叶施钙、硼对苹果果实糖含量及叶片矿质元素的影响

为探究叶面喷施Ca、B后苹果果实糖含量和叶片中P、K增加的原因,分别以20年生富士/八楞和一年生的富士/SH6嫁接苗为试材,前者在座果期(盛花期后10d)叶面喷施10.00g/L的CaCl_2、果实迅速生长期(盛花后85d)叶面喷施1.05g/L的Na_2B_4O_7,之后测定叶片光合作用、叶片与果实的矿质元素及相关糖含量、叶片6-磷酸-山梨醇脱氢酶(S6PDH)活性;后者在嫁接苗长到6月时叶面分别涂抹10.00g/L的CaCl_2和1.05g/L的Na_2B_4O_7,之后测定叶片光合作用、矿质元素。结果显示:1)喷施Ca、B后,从盛花后85d开始,叶片S6PDH活性增强、山梨醇含量增加,果实中的果糖和总糖含量在生长后期也显著增加;2)Ca、B处理后,叶片净光合速率、蒸腾速率和气孔导度显著加强;3)在涂抹Ca、B后,叶片中其他矿质元素Mn、Zn、Cu、K也显著增加。上述结果表明,喷施Ca、B能够提高苹果叶片光合作用,进而通过增加光合产物来提高果实的糖含量;Ca、B加强了叶片蒸腾作用,使得其他矿质元素可能随着蒸腾流运输到叶片而得到增加。     

Effects of different fertilization on microbial biomass carbon from the red soil in tea garden

The present study examined the influence of the different fertilization on the dynamic of soil microbial biomass carbon (SMBC) of red soil in tea gardens. The results showed that straw mulching, intercropping, chemical fertilizer could all improve the amount of the soil microbial biomass C. The annual variation of microbial biomass C showed the tendency of “low-high-low-high”, and the influences were variable with the time. For the annual average of soil microbial biomass C, Treatment 1(T₁) (straw mulching + 100% organic manure), Treatment 2 (T₂) (straw mulching + 75% organic manure + 25% fertilizer), Treatment 3 (T₃) (straw mulching + 50% organic manure + 50% fertilizer), Treatment 4 (T₄) (straw mulching + 25% organic manure + 75% fertilizer), Treatment 5 (T₅) (100% fertilizer),Treatment 6 (T₆) (intercropping white clover) were 17.05%, 32.38%, 32.05%, 24.30%, 26.23%, 24.63% higher, respectively, than CK, and the differences among all the treatments were significant (P < 0.05). The correlation of the SMBC with the active organic matter, the total nitrogen, the microbial biomass N, the microbial biomass P were remarkable, but no significant correlation was found with available nitrogen, total phosphorus, total potassium and moisture. Compared with other treatments, those mixed with organic matter and chemical fertilizer were more advantageous to enhance the soil fertility. __________ Translated from Chinese Journal of Ecology, 26(7): 1009–1013 [译自: 生态学杂志]     

