Genetic analysis and identification of DNA markers linked to a novel Phytophthora sojae resistance gene in the Japanese soybean cultivar Waseshiroge

The Glycine max (L.) Merr. cultivar Waseshiroge is highly resistant to several races of Phytophthora sojae in Japan. In order to determine which Rps gene might be present in Waseshiroge, 15 differential cultivars were challenged with 12 P. sojae isolates. None had a reaction pattern identical to that of Waseshiroge, indicating that Waseshiroge may contain a novel Rps gene. In order to characterize the inheritance of Waseshiroge resistance to P. sojae isolates, 98 F₂ progeny and 94 F_7:8 lines were produced from crosses between the susceptible cultivar Tanbakuro and Waseshiroge. Chi-square tests indicated that segregation fit a 3:1 ratio for resistance and susceptibility in two F₂ sub-populations of 42 and 56 seedlings. This and a 46.27:1.46:46.27 (or 63:2:63) ratio for resistance: segregation: susceptibility among the 94 F_7:8 lines indicated that resistance was controlled by a single dominant gene. DNA analyses were carried out on Tanbakuro, Waseshiroge and the 94 F_7:8 lines, and a linkage map was constructed with 17 SSR markers and nine new primer pairs that amplify marker loci linked to Rps1 on soybean chromosome 3 (linkage group N). The closest markers, Satt009 and T000304487l, map to locations 0.9 and 1.6 cM on each side of the estimated position of the Rps gene, respectively. The results showed that the Rps gene in Waseshiroge is either allelic to Rps1, or resides at a tightly linked locus in a gene cluster. A three-way-contingency table analysis indicated that marker-assisted selection with the two flanking markers could be used in the development of new resistant cultivars.     

Pathogenic diversity of Phytophthora sojae and breeding strategies to develop Phytophthora-resistant soybeans

Phytophthora stem and root rot, caused by Phytophthora sojae, is one of the most destructive diseases of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.], and the incidence of this disease has been increasing in several soybean-producing areas around the world. This presents serious limitations for soybean production, with yield losses from 4 to 100%. The most effective method to reduce damage would be to grow Phytophthora-resistant soybean cultivars, and two types of host resistance have been described. Race-specific resistance conditioned by single dominant Rps (“resistance to Phytophthora sojae”) genes and quantitatively inherited partial resistance conferred by multiple genes could both provide protection from the pathogen. Molecular markers linked to Rps genes or quantitative trait loci (QTLs) underlying partial resistance have been identified on several molecular linkage groups corresponding to chromosomes. These markers can be used to screen for Phytophthora-resistant plants rapidly and efficiently, and to combine multiple resistance genes in the same background. This paper reviews what is currently known about pathogenic races of P. sojae in the USA and Japan, selection of sources of Rps genes or minor genes providing partial resistance, and the current state and future scope of breeding Phytophthora-resistant soybean cultivars.     

Resistance and partial resistance to Phytophthora sojae in early maturity group soybean plant introductions

Phytophthora sojae, an important yield limiting pathogen of soybean, causes seed, seedling, root, and stem rots. Losses caused by P. sojae can be controlled by both major gene and partial resistance. Early maturity group (MG) soybeans are an increasingly important crop in northwestern Minnesota and eastern North Dakota. Early MG plant introductions (PIs) from the USDA Soybean Germplasm Collection and early MG public and private cultivars were evaluated for resistance and partial resistance to P. sojae. Of the 113 PIs, PI438445, and PI438454 exhibited resistance to P. sojae races 4, 7, 17, and 28 indicating they may possess either Rps1c, Rps1k, previously unidentified or multiple resistance gene to Phytophthora sojae (Rps) genes. Because they exhibited partial resistance equal to or greater than the standard check cultivar Conrad, three early MG soybean cultivars (MN0902, MN0302, and 91B53) were selected as standard checks to evaluate early MG PIs for partial resistance. Sixty-nine PIs were evaluated for partial resistance to P. sojae races 7 and 25 using the inoculum layer method. Of this group of PIs, 22 had the same level of partial resistance as Conrad to P. sojae race 7 while 19 had the same degree of partial resistance to race 25. Twelve PIs had same level of partial resistance as Conrad to both P. sojae races 7 and 25. The PIs and cultivars identified in this study will be of great value in developing early MG soybean cultivars suitable for planting in Canada and the northern United States.     

大豆品种RGA分析与疫霉根腐病抗性鉴定

采用7个具有不同毒性基因的大豆疫霉菌株, 对黄淮地区48个优良大豆种质资源进行了苗期接种鉴定, 筛选出一批具有不同抗性的优异抗源, 说明黄淮地区蕴藏着丰富的大豆抗病资源。以相似系数0.682聚类, 48个大豆品种可以分成8类。同时, 根据抗病基因在保守区域序列同源性的原理, 利用RGA-PCR方法对48个品种的遗传多样性进行分析, 从48个大豆品种的抗病基因同源序列中共扩增出53条谱带, 各品种之间谱带较清晰且呈现明显的多态性, 以相似系数0.746聚类, 48个大豆品种可以分成7类。尽管抗性表型和RGA聚类的类与类之间没有一一对应关系, 但抗谱广的品种, 能较好地聚在一类, 如丰收黄、科丰36、即墨油豆等。因此, 综合利用抗性表型和RGA分析可以为大豆疫霉根腐病抗性基因鉴定、品种的培育和合理布局提供一定的理论依据。     

