测定猪不同组织基因表达时RT-PCR内参基因的选择

以95kg体重育肥猪的不同组织为研究对象,应用实时荧光定量PCR技术,对SDHA、HMBS、TOP2B、ACTB、B2M、PPIA、GAPDH、HPRT1、RPL4、TBP和YWHAZ共11个候选内参基因表达量进行检测,应用geNorm程序对内参基因的稳定性进行分析。结果表明,肌肉组织中稳定表达的内参基因是TBP、RPL4,心脏组织中稳定表达的内参基因是GAPDH、RPL4,肝脏组织中稳定表达的内参基因是TBP、HPRT1,脾脏组织中稳定表达的内参基因是SDHA、ACTB,肺脏组织中稳定表达的内参基因是B2M、HPRT1,肾脏组织中稳定表达的内参基因是B2M、TBP。由此可见,不同组织中最稳定表达的内参基因不同,不同组织中标准化目的基因的内参基因也不一样。     

干扰MSTN的牛骨骼肌卫星细胞实时荧光定量PCR内参基因的筛选

为了筛选在牛骨骼肌卫星细胞(MSCs)分化前后稳定表达以及不受MSTN基因表达影响的内参基因,试验以野生组(WT)、转染干扰MSTN组(si-MSTN)和对照组(NC-MSTN)的牛MSCs作为样品,选取HMBS、B2M、GAPDH、TUBB、SDHA、18S rRNA、ACTB、RPL4、PPIA、HPRT1和YWHAZ作为候选内参基因,采用实时荧光定量PCR技术Ct值分析法对各候选内参基因的相对表达进行测定,首先利用3个独立评价软件geNorm、NormFinder和BestKeeper分别对各候选内参基因在野生组牛MSCs增殖期(GM)和分化第3天(DM3)细胞中的表达稳定性进行评价,筛选出前5个表达相对稳定的候选内参基因;然后以此为基础,利用相同的方法分析MSTN干扰组和对照组增殖期和分化第3天的细胞中上述5个内参基因的表达水平和稳定性。geNorm、NormFinder分析结果均显示,HMBS、B2M、TUBB、GAPDH和ACTB在牛MSCs分化前后表达较稳定,BestKeeper分析显示ACTB和TUBB相关系数(r)排序靠前,GAPDH、HMBS和B2M排序不是很高,但是GAPDH的SD值最小,因此选择这5个候选内参基因做后续试验;在牛MSCs MSTN干扰组和对照组增殖期和分化第3天,geNorm、NormFinder软件分析结果显示,上述5个候选内参基因中GAPDH、TUBB和B2M表达最稳定,BestKeeper分析显示TUBB相关系数排名不是最高,但其SD值最小,综合以上分析,选择TUBB作为牛MSCs干扰组和对照组增殖期和分化第3天最适内参基因。研究结果可为以后进行牛MSCs在不同生长时期以及MSTN表达被调控后基因的表达分析提供参考。     

猪骨骼肌内参基因的筛选及验证

内参基因的正确选择是获得目的基因准确表达的关键。本实验以不同时期（3 d、30 d、90 d和180 d）、不同性别（阉割公猪和母猪）关中黑猪的2种骨骼肌（背最长肌和比目鱼肌）为研究对象,用RT-qPCR技术及geNorm和NormFinder软件分析8个候选内参基因（GAPDH、ACTB、PPIA、TBP、B2M、YWHAZ、eEF-1γ和18SRNA）的表达稳定性。同时,以候选基因本身和两两混合作为内参基因,检测肌纤维类型标志基因肌球蛋白重链MyHC IIx的表达。结果表明：ACTB、B2M和TBP在背最长肌和比目鱼肌中的表达相对稳定;而MyHC IIx基因的相对表达水平的检测结果证实,在背最长肌和比目鱼肌中,将ACTB作为内参基因较好。     