化肥有机肥配施对盐渍化土壤氨挥发及玉米产量的影响

针对河套灌区无机氮肥过量施用造成的环境问题,通过探究有机氮替代部分无机氮肥对田间土壤氨挥发的影响,确定盐渍化农田适宜的有机无机氮肥配施用量。于2018年进行田间试验,选取轻度(0.45～0.68 dS·m~(-1))和中度(1.04～1.40 dS·m~(-1))盐渍化农田,以纯施氮量240 kg·hm~(-2)为相同施氮总量进行有机无机氮肥配施,分别设置5个施肥处理:单施化肥、3/4氮由化肥提供+1/4氮由有机肥提供、1/2氮由化肥提供+1/2氮由有机肥提供、1/4氮由化肥提供+3/4氮由有机肥提供、单施有机肥,依次记为U_1、U_3O_1、U_1O_1、U_1O_3、O_1。另外设置空白对照处理(CK),探究不同有机无机氮肥配施量对盐渍化玉米农田土壤氨挥发速率、氨挥发损失量及产量的影响。结果表明:土壤盐分随着有机氮肥施用量增加呈先降后升的趋势;各肥料配施处理追肥后氨高挥发期较施入基肥后明显延长,导致同一处理轻、中度盐渍化土壤追肥后氨挥发损失量较施入基肥后分别高出22.15%～64.03%和14.34～40.66%;同一处理在中度盐渍化土壤上的氨挥发总量较轻度盐渍化土壤高出8.35%～16.46%;土壤氨挥发损失量与有机肥施入比例、土壤盐分之间呈显著二元二次非线性回归关系,分析回归方程各系数可知,适当增大有机肥施入比例可以降低土壤氨挥发,而增加土壤盐分则会使土壤氨挥发增大,增施有机肥和土壤盐分之间会产生共同降低氨挥发损失的效应;有机肥替代部分化肥可提高玉米产量,轻、中度盐渍化土壤U_1O_1处理玉米产量分别较U_1处理高出12.63%和17.05%。在轻度和中度盐渍化土壤上,综合氨挥发损失量及玉米产量,处理U_1O_1既能保证高产,又能显著降低氨挥发损失,故推荐该处理为当地适宜肥料配施模式。     

渭北旱原红富士苹果园不同水分条件有机肥施用模式研究

于1999～2002年对渭北旱原红富士苹果园不同水分条件有机肥施用模式进行了研究.结果表明,在不灌水条件下,以化肥+秸秆堆肥处理和化肥+羊粪处理最佳,产量分别为38 500kg/hm2和38 050 kg/hm2,分别比对照增产32.1和30.5.灌水条件下,以化肥+绿肥处理和化肥+鸡粪处理最佳,产量分别为44825 kg/hm2和44 450 kg/hm2,分别比对照增产24.3和23.3;并综合分析了不同水分条件不同有机肥对红富士苹果产量、生长状况、外观和内在品质的影响.在此基础上,提出了渭北旱地果园     

炭基花生专用肥及有机肥替代部分化肥在花生上的使用效果

采用田间小区试验方法,研究炭基花生专用肥以及有机肥替代部分化肥与普通三元复合肥及不施肥相比,对花生产量、生物学性状、经济性状的影响,结果显示：炭基花生专用肥和有机肥对花生产量的提高有显著效果,能够增加花生分枝数和结果枝数,提高单株生产力,增加饱果数,提高百果重、百仁重、出仁率、荚果饱满度等各项经济指标。两者配合施用增产效果更加突出,其中处理5炭基花生专用肥450kg/hm_²+有机肥2160kg/ hm_²(有机肥中N+P₂O₅+K₂O替代40%炭基肥基准用量中氮磷钾)较为理想。     

有机无机肥配施对苹果园温室气体排放的影响

为研究有机肥代替化肥对苹果园温室气体排放的影响,本研究基于12 a的长期定位试验,采用静态暗箱-气象色谱法监测了果园温室气体(CH_4和N_2O)排放的动态变化。试验共设置4个处理:对照(CK)、有机肥(M)、化肥(NPK)、有机无机肥配施(MNPK)。结果表明:果园年生活周期内CH_4以吸收为主;N_2O排放的高峰均出现在施肥后。各处理温室气体累积排放量差异显著(P0.05),其中M处理的CH_4累积吸收量最高,为9.95 kg·hm~(-2);MNPK处理的N_2O累积排放量显著高于NPK处理。相关性分析结果显示,土壤含水量、气温及硝态氮、铵态氮均为影响温室气体排放的因素。与NPK处理相比,MNPK处理可显著增加苹果产量,提高氮肥农学利用效率,增加CH_4吸收量、N_2O排放量和N_2O排放系数,降低综合温室气体排放强度。MNPK处理与NPK处理下单位产量CH_4的累积吸收量分别为0.04 kg·t~(-1)和0.06 kg·t~(-1),单位产量N_2O累积排放量分别为0.05 kg·t~(-1)和0.07 kg·t~(-1),两处理间差异不显著。研究表明,有机无机肥配施在保证产量的前提下更有利于苹果园的可持续发展。     

