基于线粒体DNA D-loop区全序列分析儋州鸡遗传多样性及其起源进化关系

为了研究儋州鸡的遗传多样性及其起源进化关系,本研究对36只儋州鸡样品的线粒体DNA(mtDNA) D-loop区全序列进行PCR扩增和测序,结合GenBank中公布的部分品种鸡的mtDNA D-loop区全序列,利用生物信息学方法进行数据处理,分析儋州鸡的遗传多样性及其起源进化关系。结果显示,儋州鸡mtDNA D-loop区扩增片段长度为1 210 bp,A+T含量为59.9%,C+G含量为40.1%,变异区在167～1 215 bp之间,高变区主要集中在167～367 bp之间,存在6种单倍型,共有20个变异位点,单倍型变异度(Hd)为0.571,平均核苷酸差异(k)为6.449,核苷酸多样度(Pi)为0.00537,中性检验的Tajima’s D值为1.61643,6种单倍型可分为A、B、C 3个世系,以B世系为主。研究结果表明,儋州鸡群体遗传多样性和单倍型多样性相对偏低,结合群体构建的系统进化树发现,儋州鸡的遗传组成来自3个母系祖先,缅甸红原鸡、爪哇红原鸡及红原鸡海南亚种均是其潜在的祖先,受外来鸡种影响较小,是一个较为封闭的原始鸡种。     

崇仁麻鸡mtDNA D-loop区遗传结构与遗传多样性分析

为研究崇仁麻鸡线粒体DNA(mitochondrial DNA,mtDNA)D-loop区遗传多样性和遗传结构，试验采用PCR产物直接测序的方法，测定崇仁麻mtDNA D-loop区的全序列，并与其他5个红色原鸡亚种进行系统进化关系分析。结果显示：30个样本的mtDNA D-loop区序列长度范围为1 231～1 232 bp，共发现27个多态位点，单倍型多样性（Hd）、核苷酸多样性（Pi）和平均核苷酸差异（K）数值分别为0.947、0.006 89和8.476。群体中16种单倍型划分为A、B、C和E单倍型类群。研究表明，崇仁麻鸡具有较高的线粒体遗传多样性，可能来源于不同的母系。     

建昌马mtDNA D-loop区遗传多样性及系统进化分析

试验旨在以线粒体DNA(mitochondrial DNA,mtDNA)为切入点,研究建昌马的母系遗传多样性与系统进化。从建昌马(n=39)血液中提取基因组DNA,用PCR方法扩增mtDNA D-loop区并直接测序,分析其高变区247 bp序列信息,统计mtDNA D-loop区的单倍型及变异位点,计算单倍型多样性(haplotype diversity,Hd)、核苷酸多样性(nucleotide diversity,Pi)和平均核苷酸变异数(average number of nucleotide differences,K)。构建包括建昌马在内的19个品种马的NJ系统进化树,计算各品种间的遗传距离。结果显示,试验获得了清晰的PCR扩增产物,并通过直接测序方法获得了约1 200 bp的序列。39匹建昌马mtDNA D-loop区247 bp序列(其中1个样品缺失1 bp)的AT碱基含量为61.45%,属AT碱基对富集区,检测到33个多态性位点,共显示26种单倍型,其中4种为共享单倍型,且Hap7和Hap1为优势单倍型,单倍型多样性为0.947,核苷酸多样性为0.02399,平均核苷酸变异数为5.901,显示丰富的母系遗传多样性;NJ系统进化树显示,建昌马分布在A、C、D、E、F、G共6个支系中,约50%的样品分布在A支系,显示出复杂的母系起源;建昌马与关中马的遗传距离最小(0.021),其次是三河马、文山马、韩国车巨马(0.024),与韩国济州岛马遗传距离最大(0.032)。本研究结果表明,建昌马的mtDNA D-loop高变区遗传多样性丰富,具有多个母系起源,且A支系占有明显优势,与关中马、文山马可能有共同的母系起源。     

