枯草芽孢杆菌对鲤鱼抗氧化性能和免疫性能的影响

本文旨在研究枯草芽孢杆菌对鲤鱼抗氧化性能和免疫性能的影响。将枯草芽孢杆菌投喂初始体重为(26.56±0.28)g的鲤鱼,试验设6个组,添加水平分别为0(对照组),2.0×10~8、4.0×10~8、6.0×10~8、8.0×10~8 CFU/g,每组5个重复,每个重复25尾鱼,试验周期为8周。养殖试验结束后,腹腔注射射嗜水气单胞菌进行感染试验,计算免疫保护率(RPS)。结果表明:与对照组相比,鲤鱼日粮中添加6.0×10~8 CFU/g可极显著提高血清总超氧化物歧化酶、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶、过氧化氢酶的活力及总抗氧化能力(P0.01),显著增加血清丙二醛含量,提高抗超氧阴离子活力(P0.05);与对照组相比,鲤鱼日粮中添加6.0×10~8 CFU/g枯草芽孢杆菌可显著增加血清碱性磷酸酶活性和C4含量(P0.05),极显著增加血清C3、Ig M含量(P0.01),用嗜水气单胞菌对鲤鱼感染试验结果表明,枯草芽孢杆菌可显著提高鲤鱼抗感染能力,6.0×10~8、8.0×10~8 CFU/g处理组组免疫保护率可达65.56%和71.11%。综上所述,鲤鱼日粮中添加6.0×10~8 CFU/g的枯草芽孢杆菌可显著改善其抗氧化性能和免疫性能。     

益生菌发酵中草药对鲤鱼生长指标、生化指标及抗病力的影响

试验旨在研究发酵中草药对鲤鱼生长指标、生化指标及抗病力的影响。选取平均体重为55±5g的健康鲤鱼,随机分为4组(对照组、中草药组、芽孢菌发酵中草药组、酵母菌发酵中草药组),每组2个重复,每个重复16尾鱼,试验周期为42d。结果表明,发酵中草药对鲤鱼生长指标虽无显著影响,但与对照组相比,添加芽孢菌发酵中草药组效果最好;溶菌酶活力显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。用嗜水气单胞菌对鲤鱼进行攻毒的试验结果表明,添加发酵中草药可以显著降低鲤鱼的死亡率,相对中草药组免疫保护率提高40%。     

饲料中添加枯草芽孢杆菌对大口黑鲈幼鱼生长、肠道组织结构、抗氧化能力、免疫能力和肠炎的影响

本试验旨在研究饲料中添加枯草芽孢杆菌对大口黑鲈幼鱼生长、肠道组织结构、抗氧化能力、免疫能力和肠炎的影响.试验设置3个组(对照组,饲喂基础饲料;0.5％枯草芽孢杆菌组,饲喂基础饲料+0.5％枯草芽孢杆菌制剂;1.0％枯草芽孢杆菌组,饲喂基础饲料+1.0％枯草芽孢杆菌制剂),每组设置3个重复,每个重复20尾鱼,对初始体重为...     

复方中药发酵工艺优化及防治鲫鱼出血病的初步研究

以复方中药为发酵基质,米曲霉、枯草芽孢杆菌、酿酒酵母和嗜酸乳杆菌作为复合发酵菌种,纤维素酶活力和总菌数为指标,通过单因素试验和正交试验的方法,探讨多菌种混合发酵复方中药的最佳工艺条件,并测定中药及不同比例发酵中药对嗜水气单胞菌引起的澎泽鲫出血病的防治效果。结果表明:固态发酵中药的最佳工艺参数为,发酵时间72 h,初始含水量60%,总接种量9%,纤维素酶活力达到15.02 U/g。饲喂添加2%中药的饲料后,预防组澎泽鲫成活率提高52.5%,治疗组提高35%,相比较等添加量的未发酵中药,发酵中药预防组成活率提高22.5%,治疗组提高30%,发酵中药和中药对嗜水气单胞菌引起的鲫鱼出血病均有明显的预防和治疗作用(P0.05),且发酵中药使用的效果优于未发酵中药。     

