模拟自然植物群落 恢复地带性植被

本文分析了地带性植被在城市生态环境中的重要性，并研究了当前园林绿化中人工植物群落的弊端，从模拟自然植物群落，恢复地带性植被方面探讨了发送城市生态环境的途径和方法。     

我国南方公路劣质地植被恢复方法探讨

针对我国南方公路两侧坡陡、土壤干旱瘠薄、立地条件差、造林施工难度大的特点,提出以固坡防蚀,控制泥沙径流为主要目的,兼顾绿化景观层次的植被恢复方法.     

季风常绿阔叶林植被恢复过程中土壤理化性质动态

以植被不同恢复阶段的普洱季风常绿阔叶林林地土壤为研究对象,分析了土壤理化性质随植被恢复的动态变化。结果表明:土壤容重随恢复时间的延长呈现降低的趋势,而土壤孔隙度和水分含量则随恢复时间的延长缓慢增大。土壤有机质和全N含量在恢复15年及原始林中最高,全P含量为恢复30年最低,原始林最高,全K含量则是恢复40年样地中最高。不同恢复阶段样地中,原始林中速效N含量最高,恢复15年样地中速效P含量最高,恢复40年样地中速效K含量最高。所有恢复阶段间pH值均无显著性差异,而阳离子交换量由高到低依次为恢复15年>原始林>恢复40年>恢复30年。土壤理化性质相关性分析显示,土壤容重与土壤全N、土壤全P、速效N、有机质具有显著相关性,而土壤孔隙度则仅与土壤pH值具有显著相关性,土壤水分含量则与土壤全N、速效N、阳离子交换量具有显著相关性。     

南方山丘区困难立地植被恢复与重建研究

南方山丘区雨量充沛且分布不均,以及红壤的结构特性决定的生态脆弱性,使该区域成为仅次于黄土高原的严重水土流失区,其中的严重侵蚀红壤区和石灰岩分布区是该区域植被恢复与重建的困难立地区.本文针对该区域的生态环境特点,提出植被恢复与重建的原则,并从困难立地区的立地特点,提出恢复与重建的关键技术和应用模式.     

天然阔叶林的更新试验

陈大林业站自1978年开始进行人工促进天然更新阔叶林的试验,采取迹地清理不炼山、封山育林、幼林抚育、抚育间伐等技术措施,取得了很好效果。人工促进天然更新阔叶林,有利于保护树种多样性,恢复多树种混交林;生长量大,投资省,见效快;操作简便,易于推广;经济效益、生态效益、社会效益明显。     

次生阔叶林改建为食用菌原料林后的群落恢复和林分生长

选择12年生林相较好的天然次生阔叶林,通过择伐更新和皆伐人促更新2种经营方式定向培育食用菌原料林。研究发现,择伐经营的经济效益较高,且有利于群落的快速恢复,经过7a的封育,林分蓄积量已达到择伐前的水平。皆伐人促更新获得的食用菌材虽较择伐利用高出40%左右,但因经营强度过大,保留的幼树受损严重而不利于伐后林木的生长与恢复,封育期内蓄积增长量分别为择伐更新和对照未经营区的64 7%和73 41%。动态监测结果显示,采用择伐和皆伐人促更新措施后群落恢复较快。疏伐后因透光度的急剧增加,阳性和中性树种大量侵入,地面芽植物和1年生植物的比例增高。到第7a时,高位芽植物的比例已接近未经营区的状态,乔、灌、草各层的物种多样性指数高于未经营的天然阔叶林,物种均匀度则与其相近。研究还发现,2种更新经营方式对土壤养分的损失较小,经过7a的恢复,林地土壤肥力已基本达到原有天然林水平。     

次生阔叶林改建为食用菌原料林后的群落恢复和林分生长

选择林相较好的12年生天然次生阔叶林,通过择伐更新和皆伐人促更新两种经营方式定向培育食用菌原料 林。结果表明:择伐经营的经济效益较高,且有利于群落的快速恢复,经过7a的封育,林分蓄积量已达到择伐前当 年的水平。皆伐人促更新获得的食用菌材虽较择伐利用高出40％左右,但因经营强度过大,保留的幼树受损严重 而不利于伐后林木的生长与恢复,封育期内蓄积增长量分别为择伐更新和对照未经营区的64.7％和73.4％。动态 监测结果显示,采用择伐和皆伐人促更新措施后,群落恢复较快。疏伐后因透光度的急剧增加,阳性和中性树种大 量侵入,地面芽植物和1年生植物的比例增高。到第7年时,高位芽植物的比例已接近未经营区的状态,乔、灌、草 各层的物种多样性指数高于未经营的天然阔叶林,物种均匀度则与其相近。研究还发现,两种更新经营方式对土壤 养分的损失较小,经过7a的恢复,林地土壤肥力已基本达到原有天然林水平。     