拉伯高脚鸡线粒体DNA D-loop序列变异与起源分化研究

为从母系遗传角度探明云南拉伯高脚鸡的遗传多样性与起源分化,采用PCR产物直接测序技术对30只拉伯高脚鸡的线粒体DNA控制区(mtDNA D-loop)第一高变区序列进行了分析。结果表明:在所分析的mtDNA D-loop 527 bp序列中,共检测到17个变异位点,归结为5个单倍型。单倍型L1和L2属G世系,单倍型L3和L4属A世系,单倍型L5属B世系。G世系占整个群体的63.3%,A世系占33.3%。单倍型多样度为(0.763±0.049),群体内序列间核苷酸差异的平均数为7.205,核苷酸多样度为0.01315,平均遗传距离为0.016。由最大似然法构建的NJ系统进化树将拉伯高脚鸡聚为3大枝,分别与G、A、B 3个世系对应。与红原鸡及国内外鸡种聚类比较,拉伯高脚鸡在起源上具有其独特性。结果表明,拉伯高脚鸡存在较高的遗传多样性,起源上具有云南本地鸡特有的遗传特征。     

庆阳驴mtDNA D-loop区遗传多样性及起源分析

【目的】研究庆阳驴养殖群体的遗传多样性与母系起源,了解其遗传信息,为保护庆阳驴种质资源、选育和遗传改良工作提供理论依据。【方法】随机选取133头庆阳驴,对其线粒体DNA(mitochondrial DNA,mtDNA)D-loop区序列进行PCR扩增、测序及比对,并探讨庆阳驴的遗传多样性与母系起源。【结果】在获得的520 bp D-loop碱基序列中,AT含量(57.3%)高于GC含量(42.8%),表现出碱基的偏倚性;检测到38个变异位点,包含8个碱基对的转换;其核苷酸多样性(Pi)、单倍型多样性(Hd)、平均核苷酸差异(K)分别为0.01591、0.895和8.274,与欧洲家驴和中国家驴研究的平均值相比较低,说明该驴品种核苷酸变异较为贫乏。庆阳驴mtDNA D-loop区存在35个单倍型,单倍型之间的遗传距离为0.002～0.042。系统进化结果显示,庆阳驴存在2个线粒体支系,表明其具有2个母系起源,且遗传距离表明,庆阳驴与克罗地亚家驴之间的遗传距离较近。【结论】本研究从分子水平初步揭示庆阳驴核苷酸变异比较贫乏,杂交程度高,mtDNA遗传多态性正逐步丧失,应加强庆阳驴品种的遗传资...     

建昌马mtDNA D-loop区遗传多样性及系统进化分析

试验旨在以线粒体DNA(mitochondrial DNA,mtDNA)为切入点,研究建昌马的母系遗传多样性与系统进化。从建昌马(n=39)血液中提取基因组DNA,用PCR方法扩增mtDNA D-loop区并直接测序,分析其高变区247 bp序列信息,统计mtDNA D-loop区的单倍型及变异位点,计算单倍型多样性(haplotype diversity,Hd)、核苷酸多样性(nucleotide diversity,Pi)和平均核苷酸变异数(average number of nucleotide differences,K)。构建包括建昌马在内的19个品种马的NJ系统进化树,计算各品种间的遗传距离。结果显示,试验获得了清晰的PCR扩增产物,并通过直接测序方法获得了约1200 bp的序列。39匹建昌马mtDNA D-loop区247 bp序列(其中1个样品缺失1 bp)的AT碱基含量为61.45%,属AT碱基对富集区,检测到33个多态性位点,共显示26种单倍型,其中4种为共享单倍型,且Hap7和Hap1为优势单倍型,单倍型多样性为0.947,核苷酸多样性为0.02399,平均核苷酸变异数为5.901,显示丰富的母系遗传多样性;NJ系统进化树显示,建昌马分布在A、C、D、E、F、G共6个支系中,约50%的样品分布在A支系,显示出复杂的母系起源;建昌马与关中马的遗传距离最小(0.021),其次是三河马、文山马、韩国车巨马(0.024),与韩国济州岛马遗传距离最大(0.032)。本研究结果表明,建昌马的mtDNA D-loop高变区遗传多样性丰富,具有多个母系起源,且A支系占有明显优势,与关中马、文山马可能有共同的母系起源。     

