土壤微生物量C、N的动态变化，探讨了不同施肥制度对小麦土壤的培肥效应。研究结果表明，与无肥、单施有机肥、单施化学肥料相比，有机肥与化学N、P、K配合施用能显著增加小麦各生育时期的土壤微生物量C、N，促进土壤微生物量显著增长，增强了土壤养分容量的供应强度，有利于培肥土壤。     

不同种植模式下茬口对小麦季土壤养分和酶活性的影响

采用田间试验,研究了不同种植模式下茬口对小麦季土壤肥力的影响.研究表明,豆茬在土壤养分、酶活性方面优于苕茬,但不同的间套作条件下土壤肥力存在差异:(1)有机质表现为豆茬＞苕茬,成熟期苕茬以三熟＞四熟,豆茬以净作＞套作;速效磷以豆茬持续降低,苕茬先降低再增加,成熟期以苕茬＞豆茬,苕茬又以三熟＞四熟,豆茬以麦/高/豆含量最高,达184.97 mg/kg.碱解氮、速效钾、全钾在小麦生长的旺盛季则始终表现为豆茬＞苕茬.(2)土壤酶茬口效应一致,同一茬口间的差异受种植模式的影响较大,成熟期磷酸酶和蔗糖酶活性表现为豆茬＞苕茬,苕茬以三熟＞四熟,豆茬磷酸酶活性则以麦/高/豆＞麦/玉/豆＞麦-豆,蔗糖酶活性则相反.     

腐植酸钾与速效磷肥结合形态对磷的有效性影响

本文研究了速效磷肥及其与腐植酸钾的混合物和反应产物在土壤中培养60天中磷的有效性。结果表明，反应产物的效果最好。其施入土壤后10～15天磷就几乎不再被固定，60天中有效磷含量基本保持状态，60天后比单施磷肥多14.6%，比混合物多12.7%，抑制磷的固定率是混合物的8.4倍，相对提高了磷肥的有效性。化学研究表明，反应产物水溶磷减少，枸溶磷增加，但这种枸溶磷不是简单的CaHPO4，而是以腐植酸--磷酸盐复合物的形式存在，这可能是反应产物在土壤中有效磷能够维持平稳状态的主要原因之一。     

植被修复对锰矿渣废弃地土壤微生物数量与酶活性的影响

以锰矿渣废弃地为对照地,研究了湘潭锰矿渣废弃地栾树(Koelreuteria paniclata)、杜英(Elaeocarpus de-cipens)人工混交林(修复地)对土壤微生物数量与酶活性的影响.结果表明:修复地和对照地土壤微生物以细菌数量最多,放线菌数量其次,真菌数量最少.修复地(0-60cm)土层微生物总数、细菌、真菌、放线菌数量比对照地的分别高出36.05%,43.32%,23.58%,6.54%.同一土层中,修复地微生物总数、细菌、真菌、放线菌数量均显著高于对照地(p＜0.05),同一季节.修复地微生物总数、细菌、真菌、放线菌数量也基本上高于对照地.修复地(0-60 cm)土层脲酶、蔗糖酶、过氧化氢酶活性均高于对照地.且同一土层中,修复地和对照地脲酶、过氧化氢酶活性的差异极显著(p＜0.01),0-20 cm土层蔗糖酶活性差异显著(p＜0.05).同一季节,修复地土壤脲酶、过氧化氢酶活性均显著或极显著高于对照地(p＜0.05),蔗糖酶活性秋、冬季显著高于对照地(p＜0.05),而春季显著低于对照地(p＜0.05).土壤微生物数量与土壤酶活性之间均呈正相关.且相关系数最大为0.943,最小为0.614.人工植被修复能明显提高矿渣废弃地土壤微生物数量和酶活性.     

土地利用变化对中国西南热带湿润地区土壤磷动态的影响

Land use changes can greatly influence soil phosphorus (P) dynamics, especially when converting native forests to agricultural land. Soils in Xishuangbanna, which is one of southwest China’s tropical areas that maintain fragments of primary forests, were studied to a) evaluate the effect of two common land use changes, conversion of forests to agricultural land or rubber tree plantation, on the dynamics of available P and total P in bulk soils as well as total P in particle size fractions; b) assess the relationship between soil P dynamics and soil organic carbon (SOC); and c) elucidate the relationship between soil P content and soil properties such as pH and texture. Clearing secondary forests with subsequent shifting cultivation and establishment of rubber tree plantation caused significant decreases (P < 0.05) in available P in 0--20 cm soil depths, whereas for total P there was a significant decrease (P < 0.05) when converting to shifting cultivation, rubber tree plantation, or fallow fields at both 0--20 and 20--40 cm depths. Abandonment of fields used for shifting cultivation led to significant increases (P < 0.05) in available P at 20--40 cm depth. In addition, there was a significant positive relationship between soil organic carbon and soil P content. Compared to secondary forests, the ratio of organic carbon to total P in surface soils (0--20 cm) of shifting cultivation and rubber tree plantation was significantly lower (P < 0.05).     

