Development of component geographic information systems applying in forest resources management

The history, current situation, and development trend of GIS (Geographic Information System) applied in the forest resources management were discussed in this paper. On the basis of geographic spatial characteristics of forest resources data, a component geographic information system (ComGIS) was developed for forest resources management. The system embeds a GIS ActiveX control MapObjects (Inc. ESRI) on Visual C platform. System design, data organization and achieving way were studied and expatiated by taking Xigangzi Forestry Centre as study object. The system has many useful functions,, such as adding and display of various map layers, zoom of map by wheeling mouse, attribute and spatial data querying, map auto roaming, features rendering based on the spatial trait of data, label controlling through attribute data band with vector graph, as well as output of ‘Column chart‘ for showing the result of statistics. At the same time, parts of source codes are attached.     

Certification Mechanism for Sustainable Forest Management and Its Progress in China and Abroad

The paper elaborates in details certification mechanism for sustainableforest management, including the definition, contents, objectives, costs, benefits, characteristics, procedures and impacts of certification as well as main certification systems. It also introduces in details the latest progress and development perspectives of certification in China and around the world. Certification is a market-based mechanism, which aims at enhancing and strengthening the reasonable utilization offorests. It usually consists of certification for sustainable forest management and certification of COC. Certification costs, including direct costs and indirect costs, but also benefits, which depends on the level of certification outputs. Internationally recognized FSC certification has been widely developed around the world, and a number of international organizations such as the WB and WWF etc are also promoting the process of FSC certification. Certification has bright perspectives of development around the world,     

A management planning system for even-aged and uneven-aged forests in northeast China

The most common scientific approach to numerical landscape-level forest management planning is combinatorial optimization aimed at finding the optimal combination of the treatment alternatives of stands. The selected combination of treatments depends on the conditions of the forest, and the objectives of the forest landowners. A two-step procedure is commonly used to derive the plan. First, treatment alternatives are generated for the stands using an automated simulation tool. Second,the optimal combination of the simulated treatment schedules is found by using mathematical programming or various heuristics. Simulation of treatment schedules requires models for stand dynamics and volume for all important tree species and stand types present in the forest.A forest planning system was described for Northeast China. The necessary models for stand dynamics and tree volume were presented for the main tree species of the region. The developed models were integrated into the simulation tool of the planning system. The simulation and the optimization tools of the planning system were described. The optimization tool was used with heuristic methods, making it possible to easily solve also spatial forest planning problems, for instance aggregate cuttings.Finally, the use of the system is illustrated with a case study, in which nonspatial and spatial management plans are developed for the Mengjiagang Forest District.     

Ecosystem-management-based Management Models of Fast-growing and High-yield Plantation and Its Eco-economic Benefits Analysis

The paper expounded the basic concept and principles of ecosystem management,and analyzed the state and trend of industrial plantation ecosystem management in other countries.Based on the analysis of typical case studies,the eco-economic benefits were evaluated for the management models of fast-growing and high-yield plantations.     

Problems and relevant strategies on natural forest protection in Changbai Mountain forest area

Changbai Mountain forest area is not only is a national timber base but also a green ecological defense for Songliao Plain of NE China. The Natural Forest Protection Project of this area has an important bearing on the social and economic sustainable development of Jilin Province or even the whole forest area in NE China. This paper summarized general conditions of natural forest in Changbai Mountain state-owned forest area and put forward six problems need to be urgently solved and five strategic suggestions on natural forest protection and sustainable management.     

林分动态生长模型的研究

The stand growth and yield dynamic models for Larch in Jilin Province were developed based on the forest growth theories with the forest continuous inventory data. The results indicated that the developed models had high precision, and they could be used for the updating data of inventory of planning and designing and optimal decision of forest management.     

The Policy Issues in Lin'an Modei Forest of China

Based on the analysis on policy such as property rights, tax and administration fee, harvesting and circulation of forest products in Lin 'an Modei Forest, some policy issues in the development of Lin 'an Model Forest towards sustainable forest management were raised: (1) The level of timber tax and fee is quite high and there are many kinds of taxes and fees such as fees for forest silviculture, forestry maintenance, forest protection, city construction, town-service, additional fee for education and others, value-added tax, taxfor special products of agriculture andforestry. (2) Coefficient of input and output for Bamboo shoot is 23.8 times than that for timber. (3) Some comments on the policy were changed in the development of modei forest such as compensation on the ecological benefit offorest, adjustment of tax and fees-collection policy for forest products, systematic management on transferring the right of land use, and integrated policy for production, processing and marketing of forest products     

Researches of Remote Sensing Raster Data Management and Services

The purpose of this paper is to study the RS data web services and related subjects of data storage and data management. Based on an analysis of the present situation and development trend of storage and management of raster data and web service technology, a management and service system architecture for Remote Sensing raster data based on web service technologies was developed, the implementation methodologies of the key technology of the system were explored and a prototype of the system was illustrated.     