溧阳鸡线粒体DNA D-loop区遗传多样性研究

为了研究溧阳鸡线粒体DNA(mtDNA)D-loop区遗传多样性,试验采用PCR产物直接测序法对30只溧阳鸡mtDNA的D-loop区序列进行分析。结果表明:溧阳鸡549 bp D-loop区序列的T、C、A、G平均含量分别为30.0%、29.9%、27.1%、13.0%,共检测到19个突变位点,其中单一多态位点3个,简约多态位点16个;序列的核苷酸多样性为0.007 63,单倍型多样性为0.662;共获得7种单倍型,其中Hap单倍型占56.7%,群体内遗传距离为0.008。结合NJ系统发生树发现,溧阳鸡存在3个分支,揭示溧阳鸡在遗传组成上具有3个母系来源。     

广西3个地方黄牛品种mtDNA D-loop区序列多态性及起源分析

【目的】探究广西3个地方黄牛品种线粒体DNA控制区（mtDNA D-loop区）序列的多态性及其母系起源,为广西地方黄牛品种的选育、系统分类和开发利用提供科学依据。【方法】利用PCR扩增、测序和生物信息学方法对广西3个地方黄牛品种（南丹黄牛、隆林黄牛和涠洲黄牛）mtDNA D-loop序列进行多态性分析与系统发育进化树构建。【结果】从广西3个地方黄牛品种127个个体mtDNA D-loop区序列中检测到27种单倍型,其核苷酸多态位点65个,多态位点占所测核苷酸总长（908~912 bp）的7.143%,其中有61个转换、3个颠换和1个转换/颠换共存。广西3个地方黄牛品种mtDNA D-loop区单倍型多样度（H）为0.339~0.795,核苷酸多样度（π）为 0.31%~2.54%,表明广西3个地方黄牛品种mtDNA D-loop区的遗传多样性存在较大差异,其中,南丹黄牛具有更丰富的遗传多样性,隆林黄牛次之,涠洲黄牛的遗传多样性较贫乏。聚类分析结果表明,广西3个地方黄牛品种具有普通牛和瘤牛2大母系起源,受瘤牛起源影响更明显。【结论】广西3个地方黄牛品种具有瘤牛和普通牛两大母系起源,但受瘤牛影响更明显。隆林黄牛与南丹黄牛为瘤牛和普通牛的混合母系起源,而涠洲黄牛为纯正的瘤牛母系起源,因此,应加强对广西地方黄牛品种资源,尤其是对涠洲黄牛品种资源的保护力度。     

中国水牛mtDNA D-loop区遗传多样性与母系起源

[目的]检测中国水牛21个群体232条线粒体DNA D-loop 915 bp全序列的遗传多样性及系统进化关系.[方法]PCR扩增、测序和生物信息学方法.[结果]发现232条序列中共有87种单倍型,其核苷酸多态位点88个,其中有79个转换,6个颠换,3个颠换与转换共存.中国水牛mtDNA D-loop区核苷酸多样度(π值) 为0.01403±0.00178, 单倍型多样度(H)为0.8460±0.0240,表明中国水牛mtDNA 遗传多样性丰富.根据单倍型构建了中国水牛的NJ分子系统树,发现中国水牛变异类型主要为两个大支系A和B,表明中国水牛有两个主要母系起源.进一步分析发现支系B具有较大的差异,可以细分为两个亚支B1 和B2.[结论]中国水牛mtDNA 遗传多样性丰富,有2个母系起源.     

张掖肉牛线粒体DNA D-loop区遗传多样性研究

为研究张掖肉牛的遗传多样性及母系起源,利用特异性引物扩增mtDNA D-loop区全序列,采用最大似然法构建了张掖肉牛mtDNA D-loop区分子系统树,对核苷酸多态性和遗传距离进行了分析。结果表明,构建的166头张掖肉牛mtDNA D-loop区全序列分子系统树分为3组（普通牛、瘤牛、牦牛）,其中,普通牛血统基因型组占比80.7%,有93种单倍型（Hd=0.988),核苷酸变异度π=0.005 79;瘤牛血统基因型组占比13.2%,有6种单倍型（Hd=0.476）,核苷酸变异度π=0.001 19;牦牛血统基因型组占比6.1%,有5种单倍型（Hd=0.867）,核苷酸变异度π=0.009 65。张掖肉牛与中国北方牛的遗传距离比较近（Fst=0.01）。综上所述,张掖肉牛具有混合母系起源的特点,但受普通牛的影响较大,亲缘关系明显表现出了中国北方黄牛的地理生态分布特征,该研究结果可为张掖肉牛生态区的分布提供理论依据,也可为遗传育种提供参考。     