Effects of nitrogen fertilizer rates and ratios of base and topdressing on wheat yield, soil nitrate content and nitrogen balance

Application of nitrogen (N) fertilizer is one of the most important measures that increases grain yield and improves grain quality in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) production. Presently, there is a large number of investigations (experiments) in the field on different nitrogen fertilizer application regimes. However, there still exists a serious problem of low nitrogen use efficiency, especially in winter wheat high yield conditions: unsuitable nitrogen fertilizer, which often leads to lower yield and large accumulation of nitrate in the soil, bringing a potential risk to the environment. In order to explore the optimal regime of nitrogen fertilizer application suitable for environment and economy, a field experiment on the different rate and ratio of base and topdressing of nitrogen fertilizer at the different growth periods of winter wheat was conducted. The field experiment was undertaken from the fall of 2003 to the summer of 2004 in the village of Zhongcun in Longkou city, in the Shandong Province of China. The field experiment with three repeats for each treatment was designed in a split-plot. The major plot was applied with urea at a nitrogen fertilizer rate of three levels, namely, 0 kg·hm⁻² (CK), 168 kg·hm⁻² (A), and 240 kg·hm⁻² (B). In the sub-plot, the ratios of base and topdressing nitrogen fertilizer at the different development periods of wheat were 1/2:1/2 (A1 and B1), 1/3:2/3 (A2 and B2) and 0:1 (A3 and B3). Treatment B1 was under a regime used now in the local region. It was found that the amount of N accumulation in plants had no significant difference between treatments applied with nitrogen fertilizer. The grain yield and grain protein content were all elevated remarkably by applying nitrogen fertilizer compared with those of treatment CK. There was no significant difference in the grain yield and grain protein content between A2 and B2 and B3. However, when compared with those of B2 and B3, in A2 there was an increase in nitrogen use efficiency and residual soil NO₃ ⁻-N and N losses were reduced. Under the condition of the same rate of nitrogen fertilizer, increasing topdressing nitrogen rate clearly elevated the grain yield, grain protein content and nitrogen use efficiency. The results indicated that the residual soil NO₃ ⁻-N in A1 and B1 accumulated higher than that of CK in 80–160 cm soil layers at the jointing stage, but that of A2 had no significant difference compared with that of CK in 0–200 cm soil layers. At the maturity stage, more residual soil NO₃ ⁻-N was detected in B2, B3 and A3 than that in CK in 120–180 cm soil layers, which could not be absorbed by the roots of wheat, but led to be eluviated easily. The amount of soil NO₃ ⁻-N accumulation in treatment A2 had no significant difference compared with that of treatment CK in the 100–200 cm soil layer. In conclusion, A2, whose nitrogen fertilizer rate was 168 kg·hm⁻² and the ratio of base and topdressing was 1/3:2/3, had a higher grain yield and grain protein content, and heightened N use efficiency and minimized the risk of NO₃ ⁻-N leaching. This should be one of the most appropriate nitrogen fertilizer application regimes in wheat production in local regions in China. __________ Translated from Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2006, 26(11): 3661–3669 [译自: 生态学报]     

吨粮田肥力指标及培肥措施研究

通过研究,提出了关中灌区吨粮田土壤肥力指标及面积分布预估,得出一年两熟玉米和小麦的最佳施肥量分别为Ｎ１９４．７ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２,Ｐ２Ｏ５９０．６ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２和Ｎ１６２ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２,Ｐ２Ｏ５１３２．７５ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２;玉米以马鞍式施肥增产显著;     

