利用多媒体技术提高植物病理学实践教学质量

随着高等教育教学改革向纵深发展,计算机辅助教学作为一种新的教学方式走进课堂,充分发挥多媒体技术优势对提高实践教学效果有重要作用。在植物病理学实践教学中应用多媒体技术,不仅可以弥补传统实验教学中的各种缺陷,提高实验效果;还可建立一种新的教学系统-实验教学自导系统,吸引学生利用课余时间进行开放实验,增进实验兴趣,提高动手能力和创新素质。文章还分析了我校植物病理学实践教学利用多媒体技术面临的问题与解决办法。     

新学科课程动物微生态学的教学体会

作为新兴学科和交叉学科的动物微生态学课程，是高校动物医学和动物科学专业本科生的重要应用型专业课，学好这门课程对于拓宽学生的学术视野及实践应用能力很重要。本文提出了在动物医学和动物科学本科教育中，加强动物微生态学课程势在必行。从合理利用多媒体新手段；选择重点教学内容，合理组织教学内容和安排教学程序；灵活多样的教学方法；及时更新教材；提高教师综合素质等几方面来介绍提高该课程教学质量的一些体会。     

Application of nonlinear programming to water quality control

Planning the design of an efficient waste treatment system can be aided through the use of mathematical models and optimization theory. This paper attempts to illustrate this point of view by formulating a model and applying it to a specific river basin. While the models give useful insights, questions still remain concerning limitations inherent in the models. We present some comments on this point and suggestions for resolving some of the resulting economic questions.     

Using power priors to improve the binomial test of water quality

To assess violations of water quality standards, measurements of water quality are collected on a regular basis over a period of time, and are then analyzed to evaluate the percentage of samples exceeding the standard. The challenge to the assessor is that often only a limited amount of data are used to determine if the stream is violating standards. Current assessment uses just the data for a period of two years. To address this issue, we present a Bayesian approach using power priors to incorporate historical information in decision-making. We demonstrate a modified power prior approach and discuss its properties under a binomial model. Exact error probabilities are compared using three approaches: a power prior approach to the binomial test, a Bayesian binomial test with noninformative prior, and a frequentist binomial test. Two examples are presented to illustrate the implementation of the power prior and its differences with alternative binary methods in water quality assessment.     

A multipurpose tool to evaluate the nutritional quality of individual foods: Nutrimap

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: With obesity and nutrition-related diseases rising, public health authorities have recently insisted nutritional quality be included when advertising and labelling food. The concept of nutritional quality is, however, difficult to define. In this paper we present an innovative, science-based nutrient profiling system, Nutrimap, which quantifies nutritional assets and weaknesses of foods. METHODS: The position of a food is defined according to its nutritional composition, food category, the consumer's nutritional needs, consumption data and major public health objectives for nutrition. Amounts of each of 15 relevant nutrients (in 100 kcal) are scored according to their ability to 'rebalance' or 'unbalance' the supply in the whole diet, compared with current recommendations and intakes. These scores are weighted differently in different food categories according to the measured relevance of the category to a nutrient's supply. Positive (assets) and negative (weaknesses) scores are totalled separately. RESULTS: Nutrimap provides an overall estimate of the nutritional quality of same-category foods, enabling easy comparisons as exemplified for cereals and fruit/vegetables. Results are consistent with major nutritional recommendations and match classifications provided by other systems. Simulations for breakfasts show that Nutrimap can help design meals of controlled nutritional value. CONCLUSIONS: Combining objective scientific bases with pragmatic concerns, Nutrimap appears to be effective in comparing food items. Decision-makers can set their own limits within the Nutrimap-defined assets and weaknesses of foods and reach categorisations consistent with their objectives--from regulatory purposes to consumer information or support for designing meals (catering) or new products (food industry).     

Simultaneous use of plant growth promoting rhizobacterium and nitrogenous fertilizers may help in promoting growth,yield, and nutritional quality of okra

This study was conducted to evaluate the simultaneous use of plant growth promoting rhizobacterium (QS1) and different combinations of urea-nitrogen and biogas slurry-nitrogen for improving growth, yield, and nutritional quality of field grown okra. The isolate QS1 was identified as Bacillus sp. QS1 based on its ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) sequence analysis. Results revealed that among the combinations, the application of 50% urea-nitrogen + 50% biogas slurry-nitrogen was optimal for improving crop performance. This combination significantly (p ≤ 0.05) promoted okra growth viz. plant height (69.63–80.03 cm), no of branches per plant (14–18), shoot fresh weight (86.66–136.25 g/plant), root fresh weight (22.5–26.58 g/plant), and fruit yield (8.5–13.5 kg/plot) compared to the plants receiving 100% urea-nitrogen. The interactive effective of this nitrogen combination and QS1 inoculation produced the highest growth and yield response. Similarly, the same treatment improved nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and protein contents in shoot and fruit of okra compared to other treatments.     