Effects of acquiring FSC forest management certification for Japanese enterprises using SmartWood Audits

We explore the organizational, environmental, and economic effects of sustainable forest management (FM) certification by Smart-Wood (SW), one of the certification bodies accredited by the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) to carry out certification in Japan. We closely investigated three enterprises: the Yusuhara Forest Owners’ Cooperative, Yamanashi Prefectural Forest, and Ryujin-mura Forest Owners’ Cooperative. Interviews with representatives of these entities provided crucial empirical information regarding the influence of certification on environmental assessment, rare-species protection, landscape-management planning, management objectives, and forest supervision. Attainment of FM status improved environmental awareness and engendered positive changes in assessing and managing forests and other natural resources but simultaneously imposed heavier economic costs.     

Forest Fire Environment and Characteristics in Northeastern China

Forest fires occurrence is influenced by many factors, such as inter-annual weather variations and regional fuel distributions. Fires occurrence in different forest region has distinct spatial and temporal characteristics. The paper studied the natural forest fire environment in Northeastern China, as well as forest fires occurrence, burned area and fire seasons in Northeastern Forest Region. The result shows that more than 50% of annual burned area occurred in Northeast China Forest Region. Main fire seasons in the region are spring and autumn. Fires occurrence in spring is larger than that in autumn. There are few fires in summer. The authors＇ suggestions for fire management department are to emphasize the fuel management, improve the roads conditions, and enhance the fires control ability.     

四川省森林资源分类区划界定与分类经营管理模式研究

本文分析了四川省森林分类经营区划现状;介绍了四川省森林分类区划界定出的2个森林资源经营管理区域和4个管理亚区;提出了森林分类经营的目标、组织管理形式、政策保障体系、经营管理模式和实施步骤;并就相关问题进行了讨论。     

基于WEB的林木采伐限额信息管理系统设计

根据清原县林业局的实际情况和资源管理工作的目标与要求,提出基于网络对森林资源采伐限额、采伐申请、伐区设计、设计审批、办理林木采伐许可证、伐区验收、更新验收等进行科学管理的设想,与国家林业局规划院共同研制和开发了《林木采伐限额信息管理系统》软件,意在运用网络技术,使森林采伐限额的信息管理工作更科学、规范、方便、快捷。     

日本森林组合的作用及其基本属性分析

本回顾了日本森林组合制度的形成和发展过程，系统地阐述了森林组合的组织体系、运营机制、财务制度、业务范围等，在此基础上，对森林组合在民有林发展中的作用、森林组合的基本属性等进行了深入的分析和探讨。     

Goals for public participation implied by sustainable development, and the preparatory process of the Finnish National Forest Programme

Since the UNCED in 1992, National Forest Programmes (NFP) have been widely acknowledged as a means to implement internationally agreed upon sustainability goals for forest management. However, national forest programmes are prepared and implemented in national political, social and ecological contexts, which vary significantly between countries. Finland has a long tradition of “forest programming”, starting from the 1950s, which has contributed to the institutions and culture of preparing such programmes. These programmes have traditionally been prepared in governmentally facilitated committees and working groups in close collaboration with interest groups and representatives of research and administration.In this paper, we develop goals for participation in a policy decision-making process. These goals, based on sustainable development definitions and policies, include: (1) generating new relevant information, (2) incorporating all relevant interests, and (3) contributing to reaching public agreement.Demands for increasing public awareness, inclusion of different views as well as respect for procedural citizen rights were obvious expectations also behind Finland's National Forest Programme 2010 that was made in 1999. The new forms of participation applied in the already well-developed interest-group-integrating policy preparation system provided an opportunity to take the participation goals more seriously. According to our analysis, the arguments arising from the new forms of participation were strongly in line with those already previously present in Finnish forest policy discourse, and the new forms of participation functioned merely as legitimating and awareness raising systems.     