南方稀土矿山植被恢复研究进展

文章从稀土矿山开采的危害、矿山立地条件、植物材料的筛选、综合治理技术措施等方面综述南方稀土矿山植被恢复的研究进展,指出研究中的局限性和今后的研究方向,对稀土矿山植被恢复有重要的参考价值。     

次生阔叶林更新方式对林分生长和演替的影响研究

对光泽县九龙坑天然次生阔叶林天然和人促更新方式下的林分恢复进行调查,比较这2种更新方式群落的生长、物种多样性、生态优势度和重要值。结果表明:不同更新方式林分的生长、物种多样性、生态优势度和重要值均存在明显差异。人促更新17 a后林分的平均胸径、树高及蓄积量分别是天然更新林分的1.8倍、1.6倍和2倍。采用人工促进天然更新能加速群落的演替进程,且在材种和材质方面达到经营的预期目标,进而提出将次生阔叶林改造培育成工业原料林的技术措施,并解决了合理密度设定这一关键改造技术。     

不同林龄人促天然更新林土壤磷素形态及有效性分析

采用Hedley磷素分级改进方法对福建省顺昌县不同林龄(21年生、31年生、49年生)米槠人促更新林Castanopsis carlesii表层土壤(0~10 cm)磷素有效性和磷素形态变化特征进行研究,结果表明:21年生、31年生、49年生米槠人促更新林土壤总无机磷含量分别为237.53、238.75和251.89 mg/kg;各形态无机磷中,树脂-P、氢氧化钠无机P最大值均出现在49年生米槠林土壤,而碳酸氢钠无机磷、稀盐酸无机磷、浓盐酸无机磷、残留磷变化不大;表层土壤有机磷形态中NaCHO3-Po和NaOH-Po及总有机磷的含量均随着林龄增加而增大,但C.HCl-Po没有变化;土壤有效磷含量亦随着林龄增加而增加,且土壤有效磷与树脂-P、NaCHO3-Po、NaOH-Po呈显著正相关。可见树脂-P可以作为红壤磷素缺乏的一个预测指标,而森林土壤有机磷矿化对土壤磷素有效性具有明显影响。     

天然阔叶林皆伐迹地人工封促成林试验研究

本文通过天然阔叶林皆伐迹地，采用人工封促成林与自然更新二种不同更新方法的对比试验，结果表明：采用人工封促成林的更新方法具有明显的优点，即投资少，效益大，林木生长快，单位面积蓄积量可提高５０．７％；建议有条件的地方应推广使用该方法。为发展阔叶林生产，保持生态平衡提供了一条有效的途径。     

Characteristics of a 20-year-old evergreen broad-leaved forest restocked by natural regeneration after clearcut-burning

? To elucidate the application of natural regeneration to the restocking of evergreen broad-leaved forests in the subtropics, the characteristics of a 20-year-old evergreen broad-leaved forest restocked by natural regeneration after clearcut-burning were studied in Okinawa, Japan. Within a 0.87 ha clearcut area with four 10 m × 10 m sampling plots, two burned and two unburned ones, the tree composition, tree species diversity and vegetation changes were investigated.

? The results showed that the species diversity, basal area and density of woody stems ? 1.0 m in height differed significantly among phanerophyte types, while they were not significantly different between the burned and unburned treatments. A vegetation census also revealed no obvious differences between the treatments.

? The primary dominant species, Castanopsis sieboldii, continued to dominate the secondary forest with a broad height distribution.

? The structural complexity and high tree species diversity of the regenerating forest after clearcut-burning provides no evidence of degeneration. We can predict that the regeneration forest may gradually develop into stands similar to pre-clearcut primary forest, and that natural regeneration may restore the high tree species diversity of the evergreen broad-leaved forests in Okinawa.

     

Integrating forest biodiversity conservation and restoration ecology principles to recover natural forest ecosystems

New Forests - Effective conservation of forest biodiversity and effective forest restoration are two of the biggest challenges facing forest managers globally. I present four general principles to...     