枯草芽孢杆菌对罗非鱼生长及抗病力的影响

以初始体质量为(4.9±0.33)g的罗非鱼鱼苗为试验对象,研究饲料中添加不同水平的枯草芽孢杆菌对罗非鱼生长、饲料系数和部分免疫指标的影响。试验设对照组和3个处理组,每组5个重复。对照组投喂基础饲料,3个处理组分别投喂枯草芽孢杆菌含量为10万、100万和1 000万CFU/g的饲料,投喂持续8周,观察生长效果。生长试验结束后,注射嗜水气单胞菌进行攻毒试验,观察鱼死亡情况,计算成活率。结果表明:枯草芽孢杆菌对罗非鱼生长起到了一定的促进作用,同时可提高鱼体的抗病力,该试验环境下最佳添加水平为100万CFU/g。     

枯草芽孢杆菌对断奶仔猪生长性能和血清生化指标的影响

为研究日粮中添加不同剂量枯草芽孢杆菌对断奶仔猪生长性能和血清生化指标的影响,选健康、体重接近（7.58 kg±0.23 kg）的"杜×长×大"三元杂交仔猪96头,随机分为4个处理组,每个处理组3个重复,每重复8头猪,其中处理1组为对照组,不添加枯草芽孢杆菌;其他3个处理组分别为试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组,分别在基础日粮中添加0.1%、0.2%、0.4%的枯草芽孢杆菌制剂。试验期为40 d。结果显示,试验Ⅱ组的末重、平均日增重和平均日采食量均显著高于对照组（P< 0.05）,但料重比差异不显著（P> 0.05）;日粮中添加枯草芽孢杆菌对断奶仔猪血清总蛋白、白蛋白、碱性磷酸酶、谷丙转氨酶和谷草转氨酶的影响均差异不显著（P> 0.05）,而试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ组试验猪血清尿素氮含量显著低于对照组（P< 0.05）;日粮中添加枯草芽孢杆菌对断奶仔猪血清IgA、IgM和IgG含量的影响均差异不显著（P> 0.05）;日粮中添加0.2%枯草芽孢杆菌显著提高断奶仔猪血清超氧化物歧化酶活性（P< 0.05）。结果表明,在海南气候条件下,以试验Ⅱ组效果最好,建议生产中断奶仔猪日粮中枯草芽孢杆菌添加量为0.2%。     

枯草芽孢杆菌对产蛋后期蛋鸡产蛋性能、血液生化指标及蛋品质的影响

为研究饲粮中添加枯草芽孢杆菌对产蛋后期蛋鸡产蛋性能、血液生化指标及鸡蛋品质的影响,试验选用69周龄、产蛋率和体重相近的健康海兰褐蛋鸡396只,随机分为对照组和试验组,每组6个重复,每个重复33只鸡。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验组饲喂在基础饲粮中添加500 mg/kg枯草芽孢杆菌制剂的饲粮,预试期1周,试验期8周（1 ～ 4 周、5 ～ 8 周）。结果表明：饲粮中添加枯草芽孢杆菌对产蛋性能无显著影响（P > 0.05）。枯草芽孢杆菌有提高第8周血浆中白蛋白含量和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活性的趋势,分别提高了8.52%、5.80%（P =0.089、P =0.081）。饲粮中添加枯草芽孢杆菌使第4周蛋黄颜色和哈氏单位显著提高了12.32%、8.35%（P < 0.05）,蛋白高度提高了15.59%,有增加蛋白高度的趋势（P =0.054）。综上所述,产蛋后期蛋鸡饲粮中添加500 mg/kg枯草芽孢杆菌制剂不影响产蛋性能,有提高血浆抗氧化性能的趋势,可加深蛋黄颜色,提高蛋清浓稠度,有利于改善鸡蛋的内在品质。 [关键词] 枯草芽孢杆菌|产蛋后期蛋鸡|产蛋性能|血液生化指标|蛋品质     