Evaluation of the nutritional characteristics of a finger millet based complementary food

Finger millet (Eleusine coracana), kidney beans (Phaseolus vulgaris), peanuts (Arachis hypogoea), and mango (Mangifera indica) were processed separately and then combined, on the basis of their amino acid scores and energy content, into a complementary food for children of weaning age. The finger millet and kidney beans were processed by germination, autoclaving, and lactic acid fermentation. A mixture containing, on a dry matter basis, 65.2, 19.1, 8.0, and 7.7% of the processed finger millet, kidney beans, peanuts, and mango, respectively, gave a composite protein with an in vitro protein digestibility of 90.2% and an amino acid chemical score of 0.84. This mixture had an energy density of 16.3 kJ.g(-1) of dry matter and a decreased antinutrient content and showed a measurable improvement in the in vitro extractability for calcium, iron, and zinc. A 33% (w/v) pap made from a mix of the processed ingredients had an energy density of 5.4 kJ.g(-1) of pap, which is sufficient to meet the energy requirements of well-nourished children of 6-24 months of age at three servings a day and at the FAO average breast-feeding frequency.     

加快生态农业建设 积极发展绿色食品

阐述了我国绿色食品开发现状、绿色食品生产应遵循的原则、目标和宗旨以及发展绿色食品的重要性。指出生态农业建设是开发绿色食品的基础，绿色食品是生态农业建设成果的载体，建设生态农业和开发绿色食品是我国农业可发展的必然战略选择。     

Limited enzymatic hydrolysis can improve the interfacial and foaming characteristics of beta-conglycinin

In this contribution, we have determined the effect of limited enzymatic hydrolysis on the interfacial (dynamics of adsorption and surface dilatational properties) and foaming (foam formation and stabilization) characteristics of a soy globulin (beta-conglycinin, fraction 7S). The degree of hydrolysis (DH = 0, 2, and 5%), the pH of the aqueous solution (pH = 5 and 7), and the protein concentration in solution (at 0.1, 0.5, and 1 wt %) were the variables studied. The temperature and the ionic strength were maintained constant at 20 degrees C and 0.05 M, respectively. The rate of adsorption and surface dilatational properties (surface dilatational modulus, E, and loss angle) of beta-conglycinin at the air-water interface depend on the pH and DH. The adsorption decreased drastically at pH 5.0, close to the isoelectric point of beta-conglycinin, because of the existence of a lag period and a low rate of diffusion. The interfacial characteristics of beta-conglycinin are much improved by enzymatic treatment, especially in the case of acidic aqueous solutions. Hydrolysates with a low DH have improved functional properties (mainly foaming capacity and foam stability), especially at pH values close to the isoelectric point (pI), because the protein is more difficult to convert into a film at fluid interfaces at pH approximately equal to pI.     

Formulation engineering can improve the interfacial and foaming properties of soy globulins

In this contribution, we have analyzed the effect of different strategies, such as change of pH (5 or 7) or ionic strength (at 0.05 and 0.5 M), and addition of sucrose (at 1 M) and Tween 20 (at 1 x 10(-4) M) on interfacial characteristics (adsorption, structure, dynamics of adsorption, and surface dilatational properties) and foam properties (foam capacity and stability) of soy globulins (7S and 11S at 0.1 wt %). We have observed that (1) the adsorption (presence of a lag period, diffusion, and penetration at the air-water interface) of soy globulins depends on the modification in the 11S/7S ratio and on the level of association/dissociation of these proteins by varying the pH and ionic strength (I), the effect of sucrose on the unfolding of the protein, and the competitive adsorption between protein and Tween 20 in the aqueous phase. The rate of adsorption increases at pH 7, at high ionic strength, and in the presence of sucrose. (2) The surface dilatational properties reflect the fact that soy globulin adsorbed films exhibit viscoelastic behavior but do not have the capacity to form a gel-like elastic film. The surface dilatational modulus increases at pH 7 and at high ionic strength but decreases with the addition of sucrose or Tween 20 into the aqueous phase. (3) The rate of adsorption and surface dilatational properties (surface dilatational modulus and phase angle) during adsorption at the air-water interface plays an important role in the formation of foams generated from aqueous solutions of soy globulins. However, the dynamic surface pressure and dilatational modulus are not enough to explain the stability of the foam.     

