李子口径流小区不同植被条件下降雨对土壤侵蚀的影响研究

采用径流小区实验的方法,在李子口小流域设立了6个不同植被类型的径流小区,研究径流小区不同植被条件下降雨对土壤侵蚀的影响,结果如下:(1)不同植被条件下,降雨对土壤侵蚀的影响可表现为撂荒地小区>农耕地小区>林地小区,降雨对林地的土壤侵蚀弱,林地对当地水土的保持能力强,最适合作为当地水土保持的植物措施。(2)总体上,6个径流小区的降雨量、降雨侵蚀力与地表径流量、径流深、土壤流失量之间的相关性均表现为显著正相关的关系,表明降雨对当地土壤侵蚀作用强,需重点防护。研究揭示了研究区降雨与土壤侵蚀的相关性,比较了不同植被条件下降雨对土壤侵蚀的影响,为水土保持的相关研究提供参考与借鉴。     

祁连山寺大隆林区不同程度放牧草地水土流失的初步研究

本文根据试验区内不同植被类型的12个地表径流观测场的5年观测,研究了降雨对不同程度放牧草地水土流失的影响。结果表明:降雨强度是影响地表产流的首要因子;有林地各植被类型小区均不产生水土流失现象;过度、中度和轻度放牧草地类型其年径流量分别为210.5mm、42.1mm、5.2mm,土壤流失量分别为5262.42kg/ha,115.37kg/ha 和3.94kg/ha;并且过度放牧草地的地表径流系数变化最显著,在雨季有较大降雨量时是流域内产生水土流失的主要来源。     

喀斯特石漠化地区不同植被群落的土壤有机碳变化

研究贵州中部喀斯特石漠化地区不同植被群落土壤和小生境土壤中有机碳的数量和质量变化.结果表明:喀斯特石漠化区阔叶林土壤有机总碳含量和腐殖酸碳含量明显高于灌木林、灌草丛和稀疏草丛,而土壤水溶性有机碳含量的变化则相反;喀斯特森林退化后,土壤有机碳的累积量减少、流失量增加;喀斯特小生境土壤有机总碳和腐殖酸碳含量存在明显的水平空间变异:石坑>石沟>石缝>石洞.主成分分析结果表明:喀斯特土壤有机碳变化的第1主要因子由植被类型决定,第2主要因子由小生境类型所决定.     

不同土地利用类型土壤有机质与全氮供应研究

选取了我国西南部抚仙湖流域典型流域尖山河小流域为试验区,以不同土地利用类型的径流小区作为试验对象,对径流小区内土壤不同土层有机质和全氮含量进行了测定分析。结果表明:土壤剖面有机质及全氮含量均随着土层深度的增加而降低,即0~20cm20~40cm40~60cm,且随深度增加含量差距减小;在同种土地利用类型中,土壤全氮含量随有机质含量的增加而增加;在4种土地利用类型中,土壤有机质含量表现为次生林人工林灌草丛坡耕地,全氮含量表现为灌草丛坡耕地人工林次生林,说明在土地利用类型不同且人为干扰严重的情况下,土壤全氮含量随有机质含量变化的程度不同。     

富源县不同群落水土保持能力比较

文章采用建径流小区定位观测方法,对富源县云南松次生林、华山松人工林、针阔混交林、次生灌丛和荒草地等主要植物群落进行水土保持能力的观测。分析表明:富源县的降雨量主要集中于5～10月,雨季降雨量占全年的86.48%,且降雨量主要是10mm以上的降雨产生;不同群落地表径流量、土壤流失量和侵蚀降雨次数依次均为荒草地>次生灌丛>云南松次生林>华山松人工林>针阔混交林,说明森林植被类型中针阔混交林保土保水能力最强,其次是纯林,在低效林改造和生态建设工程中应大面积推广混交林的营建。     

红壤坡地泡桐林地表径流和养分流失研究

在红壤坡地泡桐林地设置3个不同处理研究施肥对地表径流和养分流失的影响.试验结果表明:林下植被覆盖能有效的降低红壤坡地产流、产沙量以及氮、磷流失量;氮的流失主要以径流水溶性氮为主.磷的流失则是以泥沙携带为主;林地施肥增加了径流水溶性总氮、总磷浓度,而对泥沙结合态氮、磷浓度影响不大;氮素的流失浓度和流失量都比磷素高;在降雨...     