枯草芽孢杆菌制剂对饲喂含黄曲霉毒素B_1饲料黄河鲤鱼生长性能、血清生化指标、物质消化率和毒素残留的影响

选取黄河鲤鱼800尾,随机分成5个处理组,分别为基础饲料组、基础饲料+55μg/kg黄曲毒素B1(AFB1)组、基础饲料+55μg/kg AFB1+0.05%枯草芽孢杆菌制剂组、基础饲料+55μg/kg AFB1+0.1%枯草芽孢杆菌制剂组和基础饲料+55μg/kg AFB1+0.2%枯草芽孢杆菌制剂组,试验期60 d。试验结果表明:与其余各组相比,饲喂含有55μg/kg AFB1基础饲料组黄河鲤鱼的终末体质量、肝体比和特定生长率降低,饵料系数升高;血清中总蛋白、清蛋白和球蛋白含量显著下降(P0.05),谷草转氨酶及谷丙转氨酶活性显著升高(P0.05);粗蛋白、粗脂肪、磷和钙消化率显著降低(P0.05);在含有55μg/kg AFB1基础饲料中加入枯草芽孢杆菌制剂,能显著改善黄河鲤鱼的生长性能、血清生化指标和物质消化率(P0.05);并且肌肉和肝中AFB1残留量降低;饲料中含AFB1为55μg/kg时,枯草芽孢杆菌制剂添加量为0.2%时效果最佳。     

饲料中添加枯草芽孢杆菌对团头鲂幼鱼生长性能、肝脏抗氧化指标、肠道菌群结构和抗病力的影响

本试验旨在研究饲料中添加枯草芽孢杆菌对团头鲂幼鱼生长性能、肝脏抗氧化指标、肠道菌群结构和抗病力的影响。选取初始体重为(1.81±0.01)g的团头鲂幼鱼360尾,随机分为4组(每组3个重复,每个重复30尾),分别饲喂添加0(T0组,作为对照组)、2×10~7(T1组)、2×10~8(T2组)、2×10~9CFU/g枯草芽孢杆菌(T3组)的等氮等脂饲料。试验期为8周。结果表明:1)与对照组相比,T1组和T2组团头鲂幼鱼的增重率、特定生长率显著升高(P0.05),且T1组的饲料系数显著降低(P0.05)。2)与对照组相比,T1组团头鲂幼鱼的肝脏抗氧化酶(超氧化歧化酶、过氧化氢酶和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶)活性显著升高(P0.05),同时该组肝脏丙二醛含量显著降低(P0.05)。3)各组全鱼水分、粗蛋白质、粗脂肪和粗灰分含量均无显著差异(P0.05)。4)变性梯度凝胶电泳(DGGE)图谱显示摄食不同添加量枯草芽孢杆菌饲料的团头鲂幼鱼的肠道菌群结构发生了改变。5)采用嗜水气单胞菌对鱼体进行攻毒,各组96 h后的累积死亡率未产生显著差异(P0.05),但T1组和T2组的累积死亡率低于对照组和T3组。由此可见,饲料中添加2×10~7CFU/g的枯草芽孢杆菌能够提高团头鲂幼鱼的生长性能、抗氧化能力,并改变肠道菌群结构,但对其体成分和抗病力没有显著影响。     

两种方式发酵棉粕的营养价值及草鱼生长性能的影响

试验旨在评价经嗜酸乳杆菌（Lactobacillus acidophilus）或枯草芽孢杆菌（Bacillus subtilis）发酵后棉粕的营养价值及其对草鱼生长性能的影响。发酵试验设置无菌对照组、枯草芽孢杆菌好氧发酵组以及添加碱性蛋白酶和嗜酸乳杆菌的厌氧发酵组,发酵24 h后测定各组的棉粕营养指标。选择初始体重均为（100±3）g草鱼约54 000尾,随机分为3组,分别以基础饲料、50 g枯草芽孢杆菌好氧发酵棉粕替换等重基础饲料中普通棉粕、50 g碱性蛋白酶+嗜酸乳杆菌的厌氧发酵棉粕替换等重基础饲料中普通棉粕三种饲料开展为期46 d的饲养试验。结果表明,发酵棉粕的游离棉酚显著低于未发酵棉粕（P<0.05）,粗蛋白和酸溶蛋白含量显著升高（P<0.05）。在不增加饲料成本的前提下,草鱼日粮中发酵棉粕替换相应重量的普通棉粕后均可提高草鱼平均日增重、增重率和特定生长率（P<0.05）,提高了草鱼肠道蛋白酶和淀粉酶活性（P<0.05）,降低脏体比（P<0.05）,但对饲料系数和肝体比影响不显著（P>0.05）。综上所述,棉粕经发酵后可提升其营养价值,饲喂发...     