Genetic Diversity of Lueyang Black-bone Chicken Based on Mitochondrial DNA D-loop Region Sequence

This study was aimed to assess mitochondrial DNA D-loop sequence diversity and origin of Lueyang Black-bone chicken.The mtDNA D-loop sequence of 30 individuals from Lueyang Black-bone chicken were amplified by PCR and subsequently sequenced.The mtDNA D-loop sequence of other chicken were collected from GenBank and used as reference sequences to analyze the diversity and origin of Lueyang Black-bone chicken.The results revealed that the average values of base composition of A,C,G and T in mtDNA D-loop the sequence of Lueyang Black-bone chicken were 26.6%,26.6%,13.4% and 33.4%,respectively.26 nucleotide polymorphic sites were transition.The average nucleotide diversity (Pi) of the sites and haplotype diversity (Hd) were 0.00705 and 1.000,and the value of Tajima's D was -0.47272.Phylogenetic tree showed that samples were clusted in 4 clades. In the research, it could be concluded that the genetic diversity was relatively rich and wealthy and there were 4 maternal origins to Lueyang Black-bone chicken population.     

A Genetic Diversity Analysis of Mitochondrial DNA D-loop Region in Four High Quality Chicken Breeds

This study was conducted to elucidate the genetic diversity of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) D-loop region in Qingyuan partridge chicken group 1,Qingyuan partridge chicken group 2,Yangshan chicken and Qingyuan Yellow feather black-bone chicken.The specific primers were designed according to mtDNA D-loop region of Gullus gullus spadiceus (accession No.:NC_007235.1) in GenBank.The sequence was analyzed after PCR amplification and sequencing,and the haplotype number,polymorphism number,haplotype diversity,nucleotide diversity and nucleotide mean difference were counted.The evolution divergence among breeds was calculated by Mega 5.10 software,and the phylogenetic tree was constructed.The results showed that the length of mtDNA D-loop region in four high quality chicken breeds was 591 bp,and 549 bp were used for subsequent analysis.The content of A,T,C and G were 27.2% to 27.3%,30.1% to 30.4%,29.5% to 29.8% and 12.8% to 12.9%,respectively,and the average content of G+C was 42.5%.There were 92 polymorphic sites which contained 14 singleton variable sites and 78 parsimony informative sites,and the percentage of transitions and transversions were 89.13% (82/92) and 10.87% (10/92),respectively.The haplotype diversity ranged from 0.682 to 0.835,and the nucleotide diversity ranged from 0.00849 to 0.01167.There were 32 haplotypes in all sequences,which could be divided into clades A,B,C and E,however,most of the individuals belonged to clades B (51.2%) and E (37.6%).The phylogenetic tree results showed that four high quality chicken breeds could be classified as 4 branches which were consistent with the haplotypes classification results.The results indicated that the four high quality chicken populations from Qingyuan had relatively high haplotype and nucleotide diversity and likely shared two or more common maternal lineages.     

The complete mitochondrial genome and molecular phylogeny of Lueyang black-bone chicken

ABSTRACT

1. The objectives of the current study were to investigate the mitochondrial genome and molecular phylogeny of Lueyang black-bone chicken, and provide molecule base to preserve and explore the specific chicken strain.

2. Based on sequencing and clustering, the complete mitochondrial DNA map and sequences of Lueyang black-bone chicken were revealed, and two phylogenetic trees of Lueyang black-bone chickens based on D-loop sequences and the mitochondrial genome were constructed.

3. The results showed that the complete mitochondrial genome of Lueyang black-bone chickens is 16,784bp in size, consisting of 22 transfer RNA genes, two ribosomal RNA genes, 13 protein-coding genes, and one non-coding control region. The base composition of the complete mtDNA sequence is 30.28% for A, 23.78% for T, 32.42% for C, 13.52% for G. Additionally, 10 haplotypes of D-loop sequences in 32 Lueyang black-bone chickens were detected, which were distributed into 4 clades (A, B, C and E).

4. It was concluded that genetic diversity is wide in Lueyang black-bone chickens, and this strain has multiple maternal origins from different regions in China and neighbouring regions.     