含Ni六方水钠锰矿的表征及其对Pb 2+ (Zn2+)环境行为的影响

六方水钠锰矿是土壤中普遍存在、活性最强的氧化锰矿物。它常常富集各种过渡金属如Ni等,对其地球化学行为具有重要影响。在六方水钠锰矿形成过程中加入Ni2+,Ni以+2价存在于矿物中。进入水钠锰矿结构中的Ni大部分以[NiO6]八面体形式存在于层内;部分Ni存在于八面体空位上下方。含Ni水钠锰矿沿c轴方向堆叠锰氧八面体层数逐渐减小,而a-b板面晶体大小没有明显变化,即层片状晶体逐渐变薄,比表面积显著增大。随着Ni含量的增加,水钠锰矿结构中锰氧八面体空位数减少,而层边面吸附位点数基本保持不变,其对重金属离子(Pb2+/Zn2+)吸附去除能力逐渐降低。本文为明确过渡金属离子(Ni)对土壤中氧化锰矿物的形貌、结构及其性质的影响提供了参考。     

含Ni六方水钠锰矿的表征及其对Pb 2+ (Zn2+)环境行为的影响

六方水钠锰矿是土壤中普遍存在、活性最强的氧化锰矿物。它常常富集各种过渡金属如Ni等,对其地球化学行为具有重要影响。在六方水钠锰矿形成过程中加入Ni²⁺,Ni以+2价存在于矿物中。进入水钠锰矿结构中的Ni大部分以[NiO₆ ]八面体形式存在于层内;仅有小部分Ni存在于八面体空位上下方。含Ni水钠锰矿沿c轴方向堆叠锰氧八面体层数逐渐减小,而a-b板面晶体大小没有明显变化,即层片状晶体逐渐变薄,比表面积显著增大。随着Ni含量的增加,水钠锰矿结构中锰氧八面体空位数减少,而层边面吸附位点数基本保持不变,其对重金属离子(Pb²⁺/Zn²⁺)吸附去除能力逐渐降低。本文为明确过渡金属离子(Ni)对土壤中氧化锰矿物的形貌、结构及其性质的影响提供了参考。     

Trace amounts of O2 affect NO and N2O production during denitrifying enzyme activity (DEA) assays

We evaluated the potential of trace amounts of O₂ inadvertently introduced into anaerobic incubations to initiate the C₂H₂-catalyzed NO oxidation reaction and affect NO and N₂O production rates during denitrifying enzyme activity (DEA) assays. We measured the rate of NO production in the presence and absence of 10 kPa C₂H₂ and N₂O production in the presence of 10 kPa C₂H₂ by short-term incubations of slurries of humisol and sandy loam soil. NO production, in the absence of C₂H₂, was similar for both soils (0.73-1.32 ng NO-N g dry soil⁻¹ min⁻¹) and replicate measurements of NO production rates were linear and exhibited small standard deviations. It was not possible to consistently measure NO production in the presence of C₂H₂. Replicate measurements of NO production were always lower and exhibited a wide range of variability when C₂H₂ was present. The rate of NO production in the absence of C₂H₂ was only 2.3-3.0% of the rate of N₂O production in the presence of C₂H₂ in humisol soil but was much larger (31.8-35.0%) in the sandy loam soil. Rates of NO production from sandy loam soil were reduced by 58% when trace amounts (30 μl) of O₂ were added to slurry incubations containing C₂H₂. We conclude that trace amounts of O₂ inadvertently introduced into the slurries during sampling could initiate scavenging of NO by the C₂H₂-catalyzed NO oxidation reaction and cause an underestimate of N₂O production during DEA assays in some soils.     

