QTL Analysis of Tuber Dormancy and Sprouting in Potato

Tuber dormancy and sprouting are important traits in commercial potato varieties. Since wild Solanum species can contribute new alleles in breeding, we combined Solanum chacoense and S. berthaultii species in a mapping population to develop a linkage map with genome wide markers and identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) for tuber dormancy and sprouting. There was genetic variation for the evaluated traits and high correlation (0.80) between dormancy and apical dominance release. QTL for tuber dormancy and sprouting traits were mapped to the same or similar positions on chromosomes 2, 3, 5, and 7, explaining from 9.5% to 16.3% of the phenotypic variance. We identified candidate genes associated with all major phytohormone regulation in close linkage with the QTL. The QTL on chromosomes 2, 3 and 7 are good candidates for marker assisted breeding, since they were associated with dormancy and apical dominance release and should be useful to delay or accelerate tuber sprouting.     

马铃薯贮藏期腐烂原因及防治对策

马铃薯是一种高产作物,收后贮藏、稳定价格、均衡上市是提高农民收入的主要途径之一。贮藏过程中有效的控制腐烂率,更加显得重要。笔者根据定西市马铃薯生产贮藏实际情况,结合马铃薯作物的贮藏特点,提供具体的操作、管理措施,供当地马铃薯贮藏参考。     

温度对马铃薯α淀粉老化的影响

采用挤压膨化技术制作马铃薯α淀粉,并利用酶水解法及X-射线衍射法等研究了在同一贮藏时间内,不同贮藏温度对膨化马铃薯α淀粉老化变化的影响,探讨了影响机理。研究结果表明,贮藏温度从23℃±1℃降低到-18℃±1℃时,贮藏期为180d的样品α度也从87.8%明显降低到80.2%,样品的结晶度从8.4%上升为16.45%;说明样品α度的高低与贮藏温度的高低成正比,而样品的老化程度高低与贮藏温度的高低成反比。     

马铃薯品种淀粉含量和淀粉产量的表现及其稳定性分析

淀粉加工在马铃薯产业中起着重要作用。然而,目前广泛种植的原料薯仍然是淀粉含量不高的菜用薯。为选出适于黑龙江垦区种植的淀粉加工型马铃薯品种,试验采用随机区组设计,以‘延薯4号’为对照,对5个品种(‘同薯29号’、‘克新27号’、‘东农310’、‘内-9’和‘希森5号’)的块茎产量、淀粉含量以及淀粉产量进行评价,并进行稳定性分析。对照品种‘延薯4号’产量达46300 kg/hm^2,淀粉含量13.76%,淀粉产量6394 kg/hm^2,均表现出较好的稳定性。‘克新27号’产量(41731 kg/hm^2)低于‘延薯4号’,但淀粉含量(18.94%)高于‘延薯4号’,结果淀粉产量(7976 kg/hm^2)最高,但表现并不稳定。‘东农310’和‘希森5号’淀粉含量分别为18.33%和20.46%,并具有较高的淀粉产量,分别为6709和6658 kg/hm^2,表现稳定。该研究为淀粉企业正确选择品种提供了基础数据。     

马铃薯原淀粉及变性淀粉的特点及应用

马铃薯原淀粉是一种极为重要的天然高分子材料,具有其他植物淀粉不可替代的特性,可广泛用于食品工业、造纸工业、纺织工业和医药工业。通过物理、化学或其他方式将马铃薯原淀粉改造为变性淀粉后进一步拓宽了其用途。中国马铃薯分布广、种植面积大,为马铃薯原淀粉和变性淀粉的加工提供了巨大的原料来源。尽管受原料困扰和效益影响,马铃薯原淀粉和变性淀粉加工业在中国仍属于朝阳产业,产品的数量、种类和用途都将会有进一步的扩展。     

Modelling the Contribution ofAlpha-Amylase,Beta-Amylase and Limit Dextrinase to Starch Degradation During Mashing