加强林学专业实践教学改革，提高学生综合素质

实践教学是人才培养的一个重要环节．对学生实践能力和创新精神的培养．有着其他教学环节不可替代的重要作用。通过对林学专业实践教学改革的意义进行深入的探讨，分析了当前林学专业实践教学中存在的主要问题，围绕提高学生综合素质的培养目标提出了改革措施，初步建立和完善适应新世纪的林学专业实践教学体系，并在实施中取得了较好的效果。     

Variation in the nutritional quality of rice straw and grain in response to different nitrogen levels

Abstract

Nitrogen (N) applied through urea is essential for rice crops and usually it is the most yield-limiting nutrient in irrigated rice production around the world. A field experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of nitrogen levels (0, 90,120, and 150?kg?ha^?1) on the nutritional quality of straw and grain of rice varieties, PR 111, PR 122, and Pusa 44. In rice straw, significant interaction between nitrogen levels and all proximate components was observed. Increase in nitrogen level increased the crude protein by 69.23% (dry matter basis) whereas the neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, and cellulose content decreased by 7.82%, 11.18%, and 14.16%, respectively. In rice grain, crude protein content, starch content, and gel consistency were positively related to increase in nitrogen levels. Therefore, increase in nitrogen fertilization led to improved nutritive quality of both straw and grain for use as feed resource and human consumption, respectively.     

Hydroponic cultivation improves the nutritional quality of soybean and its products

Hydroponic cultivation allows the control of environmental conditions, saves irrigation water, increases productivity, and prevents plant infections. The use of this technique for large commodities such as soybean is not a relevant issue on fertile soils, but hydroponic soybean cultivation could provide proteins and oil in adverse environmental conditions. In this paper, the compositions of four cultivars of soybean seeds and their derivates, soy milk and okara, grown hydroponically were compared to that of the same cultivar obtained from soil cultivation in an open field. Besides proximal composition, the concentrations of phytic acid and isoflavones were monitored in the seeds, soy milk, and okara. Results demonstrated that, independent from the cultivar, hydroponic compared to soil cultivation promoted the accumulation of fats (from 17.37 to 21.94 g/100 g dry matter) and total dietary fiber (from 21.67 to 28.46 g/100 g dry matter) and reduced isoflavones concentration (from 17.04 to 7.66 mg/kg dry matter), whereas protein concentration was unaffected. The differences found in seed composition were confirmed in the respective okara products, but the effect of cultivation system was not significant looking at the soy milk composition. Data showed that hydroponic cultivation improved the nutritional quality of soybean seeds with regard to fats and dietary fiber. They also suggest that specific cultivars should be selected to obtain the desired nutritional features of the soybean raw material depending on its final destination.     

畦灌关口时间优化改善灌水质量分析

灌溉关口时间是灌溉管理中的重要要素之一,合理关口时间的确定能有效改善田间灌水质量。该文在提出畦灌控制指标R和畦灌关口时间优化方法的基础上,将畦灌模拟模型与关口时间优化方法相结合,对土质、畦长、坡度、田面平整精度和入流量不同的106 176个灌溉事件进行灌溉模拟及关口时间寻优分析,提出了不同灌溉条件下畦灌关口控制模式。畦长小于70 m下R值不宜小于1,若同时坡度大于3‰且田面平整精度很好则R值不宜小于1.1;畦长大于70 m下坡度小于1‰时,R的范围为0.8~1;坡度大于1‰时,R的范围为0.75~0.95。研究结果对畦灌关口控制依据具有重要的指导意义,实际灌溉中R准确取值可参考表2给出的建议值。     