Nitrous oxide production by nitrification and denitrification in soil aggregates as affected by O2 concentration

Nitrous oxide emitted by soils can be produced either by denitrification in anoxic conditions or by nitrification in presence of O₂. The relative importance of the two processes, particularly under varied partial pressures of O₂, is not always known. This paper focuses on the influence of O₂ concentration on N₂O production by nitrification and denitrification in an arable Orthic Luvisol. Soil aggregates (2-3 mm size), water unsaturated, received 116 mg N kg⁻¹ as ammonium sulphate labelled with ¹⁵N and were incubated during 14 days at different O₂ partial pressures: 0, 0.35, 0.76, 1.5, 4.3 and 20.4 kPa. A ¹⁵N tracing technique was used to quantify nitrification and denitrification rates. ¹⁵N₂O and ¹⁵N₂ were measured. Oxygen pressure appeared to strongly influence both nitrification and denitrification rates and also N₂O emissions. Nitrification rates were reduced by a factor of 6-9 when O₂ decreased from 20.4 to 0.35 kPa. They were highly correlated with O₂ consumption rates. Denitrification mainly occurred in complete anoxic conditions. The proportion of N₂O emitted by denitrification was estimated by two independent methods: one based on ¹⁵N tracing using isotope composition of NH₄, NO₃ and N₂O, the other based on the measurement of the ¹⁵N₂O:¹⁵N₂ ratio. The two methods gave close results. The highest N₂O emissions were obtained under complete anoxic conditions and were due to denitrification. However, N₂O emissions almost as important were obtained at day 14 with 1.5 kPa O₂ pressure, and they were due to nitrification. Nitrification was the main source of N₂O at O₂ concentrations greater than 0.35 kPa. The amounts of N₂O-N emitted by nitrification were linearly related to the amounts of N nitrified, but the slope of the regression was highly dependent on O₂ concentration: it varied from 0.16 to 1.48% when O₂ concentration was reduced from 20.4 to 0.76 kPa. Emissions of N₂O by nitrification may then be quite significant if nitrification occurs at a reduced O₂ concentration.     

Soil heterogeneity effects on O2 distribution and CH4 emissions from wetlands: In situ and mesocosm studies with planar O2 optodes and membrane inlet mass spectrometry

The importance of soil heterogeneity for methane emission from a wetland soil is assessed by in situ point measurements of depth-specific O₂ and CH₄ concentrations and simultaneous soil CH₄ fluxes at contrasting water levels. Profile measurements, and associated assumptions in their interpretation, were validated in a controlled mesocosm drainage and saturation experiment applying planar O₂ optodes and membrane inlet mass spectrometry. Results show that peat soil is heterogeneous containing dynamic macropore systems created by both macrofauna and flora, which facilitate preferential flow of water, O₂ and CH₄ and vary temporally with changes in the moisture regime. The O₂ content above the water table after drainage varied horizontally from 0 to 100% air saturation within few mm. Oxic zones were observed below the water level and anoxic zones were observed in layers above the water level in periods up to days after changes in the water level. This study shows that although water table position is a competent proxy of soil CH₄ fluxes at larger spatio-temporal scales, it becomes inadequate at higher spatial resolution, i.e. at the scale of the soil pedon and below. High resolution O₂ measurements using planar O₂ optodes have great potential to enhance our understanding of the effect of the water table position on O₂ dynamics on scales of several cm to mm in wetland soils.     

The inhibitory effect of difluoromethane on CH4 oxidation in reconstructed peat columns and side-effects on CO2 and N2O emissions at two water levels

Methane emissions from soils are the net result of two processes: methane (CH₄) production and CH₄ oxidation. In order to understand how both processes respond to environmental changes, it is necessary to distinguish between CH₄ production and oxidation. In bacterial cultures and small soil samples, difluoromethane (CH₂F₂) was found to inhibit CH₄ oxidation reversibly, without affecting CH₄ production. Hence, CH₂F₂ allows the study of CH₄ production directly and of CH₄ oxidation indirectly. To our knowledge, however, the inhibitory effect of CH₂F₂ within soil columns has not yet been evaluated. We therefore tested which CH₂F₂ concentration is needed for complete inhibition of CH₄ oxidation in reconstructed 28 cm high peat soil columns under different water levels (WL). We found that soil columns require considerably higher headspace CH₂F₂ concentrations for complete inhibition of CH₄ oxidation than small soil samples. Inhibition remained complete until ca. 24 h after CH₂F₂ exposure. Then, the inhibitory effect diminished. The time needed for the inhibitory effect to disappear depended on WL; at a low WL of −15 cm, the inhibitory effect declined slowly and oxidation rates recovered by 90% only after 12 days. At WL = −5 cm, CH₄ oxidation recovered much faster (90% recovery after ca. 3 days). Last, CH₂F₂ addition significantly decreased the N₂O emissions, whereas CO₂ emissions remained unaltered.     