抚仙湖流域磷矿区主要植物群落水土保持效应研究

通过对抚仙湖流域磷矿开采区8种主要植物群落类型水土保持效应的研究，探讨了不同植物群落的抗径流和土壤侵蚀的能力以及与土壤抗蚀性之间的关系；筛选出水土保持效应较优的植物群落。研究表明：竹林群落和旱冬瓜林群落的抗径流能力和抗土壤侵蚀能力较强，可作为该地水土保持的先期植物群落。荒草地和矿渣废弃地水土流失严重，土壤抗侵蚀性差，应进行植树造林和加强封育管理。云南松林、华山松林、桉树林、灌木林的土壤抗侵蚀性稍逊于竹林和旱冬瓜林，营造水土保持防护林时可适当考虑。     

尖山河流域不同植被类型坡面产流产沙量研究

对云南省玉溪市小尖山流域径流小区进行定位观测试验,对珠江石灰岩溶地区的不同植被类型坡面产流产沙量进行分析,结果表明：①该小流域降雨量年内分配不均,雨季（6—9月）占全年降雨量的83．2％,当降雨量大于5mm或10min雨强大于9mm／h时都会使该流域坡耕地发生产流．②灌草丛和次生林比坡耕地减少产流54．29％和92．06％,比人工林减少产流52．78％和87．13％．4个径流小区的产流大小顺序为：坡耕地〉人工林〉退耕地-灌草丛〉次生林．③土壤侵蚀量随着径流量的增加而增加,灌草丛和天然次生林分别比坡耕地减少土壤侵蚀量95．96％和99．02％,比人工林减少土壤侵蚀量64．60％和91．40％,其大小顺序与产流量一致．坡耕地、人工林、灌草丛的侵蚀量主要是由几次单次侵蚀贡献的,而次生林则是平均贡献．因此次生林防止水土流失的效果最好,在建立人工林时,应该考虑合适的复层结构,乔灌结合才能达到水土保持的最佳效果．     

路基边坡草灌植被消减降雨侵蚀作用机理探讨

为深入探讨草灌植被消减降雨侵蚀作用机理,提高其生态防护效益,2005～2008年,选择路基边坡不同土壤类型和草灌植被为研究对象,通过野外径流小区法和数据分析,探讨了边坡草灌植被消减降雨侵蚀作用机理。结果表明:(1)降雨侵蚀力被草灌植被消减效果得到量化,植被覆盖度越大,效果越好;(2)降雨侵蚀力R值与土壤流失量正相关,建立了二者幂函数关系式;(3)边坡植被保持水土效果:砂姜黑土:紫花苜蓿93.1%,高羊茅92.3%,紫穗槐91.8%,狗牙根88.0%,小叶扶芳藤77.9%;黄粘土:紫穗槐96.6%,紫花苜蓿95.8%,高羊茅95.4%,小叶扶芳藤94.6%,狗牙根89.1%;粉砂土:高羊茅91.8%,紫花苜蓿90.7%,狗牙根87.3%,紫穗槐84.2%,小叶扶芳藤82.4%。该成果对路基边坡生态防护具有实际指导作用和理论价值。     

玉溪尖山河流域不同植被类型坡面产流产沙规律研究

对玉溪市澄江尖山河小流域坡面产流产沙进行定点观测,分析降雨因子对不同植被类型坡面产流产沙的影响规律,初步建立了以降雨因子为主的预测径流量和土壤流失量的回归方程,以及坡面径流量与侵蚀量之间的预测模型。研究结果表明,不同植被类型的坡面产流与P、I、R、I60、H的关系显著;不同植被类型的坡耕地产沙量与I30关系密切,灌草丛与I10关系密切、其他地类与I60密切;不同植被类型的产流与产沙之间相关性显著。     

不同竹林地氮磷径流流失特征研究

对昆明西山的灰金竹林、慈竹林、实心竹林3种典型竹林地进行野外模拟降雨实验,研究不同竹林地下土壤表层N和P随降雨径流的迁移过程。结果表明:在相同降雨条件下,3种竹林地产流量、产沙量大小顺序均为慈竹林>灰金竹林>实心竹林;径流水相中悬浮颗粒态氮(PN)和悬浮颗粒态磷(PP)是氮、磷流失的最主要形态。整个降雨过程氮素流失以径流水相为主,而磷素流失以泥沙相为主;土壤表层氮、磷流失速率大小顺序均为慈竹林>灰金竹林>实心竹林,土壤浅层水源涵养功能最强的为实心竹林。     

Characteristics of runoff and sediment generation of forest vegetation on a hill slope by use of artificial rainfall apparatus

We studied the impact of forest vegetation on soil erosion,surface runoff, and sediment generation by using field simulated rainfall apparatus. We measured runoff and sediment generation of five 4.5 × 2.1m runoff plots (a bare soil as a control; two Pinus tabulaeformis forestplots and two Platycladus orientalis forest with row spacing of 1 m × 1m and 1.5 m × 1.5 m, respectively) in Beijing Jiu Feng National ForestPark under three rainfall intensities (0.42, 0.83, 1.26 mm per minute).Forest vegetation significantly reduced soil erosion and sediment yield.Mean total runoff volume in the four tree stand plots was 93% of that inthe control plot, demonstrating the limited effectiveness of forest vegetation in runoff control. With increasing rainfall intensity, runoff reductionin forest plots declined from 28.32% to 2.1%. Similar trends in runoff coefficient and the relationship between runoff volume and rainfall duration was observed. Mean total sediment yield and mean sediment yield reduction rate under different treatments was 55.05% and 43.17% of those in the bare soil control plot, respectively. Rainfall intensity playedan important role in runoff and sediment generation processes, and had agreater impact on runoff than on soil erosion and sediment generation.When considering several factors in runoff and sediment transport processes, the P. tabulae form plot with row spacing at 1 × 1 m had a greater effect on soil and water conservation than did other forested plots.     