陇东旱塬地区冬小麦水肥效应耦合模拟研究

采用无底铁框作微区,选择冬小麦生育期降水量(P)和施氦量(N)进行水肥效应模拟研究,得出冬小麦产量(Y)与降水量和施氮量的关系为Y=2505.6713+5.3422N-0.0251N²+24.3482P-0.0325P²+0.0074NP.水肥耦合方程为N_c=73.4805+0.2325P.当降水量由160mm增至400mm时,最高产量由5993.93kg/hm²提高到7710.39kg/hm²,最高产量施氮量Nmax由126.51kg/hm²增至165.48kg/hm²,经济施氮量N_opt由78.60kg/hm²增至107.12kg/hm²,N_c值则由110.55kg/hm²增至166.50kg/hm².在降水量小于400mm时有N_opt < N_c < N_max成立,且N_opt与N_c差值较大,说明旱塬地区单以经济施氮量为施肥标准不能充分发挥降水的增产潜力.提出了以上壤水肥宏观调控的原则,编制出陇东旱塬地区冬小麦合理施肥的方案.     

不同施肥对雷竹林径流及渗漏水中氮形态流失的影响

雷竹经营过程中化肥的大量施用,是产区水体污染的主要原因之一,养分管理技术可有效控制面源污染。为了探明减量施肥和有机肥施用对雷竹不同氮形态流失的影响,2012年在浙江省临安市雷竹产区设置了4种施肥处理:对照(CK);常规施肥(CF);减量无机(DI);减量有机无机(DOI),试验于5月18日、9月7日、11月9日分别施用肥料总量的40%,30%和30%,施肥后均进行浅翻,深度5 cm左右。通过建立径流场和土壤渗漏水收集装置,同时在试验田附近布置量雨筒,观察2012年不同氮形态浓度及流失负荷随降雨量的动态变化。研究结果表明:不同施肥处理径流水硝态氮、水溶性有机氮(WSON)以及颗粒态氮的浓度分别在3.82-6.82 mg/L、0.89-1.85 mg/L和0.89-1.83 mg/L,其占总氮的百分比分别为60.9%-68.2%、16.0%-18.1%和15.1%-21.6%。不同施肥处理渗漏水中硝态氮、铵态氮及WSON的浓度分别在26.2-92.5 mg/L、0.50-6.42 mg/L和6.57-12.6 mg/L,其占总氮的百分比分别为75.8%-82.9%、1.50%-6.36%和11.2%-20.6%。不同施肥处理径流水的氮总流失负荷,减量无机和减量有机无机相对于常规施肥来说减少了46.9%和23.1%;不同施肥处理的渗漏水的氮总流失负荷,减量无机和减量有机无机相对于常规施肥来说减少了19.1%和52.1%,可见减量施肥和减量有机无机减少氮流失的效果显著。     

有机肥添加对不同磷肥用量新疆棉田磷素状况及棉花产量的影响

为探究有机肥添加对不同磷肥用量新疆棉田土壤磷素有效性、植株磷吸收和分配、产量构成和棉田磷平衡的影响,采用大田试验的方法,在不同磷肥用量(0、50、100、150 kg·hm-2,以P2O5计)基础上,设置未施有机肥对照处理和添加有机肥处理(有机肥4500 kg·hm-2),测定棉花不同生育时期土壤有效磷含量、植株吸磷量和磷分配比例、籽棉产量,计算了棉田磷肥利用率和磷素平衡状况.结果 表明:棉田土壤有效磷表现出随施磷量增加而增加的趋势,添加有机肥的处理土壤有效磷含量整体高于未添加有机肥处理.植株累积吸磷量呈现出随施磷量增加而增加的趋势,在施磷水平为150 kg·hm-2时,植株累积吸磷量整体较高.籽棉产量随施磷量增加表现出先增加后略有降低的趋势,添加有机肥处理的产量总体高于未添加有机肥处理,且在施磷量100 kg·hm-2时最高,为5642 kg·hm-2.磷肥利用率在施磷量100 kg·hm-2并配施有机肥时达到最优,为37.24％;随施磷量的增加,棉田土壤磷素盈余量呈增加的趋势,在施磷量100 kg·hm-2并配施有机肥时,棉田磷素收支开始出现盈余,盈余量为16.82 kg·hm-2.综上,在磷肥减施条件下有机肥添加可通过提高土壤磷素有效性、调节棉花磷素吸收和分配来影响棉籽产量;在综合考虑土壤磷素有效性、棉花磷素吸收和产量、磷肥利用率和棉田磷素收支平衡的基础上,建议新疆棉田磷肥施用量为100 kg·hm-2,并配施有机肥.     