Genetic Diversity and Evolution of Danzhou Chicken Assessed with Mitochondrial Complete DNA D-loop Region Sequencing

The objective of this study was to determine the genetic diversity and evolution of Danzhou chicken.The complete mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) D-loop regions of 36 Danzhou chickens were amplified,sequenced and analyzed.The sequencing reads were compared with the complete mtDNA D-loop sequence of several relative strains of chicken annotated in GenBank,and analyzed by bioinformatics methods.The genetic diversity and its evolutionary relationship in Danzhou chicken were analyzed.The results showed that the lengths of PCR products at the D-loop region were 1 210 bp,with 59.9% being A+T and 40.1% as C+G.The variable regions were 167-1 215 bp,and the high variable regions were mainly 167-367 bp.A total of 20 variable sites that defined 6 haplotypes were identified.The average haplotype diversity (Hd) and average number of nucleotide difference (k) were 0.571 and 6.449,respectively,the nucleotide diversity (Pi) was 0.00537,and the Tajima's D value of neutrality test was 1.61643.6 haplotypes could be grouped to 3 haplogroups (A,B and C) as determined by phylogenic analysis,with B clade,as the most abundant population.It concluded that the genetic diversity and haplotype diversity of Danzhou chicken were relatively low.Phylogenetic tree showed that the genetic composition of Danzhou chicken came from 3 maternal ancestors,Gallus gallus spadiceus,Gallus gallus bankiva and Gallus gallus jabouillei were potential ancestors.There was few influence of exotic lineage detected,which indicated that Danzhou chicken was a relatively conserved breed.     

Genetic diversity of mtDNA D-loop sequences in four native Chinese chicken breeds

1. To explore the genetic diversity of Chinese indigenous chicken breeds, a 585 bp fragment of the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) region was sequenced in 102 birds from the Xichuan black-bone chicken, Yunyang black-bone chicken and Lushi chicken. In addition, 30 mtDNA D-loop sequences of Silkie fowls were downloaded from NCBI. The mtDNA D-loop sequence polymorphism and maternal origin of 4 chicken breeds were analysed in this study.

2. The results showed that a total of 33 mutation sites and 28 haplotypes were detected in the 4 chicken breeds. The haplotype diversity and nucleotide diversity of these 4 native breeds were 0.916 ± 0.014 and 0.012 ± 0.002, respectively. Three clusters were formed in 4 Chinese native chickens and 12 reference breeds. Both the Xichuan black-bone chicken and Yunyang black-bone chicken were grouped into one cluster. Four haplogroups (A, B, C and E) emerged in the median-joining network in these breeds.

3. It was concluded that these 4 Chinese chicken breeds had high genetic diversity. The phylogenetic tree and median network profiles showed that Chinese native chickens and its neighbouring countries had at least two maternal origins, one from Yunnan, China and another from Southeast Asia or its surrounding area.     

基于线粒体DNA控制区(mtDNA D-loop)序列分析贵妃鸡的遗传多样性

采用PCR产物直接测序技术对30只贵妃鸡样品的线粒体DNA控制区(mtDNA D-loop)第Ⅰ高变区序列进行了分析。结果表明,在所分析的D-loop区部分序列中(520 bp),A、G、C、T平均含量分别为26.8%、13.0%、31.1%和29.1%;共发现13个核苷酸多态位点,均为转换位点,未检测到插入/缺失和颠换,核苷酸多样度(Pi)为0.0059,单倍型变异度(Hd)为0.538,中性检验Tajima’s D值为-0.67065。通过群体构建的NJ聚类图分子系统树发现,贵妃鸡起源于红原鸡。     

Genetic diversity of Bangladeshi native chickens based on complete sequence of mitochondrial DNA D-loop region

ABSTRACT

1. The aim of this study was to explore genetic diversity and possible origin of Bangladeshi (BD) native chickens. The complete mtDNA D-loop region was sequenced in 60 chickens representing five populations; naked neck, full feathered, Aseel, Hilly and autosomal dwarf. The 61 reference sequences representing different domestic chicken clades in China, India, Laos, Indonesia, Myanmar, and other Eurasian regions were included. The mtDNA D-loop sequence polymorphism and maternal origin of five BD populations were analysed.