干扰MSTN的牛骨骼肌卫星细胞实时荧光定量PCR内参基因的筛选

为了筛选在牛骨骼肌卫星细胞（MSCs）分化前后稳定表达以及不受MSTN基因表达影响的内参基因,试验以野生组（WT）、转染干扰MSTN组（si-MSTN）和对照组（NC-MSTN）的牛MSCs作为样品,选取HMBS、B2M、GAPDH、TUBB、SDHA、18S rRNA、ACTB、RPL4、PPIA、HPRT1和YWHAZ作为候选内参基因,采用实时荧光定量PCR技术Ct值分析法对各候选内参基因的相对表达进行测定,首先利用3个独立评价软件geNorm、NormFinder和BestKeeper分别对各候选内参基因在野生组牛MSCs增殖期（GM）和分化第3天（DM3）细胞中的表达稳定性进行评价,筛选出前5个表达相对稳定的候选内参基因;然后以此为基础,利用相同的方法分析MSTN干扰组和对照组增殖期和分化第3天的细胞中上述5个内参基因的表达水平和稳定性。geNorm、NormFinder分析结果均显示,HMBS、B2M、TUBB、GAPDH和ACTB在牛MSCs分化前后表达较稳定,BestKeeper分析显示ACTB和TUBB相关系数（r）排序靠前,GAPDH、HMBS和B2M排序不是很高,但是GAPDH的SD值最小,因此选择这5个候选内参基因做后续试验;在牛MSCs MSTN干扰组和对照组增殖期和分化第3天,geNorm、NormFinder软件分析结果显示,上述5个候选内参基因中GAPDH、TUBB和B2M表达最稳定,BestKeeper分析显示TUBB相关系数排名不是最高,但其SD值最小,综合以上分析,选择TUBB作为牛MSCs干扰组和对照组增殖期和分化第3天最适内参基因。研究结果可为以后进行牛MSCs在不同生长时期以及MSTN表达被调控后基因的表达分析提供参考。     

基于实时荧光定量PCR筛选巨菌草内参基因

以巨菌草(Pennisetum giganteum)的叶片、茎、根为试验材料，通过分析8个基因18s rRNA、Actin、GAPDH、ACTB、EF-1α、UBQ、CYP、TUB在正常生长、干旱以及盐碱胁迫下荧光定量PCR中稳定性表达情况，筛选巨菌草的稳定内参基因。利用geNorm、NormFinder和BestKeeper软件计算内参基因的表达稳定值并进行排序，最终通过赋值法综合排序确定稳定内参基因。结果表明，内参基因的稳定性在不同处理下存在差异。其中，ACTB稳定性好，为本研究筛选出巨菌草的内参基因。本研究筛选出的内参基因，为后续巨菌草功能基因表达分析奠定了基础。     

绵羊基因表达定量分析内参基因的筛选

内参基因在基因表达定量分析中常用于修正基因的表达量,但不同条件下内参基因的表达并不稳定。本实验旨在选出在绵羊不同组织稳定表达的内参基因。选取6月龄广灵大尾羊的皮肤、肾周脂肪、肝脏、背部最长肌组织为实验样本,用实时荧光定量PCR方法分别测定内参基因GAPDH、18S rRNA、B2M、ACTβ、RPLPO、YWHAZ在绵羊各组织内的mRNA丰度,经GeNorm、NormFinder及BestKeeper综合分析内参基因的稳定性。结果表明:在绵羊背部最长肌和肾周脂肪中,3个软件都得出GAPDH表达最稳定;在肝脏中,3个软件都得出RPLPO表达最稳定;在皮肤中,GeNorm和NormFinder均得出18S rRNA表达最稳定,而GeNorm和BestKeeper均得出GAPDH表达最稳定,所以选取18S rRNA或GAPDH作为内参基因;比较4个组织中表达最稳定的基因时,GeNorm和NormFinder软件均得出RPLPO表达最稳定,而BestKeeper分析表明B2M基因稳定性最好,所以选取RPLPO或B2M作为内参基因。     

白羽王鸽不同组织RT-qPCR内参基因的筛选

内参基因的正确选择是获得精准、可靠RT-qPCR数据的重要前提。本研究随机选取3只28日龄的白羽王鸽,采集心、肝、脾、肺、肾、胸肌、腿肌、腹脂、卵巢9个组织作为实验材料,选取GAPDH、β-actin、18S rRNA和RPS24个常见的内参基因作为候选内参基因。利用RT-qPCR技术和geNorm、NormFinder、BestKeeper软件及Ct值分析法对候选基因在不同组织中的表达进行检测和稳定性分析。结果表明:geNorm、NormFinder软件分析与Ct值分析法的结果一致,即18S rRNA基因稳定性最佳,RPS2次之;BestKeeper软件的分析结果显示RPS2基因表达稳定性最好,18S rRNA基因次之。因此,推荐选择RPS2+18S rRNA的内参基因组合用于白羽王鸽不同组织基因表达的研究。     