有机肥替代化肥对橘园土壤培肥及果实产量品质的影响

为探究猪粪和鸡粪有机肥部分替代化肥对椪柑橘园土壤培肥及果实产量品质的影响,通过2年定位试验,选用鸡粪和猪粪2种有机肥,开展7.5 t·hm^-2和15 t·hm^-2替代施用量对椪柑橘园土壤肥力、果实产量及品质的影响效果研究。结果表明,采用鸡粪和猪粪2种有机肥部分替代化肥的模式,可明显提升柑橘园土壤肥力。与全化肥处理相比,施用有机肥替代化肥处理的土壤酸化有所改善,全氮、有效磷、速效钾和有机质含量分别提高16.1%~54.7%、15.9%~30.1%、12.9%~36.9%和6.8%~39.6%。土壤微生物多样性的香农指数和均匀度增加,平均CO₂产生率总体随着有机肥替代量的增加而提高,微生物数量明显增加。在同等有机肥替代化肥施用量条件下,猪粪有机肥培肥地力和增加土壤微生物数量及多样性的效果优于鸡粪有机肥。有机肥替代化肥处理较全化肥处理提高柑橘产量5.1%~19.5%,增加果实可溶性总糖2.7%~11.8%、维生素C 2.1%~10.8%、可溶性固形物5.9%~10.8%。7.5 t·hm^-2猪粪有机肥替代化肥处理柑橘产量最高,而15 t·hm^-2猪粪有机肥替代化肥处理柑橘品质最好。研究表明,采用有机肥部分替代化肥的施肥模式,有利于提高椪柑橘园土壤肥力和微生物多样性,进而提高果实产量、改善柑橘品质。     

渭北旱地麦田配施有机肥减量施氮的作用效果

为了探讨陕西渭北旱地冬小麦有机无机配施的减氮效应及机理,于2011年10月至2014年6月在陕西省渭南市白水县进行了连续三年的田间小区定位试验,探究不同氮肥用量(0、75、150、225、300 kg N·hm~(-2))与有机肥(猪粪30 t·hm~(-2))配施对冬小麦产量、氮肥利用率(NUE)、土壤硝态氮残留及土壤养分的影响,明确当地最适宜的有机无机配施比例。结果表明:有机无机配施处理的产量、地上部吸氮量和NUE较单施化肥处理分别提高6.9%、29.3%和34.3%,且以有机肥与150 kg N·hm~(-2)氮肥配施处理效果最佳;有机无机配施显著改善0~20 cm土壤养分状况,土壤有机质、全氮、速效磷和速效钾含量分别较单施化肥处理提高6.1%、8.2%、90.4%和94.8%,但当施氮量大于150 kg N·hm~(-2)时,配施有机肥显著增加0~200 cm硝态氮残留量(43.7~188.8 kg·hm~(-2)),加大硝态氮淋溶风险;有机肥分别与75、150 kg N·hm~(-2)氮肥配施相比单独施用150、225 kg N·hm~(-2)氮肥处理在产量上无显著差异,却显著提高了NUE(27.4%和45.3%),并降低60 cm土层以下硝态氮含量。综合上述研究结果,在渭北旱地冬小麦生产中,在有机肥(猪粪)30 t·hm~(-2)的基础上配施75~150 kg N·hm~(-2)的氮肥(有机氮∶无机氮=1∶0.46~0.91),可以保证小麦高产优质,并降低氮素淋溶风险。     