Response surface methodology was used to determine the levels ofalpha-amylase,beta-amylase and limit dextrinase enzymes required for efficient conversion of starch to fermentable sugars during mashing. Micro-scale mashes with purified barley starch and malt enzymes were performed in a Brewing Research Foundation mash bath, and mash liquors were analysed for solubilised starch, reducing sugars (neocuproine assay) and fementable sugars (anion exchange HPLC). Fermentable sugars in the mash liquor were positively correlated with reducing sugars (R²=0·94) and the percentage of starch solubilised during mashing (R²=0·68). A multiple regression equation relating the levels of the three starch degrading enzymes to the percentage of starch hydrolysed to fermentable sugars gave a good fit to the second order response surface (R²=1·00, RMSE=1·37%). Addition of limit dextrinase to the mashes resulted in a substantial increase in levels of fermentable sugars, and limit dextrinase showed a synergistic effect in increasing levels of maltose in the mash liquor when combined with high levels ofbeta-amylase. The efficiency of any one starch degrading enzyme in a mash is influenced by the presence of other starch degrading enzymes. Commercial malts contain excess levels ofbeta-amylase and below optimal levels of limit dextrinase. Malt extract may not be a good indicator of the level of fermentable carbohydrates produced during mashing.     

马铃薯渣综合利用研究现状及发展趋势

介绍了马铃薯渣营养成分及主要性质,综述了马铃薯渣综合利用研究现状,包括生产高蛋白饲料、制备膳食纤维和果胶,制备燃料酒精和薯渣新型吸附剂和粘结剂、制备饲料种曲、方便面油料包可食性膜和有机化工产品等。剖析了马铃薯渣综合利用中存在的问题,即综合利用率低、食用安全性问题、技术推广困难。展望了马铃薯渣的开发应用前景与发展趋势。马铃薯渣提取膳食纤维和果胶,薯渣加工附加值提高,经济效益较高;固态发酵马铃薯渣生产蛋白饲料或生产配合饲料是薯渣处理最具发展潜力的方向。利用薯渣制作发酵培养基是进行薯渣增值的研究方向;利用薯渣制备燃料酒精及生物质混合燃料是理想的薯渣利用途径;利用马铃薯渣联合生产膳食纤维和燃料酒精是薯渣综合利用研究值得探索的新思路。     

Sugar-Starch Metabolism and Antioxidant Potential in Potato Tubers in Response to Different Antisprouting Agents During Storage

Single applications of different antisprouting agents like hot water treatment, spearmint oil and clove oil were carried out on potato cultivar “Lady Rosetta” to compare their efficacy with that of synthetic chloro isopropyl N-phenyl carbamate (CIPC). The tubers were stored at ambient storage conditions (25?±?2 °C) for 81 days to assess changes in their sugar-starch concentrations and antioxidant potential. Antioxidant potential in the tubers was assessed as their total phenolic concentrations and radical scavenging activities. In addition, the enzymatic activities were also determined in order to evaluate the possible depletion of these antioxidants as substrate during storage. Results revealed significant response of stored potatoes to all antisprouting agents compared with the control (P?≤?0.05). CIPC and clove oil applications maintained tuber dormancy almost twice as long (81 days) as observed in the control (45 days). Application of spearmint oil and hot water treatment maintained tuber dormancy for almost 2 months. However, it was associated with an increased percentage sprouting during the last weeks of storage. At the end of storage, the highest starch (16.83%) and lowest sugar (0.99%) concentrations were estimated after CIPC application and maximum total phenolic concentration (143.57 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/100 g), and highest antioxidant activity (39.73%) were found after clove oil application. Enzymatic activities were not statistically different between CIPC and clove oil application during most of the storage period. Results showed that efficient replacement of CIPC with clove oil in the premium potato cultivar might be useful; this may avert related food safety and environmental issues and would also ensure organic potato storage.     