2. A total of 35 polymorphic sites, and 21 haplotypes were detected in 60 mtDNA D-loop sequences. The haplotype and nucleotide diversity of the five populations were 0.921 ± 0.018 and 0.0061 ± 0.0019, respectively. Both mtDNA network and phylogenetic analysis indicated four clades (four haplogroups) in BD populations (21 haplotypes) along with 61 reference haplotypes. Clade E contained the most individuals (20) and haplotypes (11) of BD chickens, followed by clade D (17, 6), clade C (12, 2) and clade F (11, 2), respectively.

3. The higher number of unique haplotypes found in Yunnan, China, suggested that the origin of BD chickens was in this region. The haplotypes from different haplogroups were introduced in Bangladeshi chickens from India, China and Myanmar. The phylogenetic tree showed a close relationship of BD chickens with the clusters from India, China, Myanmar and Laos, and indicated the dispersion of BD chickens from these sources. The phylogenetic information revealed high genetic diversity of BD chickens because of their origin from different lineages with high genetic variation and distance, which was determined from four cluster and neighbour-joining trees.

4. In conclusion, BD populations had high genetic diversity. The mtDNA network profiles and phylogenetic trees showed multiple maternal origins of BD chickens from India, China, Myanmar and Laos.     

基于线粒体控制区的鸡不同杂交组合遗传多样性研究

旨在探讨鸡不同杂交组合线粒体控制区（mtDNA D-loop区）的遗传多样性和单倍型特性。选取固始鸡和隐性白羽鸡及其正、反交F1代、藏鸡以及F2代等6个群体共387个个体的mtDNA D-loop区进行测序,分析其遗传规律和单倍型特性,并与不同红色原鸡亚种进行聚类,分析其母系起源。结果显示,6个群体D-loop区全序列大小为1 231 bp,共检测到28个多态位点和1个C碱基缺失,共构成19种单倍型,分为A、B、C和E 4个单倍型群,其中,固始鸡和反交F1代主要为A、C单倍型,固始鸡A、C单倍型比例分别为53.42%和46.58%,反交F1代A、C单倍型比例分别为50.75%和49.25%;隐性白羽鸡、正交F1代和F2代优势单倍型均为E单倍型,占比分别为48.89%、48.84%和50.00%。6个鸡群体单倍型多样度（Hd）在0.496~0.729之间,核苷酸多样度（Pi）在0.003 40~0.005 41之间,Hd值和Pi值最大的均为正交F1代,其次为隐性白羽鸡和F2代,固始鸡和反交F1代群体遗传多样性接近。聚类分析显示,A、B单倍型群与滇南亚种交叉聚为一枝;E单倍型群与印度亚种交叉聚为一枝;C单倍型群与印度亚种、指名亚种、印尼亚种以及滇南亚种聚为一枝。结果提示,mtDNA D-loop区遵循严格的母系遗传,后代的遗传多样性和单倍型比例与其母本基本一致;我国家鸡群体具有多个红色原鸡母系起源,且主要起源于原鸡滇南亚种。     

中国家鸡和红色原鸡mtDNA控制区遗传多态性及系统进化分析

通过线粒体DNA控制区的结构和多态性来研究中国家鸡和红色原鸡的遗传多态性与系统进化。测定14个中国地方鸡种和红色原鸡2个亚种的256个个体线粒体DNA控制区部分序列约560bp,结果表明,A、C、G、T这4种核苷酸的平均比例分别为25．∞％、37．40％、4．40％和33．20％。共发现44个变异位点,约占分析位点总数的7．86％,没有观测到插入／缺失,颠换和转换之比为0．13;共具有32种单倍型,9种为共享单倍型;16个群体内单倍型多样度从0到0．964,单倍型变异度总体为0．909±0．014,整体的平均核苷酸差异数为7．276,核苷酸多样度为1．851％。群体间核苷酸分歧度（Dxy）在0．747％～3．125％之间变化,核苷酸净遗传距离（Da）为0．015％～2．633％。16个群体表现出较高水平的遗传多态性,群体间表现出显著的遗传分化。群体遗传多态性和亲缘关系分析表明,一些中国家鸡的群体（如固始鸡和仙居鸡）起源于泰国红色原鸡Gallus gallu sgallus亚种,一些中国家鸡的群体（如茶花鸡和藏鸡等）起源于中国红色原鸡Gallus gallus spadiceus亚种,在一些中国地方鸡种还同时具有这2种红色原鸡的遗传贡献;认为中国家鸡起源于泰国或单纯起源于中国的观点都是不全面的。