豆科绿肥及施氮量对旱地麦田土壤主要肥力性状的影响

通过2a田间定位试验,研究渭北旱塬地区夏闲期插播并翻压不同豆科绿肥(长武怀豆、大豆和绿豆)以及小麦生长季不同施氮量(0,108,135,162 kg/hm2)对麦田土壤肥力性状的影响,以期为提高旱地土壤质量提供理论依据.试验结果表明:(1)种植豆科绿肥能显著提高土壤有机质、活性有机质和全氮含量,增加土壤碳库管理指数(CPMI),对土壤速效钾含量没有显著影响;(2)绿豆还田量高于长武怀豆和大豆,然而土壤培肥效果逊于长武怀豆和大豆;(3)夏闲期种植绿肥明显消耗了土壤水分,导致绿肥翻压前、小麦播前直至收获后,0-200 cm土壤贮水量显著低于休闲处理,但耗水量与休闲没有明显差异,由于小麦产量显著增加,因此豆科绿肥显著提高了水分生产效率;(4)与不施氮相比,小麦生长季施用氮肥能显著增加土壤水分生产效率,却对土壤各肥力性状的影响均不显著.夏闲期种植并翻压豆科绿肥是旱地培肥土壤、提高水分生产效率的有效途径.     

红富士苹果套袋技术研究

通过２ａ的试验，研究出红富士苹果的套袋栽培技术：增施磷钾肥、控制枝量、在５月下旬至６月上旬（花后４０～５０ｄ）套双层袋、采收前１个月去外袋、４～７ｄ后去内袋、去袋时间以袋内温度升至最高时为宜。红富士苹果套袋后，果皮细腻、光洁指数高、底色淡黄、全红果比率高、着色鲜艳、农药残留量低、外观品质好，病虫果率低。     

Effects of Organic Fertilizer on Fruit Quality and Acidified Soil Chemical Properties in Yantai Orchard

Objective] This study aimed to investigate the improving effect of organic fertilizer on acidified soil as wel as their ef-fects on fruit quality and quantity in Yantai orchard. [Method] Plot experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of organic fertilizer on fruit yield and quality of Red Fuji and chemical properties of acidified soil. [Result] The apple yield in acidified soil applied with organic fertilizer al increased. Under the application of biological organic fertilizer, the apple yield was higher, and it was 8.92% higher than that in the control group. Under the mixed application of chemical fertilizer and biological organic fertiliz-er, the growth and development of apple trees were improved, and the total soluble solid (TSS) content, vitamin C (Vc) content and TSS-acid ratio in mature apples al increased. The application of organic fertilizer significantly reduced soil acidity. Compared with those in the control group, the soil pH value, organic matter content and alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen content under the ap-plication of biological organic fertilizer were increased by 8.33%, 15.10% and 30.80%, respectively. [Conclusion] The application of biological organic fertilizer could improve the yield of apple in acidified soil.     

稻田土壤氧化态有机碳组分变化及其与甲烷排放的关联性

稻田土壤有机碳是甲烷排放的关键底物之一,不同研究者由于采取的有机碳研究方法不同而得出稻田甲烷排放与土壤有机碳关系的结论不一。为明确影响稻田甲烷排放的土壤有机碳组分,设计了稻田施用不同外源有机碳(稻草还田、鸡粪和猪粪)的田间试验,对稻田甲烷排放和土壤有机碳组分的动态变化及其关联性进行监测和分析。结果表明,猪粪处理的甲烷排放与化肥处理无显著差异,而鸡粪和稻草2个处理的甲烷排放分别比化肥增加1.67倍(P<0.05),2.69倍(P<0.05);甲烷排放量与土壤易氧化有机碳含量显示相同顺序:稻草>鸡粪>猪粪>化肥;通径分析表明,土壤易氧化有机碳组分1(被33 mmol/L KMnO₄氧化的有机碳)与甲烷排放直接相关,其他有机碳组分仅通过组分1间接作用于水稻生育后期甲烷排放,且排放量较低。由此推断,易氧化有机碳组分1是甲烷排放的主要底物,通过有效措施降低肥源中易氧化态有机碳组分1是减排甲烷的关键技术之一。     