长白山林区次生阔叶林冠下红松人工更新与培育技术

通过对长白山林区林隙环境、林隙对红松生长的影响及肛伐强度对阔叶树生长、红松更新的研究,为科学地确定上红松更佳的最佳上层郁闭度,提高林分生长量,确定红松采伐年龄,促进天然林保护工程的发展提供科学的依据和技术。     

林隙及其对天然林更新的影响

林隙是森林中由自然或人为小规模干扰形成的,是森林演替和循环中必不可少而又经常发生的现象,为森林的更新提供了有利的微环境。本文通过对林隙尺度、特征和森林微环境变化等叙述,重点分析了我国对天然林林隙的研究现状、分布的区域和森林类型,林隙大小、年龄和边缘木等方面对天然林更新的影响,以及林隙理论在实践中的应用,指出,林隙更新理论是森林经营,尤其是天然林经营中最重要的方面之一。     

Small mammal responses to forest management for oak regeneration in southern Indiana

We used a 5-decade chronosequence of harvest openings to characterize population and community-level responses of small mammals to forest management targeting oak regeneration in southern Indiana. Live-trapping at 42 different sites allowed modeling of occupancy and relative abundance using environmental covariates while incorporating imperfect detection. Species richness was higher in smaller openings on southwest-facing aspects. Similarity between species richness of different age classes decreased with increasing site age. Eastern chipmunk (Tamias striatus) relative abundance was greater in early seral stages, i.e., at young sites with low basal areas. Relative abundance of white-footed mice (Peromyscus leucopus) exhibited different responses to coarse woody debris on sites versus microsites. Pine voles (Microtus pinetorum) and short-tailed shrews (Blarina brevicauda) were more likely to occupy older sites. We observed a greater relative abundance of short-tailed shrews at sites with steep and northeast-facing slopes. Northeast-facing slopes also resulted in higher short-tailed shrew occupancy rates. Incorporating detection probability enabled us to derive more accurate estimates of relative abundance and, when coupled with a Bayesian framework, permitted the estimation of occupancy for uncommon species. Our estimated responses can be used by forest managers to determine the potential impacts of even-aged and uneven-aged oak management on small mammals, and the statistical methodology we used can be applied even more broadly to improve understanding of wildlife responses to forest management.     

谈大兴安岭林区人工促进天然更新技术

介绍了大兴安岭林区人工天然更新的种子来源 ,种苗培育措施及人工促进更新的技术方法。对该地区促进天然林更新 ,培育后续森林资源具有重要的指导意义。     

天然次生阔叶林转变为杉木人工林对土壤微生物量的影响

在我国南方,天然次生阔叶林转变为杉木人工林是一种常见的管理措施。为研究森林利用方式转变对土壤微生物量的影响,我们在中国科学院会同森林生态实验站比较了天然次生阔叶林、第一代和第二代杉木人工林土壤理化性质和微生物量。杉木人工林土壤有机碳、全氮、铵态氮和微生物量碳氮含量明显低于天然次生阔叶林。第一代、二代杉木人工林土壤微生物量碳仅为天然次生阔叶林的53%和46%,微生物氮为97%和79%。杉木人工林土壤微生物量碳占有机碳的比例也低于天然次生阔叶林土壤,但微生物量氮则相反,为杉木人工林高于天然次生阔叶林。因此可以得出,天然次生阔叶林转变为杉木人工林以及杉木林连栽引起了土壤生物学特性和土壤质量降低。图2表3参36。     

火干扰对天然红松林结构和演替过程的影响

Investigations on charcoal in the soil, fire-scarred trees, stand composition, forest structure as well as regeneration status were carried out in the natural broad-leaved/Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis) forest after fire disturbance at Liangshui Nature Reserve on the mid-north of Xiaoxing‘an Mountains from 1990 to 1992, and the ecological effects of fire disturbance on the formation and succession of this kind of forest were analyzed according to the survey results. The average depth of charcoal in the soil was related to the timing of the fire. According to the characteristic of fire-scarred trees, the dynamic map of the fire behavior was drawn onto the topographic map. It showed that the dimension and extent of the fire disturbance was closely related with site conditions. Fire disturbance only led to a significant difference in stand composition and diameter class structurefor the stands at different locations, rather than completely destroying the forest. After fire disturbance, the horizontal community structure was a mosaic of different patches, which were made up of different deciduous species or different sizes of Korean pines, and the succession trend of each patch was also different. In the sites with the heavy fire disturbance, the intolerant hardwood species were dominant, and there were a large number of regenerative Korean pine saplings under the canopy. In the moderate -disturbed sites, the tolerant hardwood species were dominant, and a small number of large size Korean pines still survived. In the light-disturbed sites, large size Korean pines were dominant.     

祁连山水源涵养林天然更新状况调查

在祁连山天然林区，选择林分的不同郁闭度、龄级、地位级、林木组成、坡向、海拔高度等生态因子，进行了天然更新状况的调查。结果表明：林分郁闭度在0．4～0．7时幼树数量最多，0．8～0．9郁闭度次之，1．0、0．3以下郁闭度时最少；中郁闭度林分更新中等，过密和过稀林分更新不良；云杉在海拔2800m左右的阴坡、半阴坡更新最好。