现代光谱技术在植物营养品质分析中的应用

目前,我国的粮食安全由总量保障优先迈入到总量保障和营养品质安全并重的发展阶段,因此植物营养品质分析是迫切的社会需求。常规的植物营养品质分析主要是基于实验室的化学分析,成本高、耗时长和人力密集,与海量快速的植物营养品质信息需求不相适应,而现代光谱技术 (spectroscopic technology) 为海量植物营养品质信息的需求提供新的技术支撑。目前广泛应用的光谱技术主要是分子光谱 (molecular spectroscopy),包括紫外可见光谱、红外光谱、荧光光谱和拉曼光谱,这些光谱在粮食作物、蔬菜、水果以及中药材等经济作物的营养品质分析中开始发挥越来越大的作用,并能将传统的主观性较强的感观品质常数客观化。随着光谱技术的发展,以光声效应 (photoacoustic effect) 为理论基础的红外光声光谱,以及以激光诱导击穿 (laser induced breakdown) 为技术基础的现代原子光谱 (atomic spectroscopy) 开始应用于植物营养品质分析,并展现了广阔的应用潜力。以上光谱分析应用依赖于现代多元校正的化学计量学方法 (chemometrics) 和计算机技术,结合植物营养专业知识,利用现代的互联网和云技术平台以及智能终端,植物营养品质信息的适时快速常规化获取将成为现代农业的重要发展方向。     

播期对高粱营养与食味品质的调控效应

为了确定高粱的适宜播期,实现优质高效生产,2013—2014年以高粱品种‘辽杂11’和‘沈杂5号’为试验材料,设置4月30日(T1)、5月14日(T2)和5月28日(T3)3个播期,测定两个高粱品种产量及籽粒中的粗蛋白、单宁、粗脂肪、直链淀粉和支链淀粉含量,利用快速黏度分析仪(rapid visco analyzer, RVA)对淀粉黏滞性进行测定,并对食用品质进行感官评价,同时分析气象要素对高粱营养和食味品质的影响。结果表明,播期推迟可以显著提高‘沈杂5号’的产量,而对‘辽杂11’产量无显著影响。播期推迟高粱籽粒粗蛋白和单宁含量呈降低趋势,直链淀粉、支链淀粉和总淀粉含量呈增加趋势,高粱淀粉的峰值黏度、崩解值、最终黏度、膨胀率也均呈增加趋势。‘辽杂11’ T3处理食味品质综合得分分别比T1和T2高11.86%～12.81%和6.83%～8.44%,‘沈杂5号’T3处理食味品质综合得分分别比T1和T2高6.48%～7.18%和3.33%～4.06%,食味品质综合得分在播期间的差异达极显著水平。粗蛋白和单宁含量与食味指标(除冷粥质地外)呈极显著负相关,粗脂肪、直链淀粉、支链淀粉和总淀粉含量与食味指标呈显著或极显著正相关。峰值黏度、热浆黏度、崩解值、最终黏度、回复值与高粱的适口性、滋味、气味呈显著或极显著正相关。适当晚播(沈阳地区在5月28日),可减少高粱的粗蛋白和单宁含量,提高支链淀粉含量,增加峰值黏度和崩解值,从而提升了高粱的食味品质。     

Optimization of application of nitrogen fertilizers to increase the yield and improve the quality of Chinese cabbage heads

Abstract

The study investigates the effects of nitrogen fertilizers on the characteristics of the autumn crop of Chinese cabbage. The rates applied varied from 0 to 225 kg ha^?1 (N₀, N₄₅, N₉₀, N₁₃₅, N₁₈₀, N₂₂₅); the supply of phosphorus and potassium fertilizers was similar in the all trials, 90 and 150 kg ha^?1, respectively. It was found that the optimum nitrogen fertilization rate for the autumn crop of Chinese cabbage was N₁₃₅. In the case of lower nitrogen rates the yield decreased and the cabbage heads were smaller. Further increase in fertilizer rate (>N₁₃₅) resulted in a higher percentage of non-standard cabbage heads, while the yield remained almost unchanged compared with N₁₃₅. The total plant mass of cabbage crop fertilized with N₁₃₅ was 76 t ha^?1; plant residues constituted 33 t ha^?1 (43% of the total mass). The yield of market quality cabbage heads was 30 t ha^?1 (70% of all the heads produced); the rest of heads were loose, not formed or rot-infected. The optimal amount of total mineral nitrogen (the sum of nitrogen present in the 0–60 cm soil layer and the nitrogen supplied with fertilizers) before planting was 260 kg ha^?1. When nitrogen rates were higher than N₁₈₀ the quality of cabbage heads in terms of the content of vitamin C, nitrates, soluble solids, total solids and sugars decreased.