Impact of Residual Soil Nitrate on In-Season Nitrogen Applications to Irrigated Corn Based on Remotely Sensed Assessments of Crop Nitrogen Status

Spatial and temporal variability of soil nitrogen (N) supply together with temporal variability of plant N demand make conventional N management difficult. This study was conducted to determine the impact of residual soil nitrate-N (NO₃-N) on ground-based remote sensing management of in-season N fertilizer applications for commercial center-pivot irrigated corn (Zea mays L.) in northeast Colorado. Wedge-shaped areas were established to facilitate fertigation with the center pivot in two areas of the field that had significantly different amounts of residual soil NO₃-N in the soil profile. One in-season fertigation (48 kg N ha⁻¹) was required in the Bijou loamy sand soil with high residual NO₃-N versus three in-season fertigations totaling 102 kg N ha⁻¹ in the Valentine fine sand soil with low residual NO₃-N. The farmer applied five fertigations to the field between the wedges for a total in-season N application of 214 kg N ha⁻¹. Nitrogen input was reduced by 78% and 52%, respectively, in these two areas compared to the farmer’s traditional practice without any reductions in corn yield. The ground-based remote sensing management of in-season applied N increased N use efficiency and significantly reduced residual soil NO₃-N (0–1.5 m depth) in the loamy sand soil area. Applying fertilizer N as needed by the crop and where needed in a field may reduce N inputs compared to traditional farmer accepted practices and improve in-season N management.     

典型双季稻田施磷流失风险及阈值研究

通过3年(2011—2013年)的双季稻田间小区试验,探明了不同施磷量对双季稻产量、土壤磷素积累、磷素流失风险的影响,并确定了土壤收支平衡的施磷阈值。研究结果表明:连续3年不同施磷量处理水稻早、晚季产量为5474~5552 kg·hm~(-2)和7096~7521 kg·hm~(-2),过量施用磷肥对水稻产量无显著增产效果,反而有减产的风险。施用磷肥后,土壤Olsen-P含量显著提高。田面水TP平均浓度与土壤中Olsen-P呈显著正相关关系;施磷后田面水磷素动态能用指数模型(Y=C_0·e~(k/t),k0)拟合,即随着磷肥施用量增加,田面水磷素流失风险增加。结合水稻产量效应、土壤磷素表观平衡和磷素环境风险,推荐研究区域早、晚稻施磷阈值分别为(48.53±7.07)kg P_2O_5·hm~(-2)和(56.87±7.90)kg P_2O_5·hm~(-2)。     

生物质炭对华北平原4种典型土壤冬小麦生育前期氨挥发的影响

为了探明生物质炭对华北平原土壤氨挥发的影响,以该区域4种典型土壤（水稻土、砂姜黑土、褐土、潮土）为研究对象进行微区试验,设置了对照（CK）、单施化肥（NPK）、单施生物质炭（BC）、化肥配施生物质炭（BC+NPK）4个处理,于冬小麦生育前期观测土壤氨挥发损失,分析土壤矿质氮含量、土壤pH和温度对土壤氨挥发的影响。结果表明,4种土壤单施化肥处理氨挥发累积损失分别为2.70、3.14、2.90、4.00 kg N·hm^-2,占施氮量的比例（氨挥发损失率）为3.3%、3.8%、3.5%、4.9%。与单施化肥相比,化肥配施生物质炭可以降低砂姜黑土（15.3%）和潮土（14.8%）的氨挥发损失,但增加了水稻土（3.0%）和褐土（6.9%）氨挥发。添加生物质炭显著提升土壤pH值和土壤温度,相关性分析表明,土壤pH值是决定生物质炭对土壤氨挥发增减的关键因素。综上所述,在华北平原砂姜黑土和潮土施用生物质炭可以有效降低小麦生育前期土壤氨挥发。