FSC森林经营联合认证标准最新修订及其对我国的影响

联合认证是小规模经营者开展森林管理委员会（FSC）森林经营认证的重要组织模式。从2018年起FSC对联合认证的标准进行了重新修订,并于2021年3月16日正式生效。FSC森林经营联合认证标准的制修订对于完善中国森林认证标准体系具有参考意义。文中介绍了FSC联合认证标准的最新变动,就该标准实施后对我国已开展认证的组织可能产生的影响进行了评估分析,并就国内如何开展相关工作及应对该标准的变化提出了建议。     

Underpricing and Overexploitation of Tropical Forests

Abstract

Forest pricing policies for tropical timber and forest concessions can play an important role in the management, conservation, and preservation of tropical forests. The paper draws on regional studies of forest revenue systems and forest concession arrangements, country case studies, and studies in individual countries of West and Central Africa and South East Asia (Grut, Gray, and Egli, 1991; Gray and Hadi, 1989; Gray and Hadi, 1990; and Gray, 1983). Forest pricing and concession management policies, problems, and experiences in individual countries are examined, common problems and experiences highlighted, and alternatives identified. From these, the elements of a forest pricing and concession management system which supports sustainable management, efficient utilization, and forest renewal are developed.     

我国生态公益林管理的内涵及体系结构

从管理学角度剖析我国生态公益林管理行为的内涵, 论述和分析生态公益林管理的业务结构、组织体系、法规标准保障, 提出生态公益林管理的体系结构框架, 在总结生态公益管理体系结构的优势和存在问题的基础上提出一些发展建议。     

Predicting timber harvests from private forests—a utility maximisation approach

Forest owners’ values and the ownership structure of forest are changing continuously. One probable consequence of the current trends in Finland is that the significance of forest-related income will decrease, which may have a significant impact on the round wood supply. This study developed and demonstrated a new method, which allows policy makers to make forecasts on the future timber supply. The method is based on the assumed temporal changes in the distributions of the importance of different forest management goals. The distributions are converted into utility functions, generated separately for each forest holding. The utility functions are maximised, using heuristics, to obtain the optimal forest management plans for the holdings. The regional cutting budget is calculated by summing the removals of the optimal treatment schedules of stands over the whole area. The method was demonstrated by assuming four different scenarios for the forest management goals, in which the importance of net income from realised cuttings decreased by 0%, 25%, 50% or 100% in 60 years. The decrease was compensated for by an increased importance of the other goals, namely economic security, recreation, and nature values. The calculations were made with three different methods. Methods 1 and 2 derived the optimal plans directly for the whole 60-year period while Method 3 developed three consecutive 20-year plans. Method 2 assumed that the holding is sold or inherited once in 20 years with an abrupt change in the management goals. In Methods 1 and 3 the goals changed only gradually. The results were logical, indicating that the more the importance of net income decreases the lower the future timber supply will be.     

森林生态定位观测系统网络管理平台设计与实现

森林生态系统观测数据是重要的生态研究及环境保护数据。随着观测系统日趋复杂及监测数据量逐渐增多,对森林生态系统定位观测网络数据管理和共享存在着许多问题。为了方便数据存储、及时共享信息和易于挖掘数据隐藏信息,文中基于B/S模式,采用Jquery框架及MongoDB+Sqlserver存储架构建设森林生态定位观测系统网络管理平台,实现我国森林生态定位观测系统的网络可视化管理。平台具有地图可视化展示、数据实时观测及统一管理、数据可视化分析与共享等功能。在新疆西天山国家级自然保护区进行了系统应用,收到良好效果。使用该平台可以实现全国森林生态站信息的规范系统化汇集、网络可视化管理和云存储共享服务的目标,具有广泛的推广应用价值。     

Public Involvement in Forest Management Planning

Summary

In 1997, the US Forest Service initiated public involvement processes in three national forests in the northeastern United States-the Finger Lakes National Forest in central New York, the Green Mountain National Forest in Vermont, and the White Mountain National Forest in New Hampshire and Maine. Citizens' perspectives were sought on forest management prior to determining the changes needed for revising the Land and Resource Management Plans (Forest Plans) as well as to exchange information on management of these three forests. These processes represent a pro-active effort by the US Forest Service to engage communities of interest in dialogue about the management of these national forests. The Forest Service has emphasized the principles of ecosystem management and community partnership in developing these plans. The paper describes the policy framework for forest planning and an outline of the Plan Revision process as developed in the Northeast. It further offers a preliminary analysis of this approach, including lessons to date, their implication for subsequent phases of plan revision processes in the Northeast, and possible relevance for agencies embarking on similar public planning initiatives.