农田土壤主要温室气体(CO2、CH4、N2O)的源/汇强度及其温室效应研究进展

气候变化是当今全球面临的重大挑战, 人类社会生产生活引起的温室气体排放是全球气候变暖的主要原因。大气中CO₂、CH₄ 和N₂O 是最重要的温室气体, 对温室效应的贡献率占了近80%。据估计, 大气中每年有5%~20%的CO₂、15%~30%的CH₄、80%~90%的N₂O 来源于土壤, 而农田土壤是温室气体的重要排放源。本文重点阐述了农田土壤温室气体产生、排放或吸收机理及其影响因素, 指出土地利用方式和农业生产力水平等人为控制因素通过影响土壤和作物生长条件来影响农田土壤温室气体产生与排放或吸收。所以, 我们可以从人类活动对农田生态系统的影响着手, 通过改善农业生产方式和作物生长条件来探索温室气体减排措施, 达到固碳/氮增汇的目的。对国内外关于农田温室气体排放的源/汇强度及其综合温室效应评估的最新研究进展进行了综述, 指出正确估算与评价农田土壤温室气体的源/汇强度及其对大气中主要温室气体浓度变化的贡献, 有助于为温室气体减排以及减少气候变化预测的不确定性提供理论依据。     

Effects of elevated CO2 and O3 on soil respiration under ponderosa pine

Soil respiration represents the integrated response of plant roots and soil organisms to environmental conditions and the availability of C in the soil. A multi-year study was conducted in outdoor sun-lit controlled-environment chambers containing a reconstructed ponderosa pine/soil-litter system. The study used a 2×2 factorial design with two levels of CO₂ and two levels of O₃ and three replicates of each treatment. The objectives of our study were to assess the effects of long-term exposure to elevated CO₂ and O₃, singly and in combination, on soil respiration, fine root growth and soil organisms. Fine root growth and soil organisms were included in the study as indicators of the autotrophic and heterotrophic components of soil respiration. The study evaluated three hypotheses: (1) elevated CO₂ will increase C assimilation and allocation belowground increasing soil respiration; (2) elevated O₃ will decrease C assimilation and allocation belowground decreasing soil respiration and (3) as elevated CO₂ and O₃ have opposing effects on C assimilation and allocation, elevated CO₂ will eliminate or reduce the negative effects of elevated O₃ on soil respiration. A mixed-model covariance analysis was used to remove the influences of soil temperature, soil moisture and days from planting when testing for the effects of CO₂ and O₃ on soil respiration. The covariance analysis showed that elevated CO₂ significantly reduced the soil respiration while elevated O₃ had no significant effect. Despite the lack of a direct CO₂ stimulation of soil respiration, there were significant interactions between CO₂ and soil temperature, soil moisture and days from planting indicating that elevated CO₂ altered soil respiration indirectly. In elevated CO₂, soil respiration was more sensitive to soil temperature changes and less sensitive to soil moisture changes than in ambient CO₂. Soil respiration increased more with days from planting in elevated than in ambient CO₂. Elevated CO₂ had no effect on fine root biomass but increased abundance of culturable bacteria and fungi suggesting that these increases were associated with increased C allocation belowground. Elevated CO₂ had no significant effect on microarthropod and nematode abundance. Elevated O₃ had no significant effects on any parameter except it reduced the sensitivity of soil respiration to changes in temperature.     

O3与CO2浓度倍增对大豆叶片及其总生物量的影响研究

利用OTC-1型开顶式气室研究CO2和O3浓度倍增对大豆叶片及其总生物量的影响结果表明,CO2和O3浓度倍增均可致使大豆黄叶率增加,绿叶率下降;CO2浓度倍增使大豆总叶片干物质量和总叶面积、绿叶和黄叶干物质量及总生物量均明显增加;O3浓度倍增使大豆总叶干物质量和总叶面积、绿叶和黄叶干物质量及总生物量均下降;CO2与O3交互作用处理对大豆生物量的影响均表现为CO2>O3;CO2与O3持续倍增处理对大豆叶片老化的影响为O3>CO2,CO2与O3逐渐达倍增的处理在大豆鼓粒前CO2的缓解作用明显,鼓粒后CO2与O3的影响逐渐接近;大豆总生物量增长遵循自然增长曲线。