Effect of Fermented Chinese Medicine Preparation by Bacillus subtilis on Growth Performance,Biochemical Indices,Antioxidant Parameters and Ability of Anti-infection of Common Carp

The objective of this study was to evaluate of the growth performance, serum biochemical indices, liver antioxidant parameters and ability of anti-infection with Aeromonas hydrophila by adding the fermented Chinese medicine by Bacillus Subtilis to the carp fish feed, and to find out the appropriate supplemental level of fermented Chinese medicine in diets. Carp fingerling with an initial body weight of (35±0.5) g were set up to 6 experimental diets supplemented with 0 (control group), 0.1‰, 0.5‰, 1‰, 2‰ and 3‰ fermented Chinese medicine for 56 days, respectively. Each group had 30 fish and set up 3 repetitions. After the feeding trail,the fish were challenged with Aeromonas hydrophila to calculate the relative percentage survival (RPS).The results showed as follows:Supplementing fermented traditional Chinese medicine by Bacillus subtilis, the weight gain rate (WGR), specific growth rate (SGR), condition factor (CF), the activities of lysozyme (LSZ), complement 3 (C3),total protein (TP),total anti-oxidation capacity (T-AOC),total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD) and catalase (CAT) in serum of common carp were enhanced at different degrees, while the feed coefficient (FCR)and malondialdehyde (MDA) in serum were declined at different degrees.When the fermented Chinese medicine supplemental levels were 2‰ and 3‰,the effects were significant (P<0.05)(except for C3, ALP and Cr).The experimental results of the virulence of common carp infected with pathogen Aeromonas hydrophila showed that,the fermented herbal could obviously improve the ability of anti-infection, the immune protective rate of the group with 2‰, 3‰ doses of the fermented Chinese medicine could reach 77.23% and 74.63%, respectively. From what had been discussed above, the group with 2‰ and 3‰ doses of the fermented Chinese medicine had significant effect on the growth performance, serum biochemical indices, liver antioxidant parameters and Aeromonas hydrophila anti-infection ability. Considering the cost of adding fermented Chinese medicine, the recommendations for the best additive quantity was 2‰.     

三味中药水煎液单用及联用对鲫鱼免疫保护作用的研究

试验旨在探讨黄芪、地榆、五倍子三味中药水煎液单用及联用对鲫鱼的免疫保护作用.选取200尾鲫鱼,随机为5组,每组40尾.对照组鲫鱼饲喂基础饵料,试验组鲫鱼饲喂中药包被的饵料,黄芪、地榆、五倍子、联用浓度分别为2.500、2.500、1.250、0.625 g/mL,中药水煎液与饵料按1∶1比例混合,对鲫鱼进行定时定量饲喂...     

Carp erythrodermatitis (CE) due to an Aeromonas hydrophila infection. Casuistic and experimental results

In November 1987 high losses of carp (Cyprinus carpio) with the main symptom of skin ulcera were observed in a farm in northern Greece. Sixty-six isolates of bacteria, characterized mainly as Aeromonas hydrophila or Pseudomonas spp. could be isolated from lesions of diseased fish. Transmission experiments with these isolates using mirror carp showed that Aeromonas hydrophila strains induced identical clinical and pathological pictures after intra- or subcutaneous injection. Extracts of these Aeromonas hydrophila isolates, as well as a supernatant of culture bouillon were toxic for carp and mice, indicating the presence of endo- and exotoxins. The results prove that carp erythrodermatitis (CE) may be caused by different bacteria, mainly including A. hydrophila.     