鹿茸组织中内参基因的筛选和验证

为筛选在不同生长时期鹿茸组织中稳定表达的内参基因,试验以不同生长时期(分别为脱盘后10、20、40和60 d)的鹿茸组织为材料,采用实时荧光定量PCR(qRT-PCR)方法分析甘油醛-3-磷酸脱氢酶(GAPDH)、β2-微球蛋白(B2M)、还原型辅酶Ⅰ(NADH)、60S 核糖体蛋白L40(RPL40)、谷胱甘肽还原酶7(GPx)和β肌动蛋白(ACTB)6个看家基因的表达情况,并运用 geNorm和NormFinder 两个程序综合分析6个看家基因的表达稳定性.结果显示,GAPDH、ACTB、RPL40表达稳定性较好,可用作鹿茸基因表达研究的内参基因,而NADH和GPx的稳定性最差,不适合作内参基因.通过对鹿茸生长相关基因(ANXA5、HSP27、PRD2、CRABP1、LGALS1)表达分析,进一步验证了上述结果,并且发现这5种基因均在脱盘后10 d的鹿茸组织中高表达.该研究结果为鹿茸快速生长及骨化相关基因的研究奠定了一定基础.     

山羊肌内前体脂肪细胞诱导分化过程中内参基因的表达稳定性分析

旨在通过比较9个内参基因在山羊肌内前体脂肪细胞诱导分化不同时期的表达水平进而最终确定适合山羊肌内前体脂肪细胞分化调控研究最佳的内参基因。本研究利用胶原酶消化法获得山羊肌内前体脂肪细胞,并以分别诱导0、1、2、3、5和6d的细胞为研究对象,利用荧光定量PCR(Real-time quantitative PCR,qPCR)技术和geNorm、NormFinder和BestKeeper程序来检测和分析9个候选内参基因(GAPDH、PPIA、18S rRNA、PPIB、UXT、RPLP0、ACTB、EIF3K和TBP)表达的稳定性,并以KLF3和KLF12的实际表达水平进行校正分析。geNorm和NormFinder程序分析表明,UXT稳定性相对最好;而BestKeeper程序分析发现,PPIB表达相对最平稳;3种软件分析结果均表明,同时使用UXT和PPIB可以准确校正在山羊肌内前体脂肪细胞诱导分化不同时期目标基因的表达;通过对KLF3和KLF12表达量的分析发现,选用筛选结果中最稳定(UXT和PPIB、UXT)和最不稳定(EIF3K和18S rRNA)的内参基因进行归一化分析结果有差异。在山羊肌内前体脂肪细胞诱导分化过程中,UXT基因是适合于山羊肌内前体脂肪细胞的成脂诱导分化研究最稳定有效的内参基因,同时使用UXT和PPIB作为内参基因能够获得更加精确的目标基因表达结果,这为后续山羊前体脂肪细胞分化调控相关基因的功能研究奠定了基础。     

脂多糖染毒小鼠稳定内参基因的筛选

本研究旨在筛选脂多糖(lipopolysaccharides,LPS)染毒小鼠的理想内参基因。试验以健康小鼠肝脏和LPS染毒后3、6、12、18 h的小鼠肝脏为研究对象,荧光定量RT-PCR评价YWHAZ、HPRT1、PPIA、ACTB和18S rRNA 5个内参基因的表达情况,并用geNorm软件分析其表达的稳定性。结果表明,除18S rRNA在LPS染毒时不能稳定表达外,其余4个内参基因在健康小鼠肝脏和LPS染毒小鼠肝脏中均能稳定表达,其中PPIA和YWHAZ的表达最稳定。本试验结果为荧光定量RT-PCR研究LPS与小鼠相互作用时mRNA表达水平提供了依据。     

Screening of the Reference Genes for the Study of Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells by Quantitative Real-time PCR in Min Pigs

Min pig is a local pig breed in Northeast China. It has been well-adapted to the local cold weather,but few genes related to its environmental adaptation have been studied. For studies about environmental adaptation of Min pig on molecular level,it is important to have proper reference genes for quantification of gene expression by quantitative Real-time PCR. In this study,12 reference genes (B2M,ACTB,RPL11,RPL4,YWHAZ,GAPDH,HPRT1,SDHA,HMBS,IDH3B,TUBB2B and TBP1) were evaluated for their potential as the reference gene in Min pig peripheral blood mononuclear cells under different temperatures. Blood samples were collected from 3 Min pigs which were under -25,5,10 and 30℃,respectively. Mononuclear cells were separated using density gradient centrifugation. Statistical algorithms including geNorm,Normfinder and BestKeeper were employed to assess the stabilities of these genes. Analysis of geNorm and Normfinder revealed that all these 12 genes were highly stable. However,ACTB,GAPDH,SDHA,HPRT1,TBP1 and YWHAZ genes (SD<1) were found to be more stable than other six genes (SD>1),of which TBP1 was the most stable one using BestKeeper program. To summarize,ACTB,GAPDH,SDHA,HPRT1, TBP1 and YWHAZ genes were suitable to be the reference genes,with TBP1 was the best one.     