湖北省棉花育种“十二五”研究构思

 贮藏是棉花产业链中的一个重要环节,贮藏不当,导致棉花品级降低、品质变差。已有的研究认为,温湿度是影响棉花贮藏质量的主要因素。用某些化学物质对棉花和棉织品进行处理,可抑制微生物的生长繁殖。我国对棉花贮藏技术的研究极少,有待加强。     

高淀粉马铃薯品种块茎大小与淀粉含量之间的关系

在同一地点以不同高淀粉马铃薯品种为试验材料,对各品种的总块茎产量、不同级别块茎产量、淀粉含量和淀粉产量等进行了研究。结果表明:高淀粉马铃薯品种单位面积上淀粉产量取决于总块茎产量和淀粉含量。不同大小块茎的淀粉含量受品种影响较大,有些品种各级别块茎的淀粉含量相对一致,有些品种的差异则较大。分别测定不同级别块茎淀粉含量,用加权平均方法得到某品种的淀粉含量,比随机取样得到的淀粉含量更准确。     

不同马铃薯品种淀粉含量、淀粉产量及淀粉组成的评价

试验选用北方一作区8个当地主栽的马铃薯品种,在哈尔滨种植评价各品种的淀粉含量、淀粉产量和淀粉组成状况。试验结果表明:克新12号和延薯3号2个品种比较适合哈尔滨的气候和环境条件,具有较高的淀粉含量和淀粉产量。各品种马铃薯淀粉组成中直链淀粉和支链淀粉含量比例不同。直链淀粉含量低于25%的品种有:延薯3号、克新12号、尤金和陇薯3号。直链淀粉含量高于25%的品种有:晋薯11号、坝薯8号、青薯2号和东农303。     

高淀粉马铃薯品种块茎大小与淀粉含量之间的关系

在同一地点以不同高淀粉马铃薯品种为试验材料 ,对各品种的总块茎产量、不同级别块茎产量、淀粉含量和淀粉产量等进行了研究。结果表明 :高淀粉马铃薯品种单位面积上淀粉产量取决于总块茎产量和淀粉含量。不同大小块茎的淀粉含量受品种影响较大 ,有些品种各级别块茎的淀粉含量相对一致 ,有些品种的差异则较大。分别测定不同级别块茎淀粉含量 ,用加权平均方法得到某品种的淀粉含量 ,比随机取样得到的淀粉含量更准确     

Rheological and Thermal Properties of Potato Starch

<正>Particle size, rheological and thermal properties of potato starch from Yunnan province of China was investigated. The particle size ranges from 0.429-102.3 μm determined by laser light-scatter. The major flow type of 6 w/v% potato starch was shear-thinning fluid even the shear rate up to 800·s-1, and the gel formed by 6 w/v% potato starch fell to weak gel for its little difference between G′ and G′′, high dependence on frequency and low value of G′(Pa). The hardness and cohesiveness of potato starch gel were 31.3 g and 131.9 g·s, respectively. The thermal properties of potato starch were also determined by DSC at the starch∶ water = 3∶ 1. The To, Tp, and △H of potato starch were 62.23℃, 67.31℃, and 2.22 J·g-1.     

加热熏蒸CIPC对马铃薯萌芽及品质的影响

为研究加热熏蒸抑芽剂氯苯胺灵(CIPC)对马铃薯抑芽效果及品质的影响,试验采用加热熏蒸和喷施2种方法,在室温20℃的条件下,贮藏第30 d时对马铃薯进行处理,空白对照不做任何处理,测定马铃薯萌芽情况及品质关键指标。结果表明,相比空白对照,在马铃薯贮藏过程中,喷雾CIPC和加热熏蒸CIPC均能显著抑制马铃薯发芽,处理后薯块普遍出现芽萎缩变黑的现象;2种处理后干物质含量、淀粉含量均极显著高于对照,可溶性糖含量、α-淀粉酶活性极显著低于空白对照;相比之下,喷雾施用CIPC较加热熏蒸对马铃薯的抑芽效果和薯块品质的保持更佳,但二者都具有明显的抑芽效果。考虑操作性、成本、对马铃薯的机械损伤等因素,认为加热熏蒸比喷雾的优势更加显著,在实际生产中具有更好的推广潜力。     