不同硒水平对幼鲤生产性能和免疫功能的影响

选择体重约10.4 g的健康幼鲤960尾,随机分为8组,每组3个重复,每个重复40尾,分别饲喂添加硒(亚硒酸钠,分析纯)0、0.1、0.2、0.3、0.4、0.5、0.6、0.7 mg/kg的8种不同饵料,试验期90 d。结果表明:随着饵料中硒添加水平的增加,幼鲤的增重和成活率提高,饵料系数降低,添加硒0.4mg/kg时,幼鲤生产性能最佳(P<0.05);添加0.3～0.5 mg/kg硒,可显著提高幼鲤头肾和脾脏重及其体指数,增加血液红细胞数量,降低白细胞数量,提高血清IgM水平和攻毒后成活率、血清溶菌酶活力及血清凝集抗体效价(P<0.05),从而增强幼鲤免疫功能和对疾病的抵抗力。幼鲤体增重、饵料系数、头肾重量、脾脏重量、血清溶菌酶活力和IgM抗体水平与饵料硒添加量呈显著的二次曲线相关。根据上述指标确定的最适硒水平为0.396～0.529 mg/kg。     

嗜水气单胞菌粘附特性的研究

不同来源的６株嗜水气单胞菌（Ａｅｒｏｍｏｎａｓｈｙｄｒｏｐｈｉｌａ）对１０种不同红细胞的血凝试验表明，Ｊ－１株能凝集所有的１０种红细胞，而与其他菌株的血凝谱有所不同。血凝图式有２种：人、鸡、麻雀的红细胞凝集快，呈大小不等的絮状；而鲫鱼、绵羊、猪、小鼠、兔、鸭、犬的红细胞凝集慢，且呈均匀颗粒状。这两种血凝均能被Ｄ－甘露糖抑制，但不能被Ｊ－１株Ｒ菌毛抑制。组织粘附试验显示，Ｊ－１株能粘附小鼠和鲫鱼的肠组织和肠绒毛。将提纯的Ｒ菌毛预处理肠组织，或用Ｄ－甘露糖或木瓜蛋白酶消化的Ｒ菌毛抗血清Ｆａｂ片段预处理菌体，都不能抑制上述的粘附作用。Ｊ－１株对ＨＥｐ－２细胞显示强粘附，菌体随机粘附在细胞上，有少数侵入细胞浆内。其余５株菌的粘附特性与Ｊ－１株不尽相同。所有６株菌对草鱼肠组织及肠绒毛、ＥＰＣ细胞（鲤鱼乳头状上皮瘤细胞系）均无粘附性。     

解淀粉芽孢杆菌的分离鉴定及其对嗜水气单胞菌抑制作用研究

本试验从鲫鱼肠道中分离到1株芽孢杆菌,经生物学特性测定及16S rRNA测序分析,鉴定该分离菌株为高产蛋白酶的解淀粉芽孢杆菌(命名为JX001).对该分离菌进行嗜水气单胞菌体外抑菌试验,结果发现有明显的抑菌圈和抑菌带,说明该分离菌对嗜水气单胞菌具有较强的抑制作用,在养殖水中加入分离菌JX001可防止嗜水气单胞菌的暴发;同时分离菌JX001在生长代谢过程中产生大量的蛋白酶,可有效地促进蛋白质水解,用于蛋白质饲料的降解.     

Protection against atypical Aeromonas salmonicida infection in common carp, Cyprinus carpio L., by oral administration of a mixed microbial culture of Lactobacillus paracasei, Pichia membranifaciens and Saccharomyces cereviciae

