油菜硫代葡萄糖甙组成及含量测定—高效液相色谱法(HPLC)

应用高效液相色谱测定油菜及甘蓝、黑芥、新疆野生油菜等的硫代葡萄糖甙,其主要步骤为:硫甙提取,离子交换树脂(Sephadex A-25醋酸吡啶型)纯化,在微柱上芳基硫酸酯酶脱硫酸根,反相C_(18)柱乙腈梯度洗脱分离脱硫硫甙,采用烯丙基硫甙或邻硝基苯-β-半乳糖甙(ONPGAL)作内标,紫外吸收测定硫甙洗脱液(波长229nm)。研究发现不同材料其硫甙组成及含量有差异。     

甘蓝型油菜叶片硫甙含量的杂种优势研究

用高效液相色谱法测定了甘蓝型油菜品种及杂交后代叶片的硫甙含量及组份，研究了两个低硫杂交组合不同时期油菜叶片硫甙总量及组份的杂种优势，进行了油菜叶片硫甙组份相关性分析，结果表明：普通油菜中油821叶片硫甙苗期含量最高，达33.15μmol/g，随后持续下降；而低硫油菜品系从越冬到现蕾逐渐升高，薹期降低，初花期又升高，盛花时降到最低；6098/1008和6098/M1两个杂交组合在薹期和花期叶片硫甙含量表现较高的负向优势，硫甙含量显著下降；两个杂交组合叶片硫苷组份中2-羟-3-丁烯、4-甲亚砜丁基、5-甲亚砜戊基、3-丁烯基、4-戊烯基等脂肪族硫苷均表现出负向优势，而芳香族硫甙和吲哚类硫甙在不同组合中优势表现不同，在6098/1008组合中仅3-吲哚甲基硫甙表现为负向优势，其他成分均表现为正向优势，在6098/M1组合中所有芳香族硫甙和吲哚类硫甙成分均表现为负向优势。     

中油821接种菌核病菌丝体后的生化反应

以油菜第3片真叶人工接种菌核病菌丝体，研究中油821抗（耐）菌核病与植株叶片硫甙含量、POX活性的关系。结果显示，第3叶片接种区域的各种硫甙含量增加，以吲哚族硫甙表现突出，接种后7d吲哚族硫甙含量达1158nmol/ml，比不接种对照增加70倍，第3叶片非接种区域的吲哚族硫甙含量比不接种对照增加7－30倍，第5、6叶片及第3叶叶柄也表现接种后嘴哚族硫甙增加。所有接种材料均在第3d产生了芳香族硫甙，接种叶POX活性表现持续上升。     

高效液相色谱法测定剑麻叶片中的可溶性糖含量

采用不同体积百分比浓度下的乙醇提取液对剑麻叶片中葡萄糖、果糖和蔗糖的提取效率进行研究,并建立能够同时测定剑麻叶片中三种糖分的高效液相色谱方法。结果表明:60%的乙醇为最佳提取液,该方法的相对标准偏差为1.0%~4.6%,相关系数在0.999以上,加标回收率为98.5%~99.4%;剑麻叶片(干重)中3种糖的总含量达167 mg/g,其中葡萄糖含量最高为74 mg/g(干重)。     

高效液相色谱法测定茶叶中除虫脲的残留量

本研究建立了测定茶叶中除虫脲残留量的高效液相色谱方法。样品经乙腈提取,GCB/PSA固相萃取柱净化,用高效液相色谱-二极管阵列检测器检测。方法的定量限为0.2 mg/kg,线性范围为0.5～10 mg/kg,加标回收率为84.5%-97.0%,相对标准偏差为3.4%。     

甘蓝型油菜种皮和种胚硫甙含量及其组分分析

本文比较了甘蓝型优质油菜和普通油菜、黑籽油莱和黄籽油菜种皮、种胚的比率和硫甙含量及其组分。结果表明:黑籽油菜的种皮重量占17％、黄籽为12％。普通油菜种胚和种皮的硫甙含量分别占种子硫甙含量的97％和3％,而优质油菜分别占91％和9％。在种皮中,以2—羟基—3—丁烯基硫甙为主。在种胚中,优质油菜的2—羟基—3—丁烯基硫甙和3—丁烯基硫甙明显比普通油菜的低。育成的低硫甙新品系,吲哚硫甙含量比较高。     

白菜型油菜种皮和种胚硫甙总量及其分量分析

试验结果表明,不论硫甙含量高低,白菜型黑籽油菜皮壳率约为19％,黄籽为14％。普通油菜的种胚和种皮的硫甙含量分别占种子硫甙含量的96％和4％,优质油菜的种胚和种皮的硫甙含量分别占种子硫甙含量的89％和11％。种子和种胚中以3—丁烯基硫甙为主,种皮中则以3—了烯基硫甙和2—羟基—3—丁烯基硫甙为主。     

氯化钯法定量测定油菜籽中的硫葡糖甙

氯化钯法半定量目视比色测定油菜饼粕中的硫葡萄糖甙,已在我国油菜品质育种研究工作中得到初步应用。在此基础上,我们又对西德DR.W.Thies博士的氯化钯法光度定量测定技术进行了应用研究,摸索了硫甙的提取和测试条件,在提取过程中加入了二氯乙烷作为     

油菜体内及土壤中咪鲜胺的残留检测与消解动态

采用固相萃取( SPE) - 高效液相色谱紫外检测(HPLC - UV)建立了油菜中咪鲜胺的残留量检测方法,并 进行咪鲜胺消解动态研究。提取液经石墨碳和C18固相萃取柱净化、浓缩后测定。咪鲜胺在各样品中的添加回收 率为80. 1% ～91. 8% ,变异系数为1. 8%～9. 6%。咪鲜胺在油菜中消解较快,半衰期为4～6d; 30g制剂/666. 7m2 于油菜盛花期施药2 次,油菜收获时,油菜籽中咪鲜胺残留量最高为0. 20mg/kg,土壤中咪鲜胺残留量最高为 0. 49mg/kg。     

甘蓝型杂交油菜新品种丰油701的选育

细胞质雄性不育甘蓝型杂交油菜新品种丰油701,其组合为湘5A×048R,湘5A属Pol CMS系统.长江中游区油菜区试结果,丰油701平均产量2 506.2kg/hm2,比对照增产16.1%.芥酸含量0.25%,硫甙含量 33.66μmol/g,含油量43.12%.     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.     

Recent Modifications of Chitosan for Adsorption Applications: A Critical and Systematic Review

Chitosan is considered to be one of the most promising and applicable materials in adsorption applications. The existence of amino and hydroxyl groups in its molecules contributes to many possible adsorption interactions between chitosan and pollutants (dyes, metals, ions, phenols, pharmaceuticals/drugs, pesticides, herbicides, etc.). These functional groups can help in establishing positions for modification. Based on the learning from previously published works in literature, researchers have achieved a modification of chitosan with a number of different functional groups. This work summarizes the published works of the last three years (2012–2014) regarding the modification reactions of chitosans (grafting, cross-linking, etc.) and their application to adsorption of different environmental pollutants (in liquid-phase).