基于因子分析的马铃薯淀粉质量指标的关联性研究

为了提高定西市马铃薯淀粉质量,促进淀粉加工企业向品牌化健康发展,研究应用2007~2013年定西市连续7年15家马铃薯淀粉企业供检的105份淀粉质量检测数据,建立SPSS数据录入系统。通过相关分析、因子分析和聚类分析研究了各项质量指标间的关联性,利用马铃薯淀粉各变量间的相关系数矩阵和公因子方差,以K-均值聚类法按提取的3个公因子对企业进行聚类。结果表明,各项质量指标间存在着一定的相关性,部分质量指标间存在着显著的关联性,只需提取3个公因子就足以反映10个指标的信息。因此,可根据最终聚类结果对马铃薯淀粉加工企业进行分类指导,为定西市马铃薯淀粉生产的可持续发展提供决策参考。     

马铃薯块茎休眠和发芽的分子机理及调控策略

马铃薯块茎的休眠和发芽对于马铃薯的栽培、块茎生产和加工工业都极为重要。本文综述了马铃薯块茎休眠和发芽的分子生物学研究进展,着重介绍了通过调控块茎糖代谢中的协同因子——无机焦磷酸来调控块茎休眠和发芽特性的分子策略。     

春秋两季马铃薯微型薯休眠期及发芽特性比较分析

本研究以Favorita和南中552两个早熟品种的微型薯为试验材料,对春秋两季生产的微型薯在4℃和20℃条件下贮藏的休眠期及其发芽动态进行了系统观察。结果表明,两个基因型在20℃和4℃下贮藏,春季微型薯休眠期比秋季分别短30d左右和60d左右,有光贮藏的微型薯打破休眠的时间比黑暗贮藏时分别延长一周和两周。块茎打破休眠后,发芽动态呈"S"曲线,但生产季节、贮藏温度间存在显著差异。春季微型薯发芽持续时间均长于秋季微型薯,低温贮藏使发芽持续时间更加延长。     

Starch Characteristics of Modern and Heirloom Potato Cultivars

In a number of ways, modern potato breeding efforts differ from those that created heirloom cultivars. As a result of the rapid expansion of the potato processing industry in the mid twentieth century, potato breeders shifted their focus from fresh market varieties to those intended for the fry and chip markets. Selection for higher dry matter content and lower reducing sugar levels in tubers was successful. This study sought to determine whether modern processing cultivars differ from heirloom cultivars for two major characteristics of tuber starch, amylose content and starch granule morphology. Since breeding efforts for processing potatoes have focused on the maintenance of tuber quality during storage, these parameters were measured in both fresh and stored tubers. Twenty cultivars selected to span the range of cultivar release dates in the U.S. were grown at Hancock, WI in 2009 and 2010 and evaluated for tuber amylose content and measurements of starch granule surface area, length, width, length to width ratio, and smoothness. These traits were found to be stable across years and during storage. Significant differences in the amylose content and starch granule morphology exist among cultivars, but there is no clear distinction between modern and heirloom cultivars. Genetic variation for amylose content and starch granule morphology was found within the set of clones sampled for this study. However, germplasm with higher amylose content will need to be identified and utilized in breeding if the nutritional benefits associated with high fiber and low glycemic index are to be realized.     

Effect of Sprouting on Proteins and Starch in Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.)

Plant Foods for Human Nutrition - This study aims at understanding the relation among sprouting time (from 12 up to 72&nbsp;h), changes in protein and starch components, and flour functionality...     

马铃薯不同品种在不同生态条件下的淀粉含量与淀粉产量

把北方一作区8个当地主栽的马铃薯品种在黑龙江省的加格达奇、克山和哈尔滨种植,对各品种淀粉含量和淀粉产量进行评价。结果表明:克新12号是淀粉含量高且稳定性较好的品种,延97-8淀粉含量较高,但在试验区域内的稳定性较差。在加格达奇淀粉产量较高的品种为延97-8和陇薯3号,在克山淀粉产量较高的品种为陇薯3号和克新12号,在哈尔滨淀粉产量较高的品种为延97-8。