A microbial culture was prepared by co-cultivation of Lactobacillus paracasei, Pichia membranifaciens and Saccharomyces cereviciae for 48 hr at 30°C in rice bran extract medium, supplemented with dextrose. Oral administration of the resulting non-viable heat-inactivated microbial culture to common carp, Cyprinus carpio L., delivered in feed for four weeks, induced effective protection against experimental atypical Aeromonas salmonicida infection which causes "ulcer disease". After challenge of the carp by immersion, fish mortality and development of skin lesions such as hemorrhages and ulcers were significantly suppressed in carp treated with mixed microbial culture adsorbed on dry pellets relative to carp treated with medium or without extract. Atypical A. salmonicida was re-isolated from ulcerative lesions in parts of dead and surviving fish, but Aeromonas hydrophila and Flavobacterium sp. were also isolated from these fish, verifying microbial population changes during the progression of skin lesions. Among interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-α, as well as CXC-α and CXC-β chemokines, gene expression of IL-1β was up regulated in the spleen and head kidney three weeks after administration of the mixed microbial culture. These results clearly show that this mixed microbial culture, delivered in feed, is effective in preventing A. salmonicida disease in carp.     

蛋氨酸对幼建鲤疾病抵抗能力及免疫应答的影响

本试验旨在研究蛋氨酸对幼建鲤疾病抵抗能力及免疫应答的影响.选择体重为(12.34±0.02)g健康建鲤864尾,平均分成6组,每组144尾(每组设3个重复,每个重复48尾),分别饲喂蛋氨酸水平为0.39%、0.70%、1.00%、1.30%、1.60%和1.90%的饲料,饲养60 d后用嗜水气单胞菌攻毒17 d,考察蛋氨酸对幼建鲤免疫功能的影响.结果表明:适宜蛋氨酸水平极显著提高了攻毒前头肾体指数、后肾体指数、脾体指数、血液红、白细胞数量和攻毒后红细胞数量(P<0.01);显著提高了攻毒前白细胞吞噬率和攻毒后成活率、白细胞数量、白细胞吞噬率、血清酸性磷酸酶活力、溶菌酶含量、补体C3含量、凝集素水平和抗嗜水气单胞菌抗体效价(P<0.05).由此得出,蛋氨酸通过增强白细胞吞噬能力和提高特异性抗体效价从而提高幼建鲤的非特异性和特异性免疫力,增强疾病抵抗力.     

Biochemical and toxigenic characteristics of Aeromonas spp. isolated from diseased mammals, moribund and healthy fish

In this study we describe biochemical, toxigenic and surface characteristics of 33 motile Aeromonas isolated from diseased mammals, 3 from moribund marine mammals, 24 from healthy fish and 4 from moribund fish. Aeromonas hydrophila, A. caviae and A. sobria were isolated from both mammals and fish but at a different incidence. Aeromonas hydrophila was the predominant species isolated from clinical specimens; it was isolated from pneumonia, wound infections, septicemia and abortion in horses, cattle and pigs. Aeromonas sobria was isolated from one mammal and 11 healthy fish. Aeromonas caviae was isolated in 2 cases from healthy fish and in 9 cases from diseased mammals. Variations in some biochemical tests including sorbitol, amylase and citrate, were observed between isolates from different sources. However, these differences did not allow the differentiation of isolates from diseased mammals and healthy fish. The majority of A. hydrophila isolates produced different extracellular products; A. sobria isolates produced less exotoxin. With A. caviae isolates no hemolysin, protease, enterotoxin or elastase were detected. There was no quantitative difference in hemolysin, protease, enterotoxin or elastase production between isolates from mammals and fish. It is suggested that A. hydrophila could be a potential pathogen for domestic animals, and fish may represent a potential reservoir of infection.     

嗜温气单胞菌的鉴定及其外膜蛋白型研究

从病鳖、鳗鱼体内分离到2株嗜温气单胞菌(TAh-3、EAs-1),经形态学观察、生理生化特性等鉴定,确定TAh-3为嗜水气单胞菌,EAs-1为温和气单胞菌。动物感染试验结果表明,TAh-3株为致病性嗜水气单胞菌,对鲫鱼的致死率100%,EAs-1株为非致病性温和气单胞菌。SDS-PAGE电泳结果显示,TAh-3株外膜蛋白(OMPs)型由7条蛋白带组成,其中1条主带大小为40.0kDa;EAs-1株OMPs型由8条蛋白带组成,其中2条主带大小为38.0kDa、45.0kDa。