Stability of expression of reference genes in porcine peripheral blood mononuclear and dendritic cells

Real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) is a critical tool used to evaluate changes in gene expression. The precision of this tool is reliant upon the selection of reference genes whose expression remains unaltered in culture conditions and following stimulation. Stably expressed reference genes are used to normalize data so observed changes in expression are not due to artifacts but rather reflect physiological changes. In this study, we examined the expression stability of the porcine genes glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), succinate dehydrogenase complex subunit A (SDHA), eukaryotic elongation factor 1 gamma-like protein (eEF1), ribosomal protein L19 (RPL19), beta-actin (ACTB) and ATP synthase mitochondrial F0 complex (ATP5G1) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), monocytes, monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MoDCs), blood isolated dendritic cells (BDCs) and T cells with or without stimulation with lipolysaccharide (LPS). An M value was used as a measure of gene stability as determined using geNORM software. Recommendations for the use of reference genes include using GAPDH and B-actin in PBMCs: RPL19 and SDHA in T cells; RPL19 and B-actin in monocytes; RPL-19 and SDHA in BDCs: and RPL-19 and ATP5GA in MoDCs.     

Development and application of multiple internal reference (housekeeper) gene assays for accurate normalisation of canine gene expression studies

Measurement of mRNA expression by real-time RT-PCR (QRT-PCR) has proven to be an important and powerful tool for the investigation of the pathogenesis of inflammatory and immune-mediated diseases in many species. This methodology has proven particularly valuable in the dog, a species for which there are currently few specific antibodies for measurement of relevant proteins. Internal control (housekeeper) mRNAs are widely used for normalisation of QRT-PCR results. The validation and use of multiple internal control mRNAs for increased accuracy of normalisation has been described for humans and rodents. The aims of this study were to develop QRT-PCR assays for 11 potential internal control mRNAs in the dog (ACTB, B(2)M, G3PDH, HMBS, HPRT1, RPL13A, RPL32, RPS18, SDHA, TBP and YWAZ) and validate their use with bone marrow, colon, duodenum, heart, kidney, liver, lung, lymph node, skeletal muscle, pancreas, spleen and stomach from seven dogs. Endoscopic biopsies of the superficial duodenal mucosa were also obtained from nine dogs suffering from chronic gastro-oesophageal disease. The most stably expressed genes varied in the tissues examined. RPL13A and RPL32 (both components of the 60S ribosomal subunit) were the most stably expressed genes in the majority of the tissues examined, whereas ACTB and B(2)M were the least stable. Distinct internal control genes were shown to be most appropriate for use in full-thickness versus superficial mucosal biopsies of the duodenum. The results of this study indicate that there are no universal control genes for gene expression studies in canine tissues. It is important to use multiple internal control genes based upon a survey of potential control genes applied to representative samples from different disease groups, culture conditions and/or time points in an experimental study.     

Widespread expression of SAA and Hp RNA in bovine tissues after evaluation of suitable reference genes

The serum amyloid A (SAA) and haptoglobin (Hp) are the most prominent acute phase proteins (APPs) in cow. Liver mainly produces APPs, but extra hepatic expression has also been demonstrated in some tissues. The major aim of the present study was to assess the constitutive SAA and Hp mRNA expression by quantitative PCR (qPCR) in a wide panel of 33 bovine tissues, including gastrointestinal tract, respiratory system, urogenital system, mammary gland, hematopoietic system, central nervous system, eye, thyroid and heart. Normalization of gene expression in different samples requires reference genes, which are stably expressed. Therefore, seven reference genes were investigated (ACTB, GAPDH, HMBS, SDHA, YWHAZ, SF3A1, EEF1A2) and three genes, namely SF3A1, HMBS and ACTB, were selected after assessing their stability with geNorm? and NormFinder^© softwares.The qPCR analysis confirmed liver as the principal source of SAA and Hp, but also identified both APPs’ mRNA in almost all tissues.The highest expression rate of SAA was found in thyroid, followed by pancreas and submandibulary gland. Hp mRNA expression was detected at high concentration in pancreas and submandibulary gland.The present data indicated a widespread expression of SAA and Hp also in non pathological conditions, thus envisaging a possible role as immunomodulatory and protective molecules. To understand where SAA and Hp come from is the prerequisite to their utilization as Acute Phase Reaction biomarkers.