不同土层中氮磷钾养分对红松针叶磷素的影响

本文以红松1~2年生叶片和其林下生长的土壤为对象,研究红松叶片中磷含量、磷贮量及其林下土壤中0~20、20~40和40~60 cm土层的氮磷钾矿质养分含量。揭示叶片质量、磷素水平与各层土壤速效氮、速效钾和速效磷的相互关系。结果表明：叶片质量与土壤中速效养分含量无关,土壤中速效氮含量与针叶磷含量无关,0~20 cm土层的速效钾含量与2年生针叶磷含量显著相关。不同年生针叶的磷含量与各土层的速效磷含量都有显著的回归关系。针叶中磷贮量与土壤中速效养分无明显相关性。     

Effect of forest vegetation on runoff and sediment production in sloping lands of Loess area

According to fixed-position data for 1985–2003 from nine runoff plots of Caijiachuan watershed which lies in Jixian County of Shanxi Province in Loess area, this paper studied the relationship between vegetation and runoff and sediment production in sloping lands in detail, which helps to provide scientific basis for vegetation re-construction and studies on environmental transformation of water and sediment in watersheds of Loess area. Although, many study results testify that forest vegetation has an important function in soil and water conservation and cutting runoff, the effect of vegetation on runoff and sediment transmission is complicated, and this needs to be studied in depth. The results of the paper showed the following. Firstly, the natural secondary forest performs better function of soil and water conservation than artificial Robinia pseudoacacia forest, and runoff and sediment produced in the former in individual rainfall were 65%–82% and 23%–92% of those produced in the latter. At the same time, better correlative relationship between runoff and sediment production and rainfall and rainfall intensity were testified by multiple regression, but the correlation decreased gradually with the increase of canopy density of forest. Secondly, the difference of runoff and sediment production in several land use types was very distinct, and the amount of runoff and sediment produced from Ostryopsis davidiana forest and natural secondary forest were the least, and runoff and sediment produced from in artificial Robinia pseudoacacia forest and Pinus tabulaeformis forest were 5-fold as much as those from O. davidiana forest. Besides, runoff and sediment produced in mixed planting of apple trees and crops were 16.14-fold and 2.96-fold than those of O. davidiana forest, respectively, but the amount decreased obviously after high-standard soil preparation in the case of the former. Thirdly, based on gray cognate analyses of factors affecting runoff and sediment production in sloping land, the factors of stand canopy density and herb and litter biomass were the most significant ones, whose gray incidence degree exceeded 0.6. Therefore, mixed forest with multi-layer stand structure and shrub forest should be developed in vegetation re-construction of Loess area, which will help to increase coverage and litter thickness in order to cut down the runoff and sediment dramatically in sloping land. __________ Translated from Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2005, 16(9): 1,613–1,617 [译自: 应用生态学报, 2005, 16(9): 1,613–1,617]     

应用官司河分布式水文模型模拟流域降雨-径流过程

由于地理要素（地形、气候、土壤、植被等）的空间异质性,森林的生态服务功能,尤其是涵养水源和保持水土的功能,也存在着空间分异。本文根据森林水文过程和森林水文生态功能的形成机理,建立了通用性较强的官司河分布式水文模型。官司河模型根据流域内部地理要素的空间异质性把流域分成一系列的单元和作用层,以单元和作用层为基本单位,连续计算每个单元和作用层的水文过程和水文要素变化,包括降雨输入、冠层截留、枯落物层吸水、入渗、蒸散、壤中流、地表径流等,进而得到流域水文的时空变化。用此模型模拟了四川绵阳官司河流域的降雨－径流过程,计算结果与观测结果基本吻合。     

华北平原沙地治理工程初期的改良土壤效应

分别在北京市郊的房山区、顺义区和昌平区选择沙地治理工程示范区,以附近的荒地为对照,测量不同植被类型下的土壤有机质、全氮、速效氮、速效磷和速效钾含量等指标,以对华北平原沙地治理工程初期土壤改良效应进行研究。结果表明：在3个示范区,不同类型的植被都在一定程度上改良了土壤。其中,房山区的毛白杨增加土壤有机质和全氮的效果最佳,刺槐增加土壤速效氮和速效钾的效果最佳,而油松增加土壤速效磷的效果最佳。顺义区的华山松,国槐和垂榆均有效增加了土壤有机质、全氮、速效氮和速效钾,而华山松和国槐增加土壤速效磷的效果较好。昌平区的桧柏增加土壤有机质、全氮、速效氮、速效磷和速效钾的效果最佳。因此,在沙地治理工程初期,植被即可在一定程度上改良林下土壤。     

元谋雨季中期加勒比松林林分水文气象研究

对雨季中期干热河谷加勒比松林林中与林边平均地温、空气相对湿度、树干流量、降雨量、蒸发量等水文气象指标进行了研究.得出了由于树林屏蔽作用的存在,各项水文气象指标分别在林边、林中的影响因子和时空动态变化特点以及其分异规律.