A survey of soybean germplasm for resistance to <Emphasis Type="Italic">Phytophthora sojae</Emphasis>

Phytophthora root and stem rot of soybean caused by Phytophthora sojae is a destructive disease affecting soybean production regions throughout the world. The utilization of resistant cultivars is the most economical and environmentally safe method for controlling this disease. This work aims to screen the effective sources of special and partial resistance for the development of resistant cultivars. A total of 611 soybean germplasm lines from three ecological regions were evaluated for their responses to three P. sojae strains, namely, PNJ1, PNJ3, and PNJ4, using the hypocotyl inoculation technique. The soybean germplasm lines elicited eight different reaction types with three strains. Among these, 106 were resistant and 253 were susceptible to the three strains. A total of 123 soybean germplasm lines identified as susceptible to the three strains by the hypocotyl inoculation method were evaluated for partial resistance to PNJ1 using the slant board assay. Thirty-nine cultivars displayed high levels of partial resistance to PNJ1. The results of this study can be utilized to plant appropriately resistant cultivars in infected fields and to provide good breeding materials.     

Microsporogenesis of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Rps</Emphasis>8/<Emphasis Type="Italic">rps</Emphasis>8 heterozygous soybean lines

Phytophthora root and stem rot caused by Phytophthora sojae, is one of the most damaging diseases of soybean, for which management is principally done by planting resistant cultivars with race specific resistance which are conferred by Rps (Resistance to Phytophthora sojae) genes. The Rps8 locus, identified in the South Korean landrace PI 399073, is located in a 2.23 Mbp region on soybean chromosome 13. In eight cv. Williams (rps8/rps8) × PI 399073 (Rps8/Rps8) populations, this region exhibited strong segregation distortion. In a cross between the South Korean lines PI 399073 (Rps8/Rps8) and PI 408211B (multiple Rps genes) this region segregated in a Mendelian fashion. In this study, microsporogenesis was evaluated to identify meiotic abnormalities that may be associated with the segregation distortion of the Rps8 region. Pollen was collected from greenhouse-grown plants of the parental genotypes: Williams, PI 399073, and PI 408211B; as well as selected Rps8/rps8 RILs from Williams × PI 399073 BC₄F_2:3 and PI 399073 × PI 408211B F_4:5 populations. There were no differences for pollen viability among the genotypes. However, for PI 399073, a mix of dyads, triads, tetrads and pentads was observed. A high frequency of meiotic abnormalities including fragments, laggards, multinucleated microspores; and microcytes containing DNA was also observed in Rps8/rps8 Williams × PI 399073 BC₄F_2:3 RILs. These meiotic abnormalities may contribute to the high degree of segregation distortion present in the Williams × PI 399073 populations.     

黑龙江大豆栽培品种和新品系对疫霉病抗性评价及抗病基因分析

由Phytophthora sojae引致的大豆疫霉病是黑龙江大豆产区的重要病害之一。该病已在我国大豆一些主要栽培区发生,并引起较大危害。培育和种植抗疫霉病品种是控制该病最有效的方法。本研究旨在筛选黑龙江地区的大豆疫霉病抗病品种和品系,为病害的防治和抗病品种的合理布局提供参考。在大豆苗期用下胚轴伤口接种方法对126个栽培大豆品种和135份大豆品系进行接种,鉴定其对黑龙江大豆主要疫霉病菌株（8个）的抗性。鉴定结果表明：有72个品种抗4个以上菌株,占鉴定品种的57.1%;84份品系抗4个以上菌株,占鉴定品系的62.2%。对品种的基因分析表明,有30个大豆品种含有抗病基因,其中有10个品种分别含有Rps1k、 Rps3a、Rps1c三个主要基因。     

大豆品种豫豆25抗疫霉根腐病基因的鉴定

大豆疫霉根腐病是大豆破坏性病害之一。防治该病的最有效方法是利用抗病品种。迄今,已在大豆基因组的9个座位鉴定了15个抗大豆疫霉根腐病基因,但是只有少数基因如Rps1c、Rps1k抗性在我国是有效的。因此,必需发掘新的抗疫霉根腐病基因,以满足抗病育种的需求。豫豆25具有对大豆疫霉菌的广谱抗性,是目前筛选出的最优异的抗源。以豫豆25为抗病亲本分别与豫豆21和早熟18杂交构建F_2:3家系群体。两个群体的抗性遗传分析表明,豫豆25对疫霉根腐病的抗性由一个显性单基因控制,暂定名为RpsYD25。用SSR标记分析两个群体,RpsYD25均被定位于大豆分子遗传图谱N连锁群上。由于Rps1座位已作图在N连锁群,选择Rps1k基因中的一些SSR设计引物,检测RpsYD25与Rps1座位的遗传关系。结果表明,一个SSR标记Rps1k6与RpsYD25连锁,二者之间的遗传距离为19.4 cM。因此,推测RpsYD25可能是Rps1座位的一个新等位基因,也可能是一个新的抗病基因。     

Genome-wide SNP-based association mapping of resistance to <Emphasis Type="Italic">Phytophthora sojae</Emphasis> in soybean (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Glycine max</Emphasis> (L.) Merr.)

Phytophthora root rot (PRR) is among the most important soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) diseases worldwide, and the host displays complex genetic resistance. A genome-wide association study was performed on 337 accessions from the Yangtze-Huai soybean breeding germplasm to identify resistance regions associated with PRR resistance using 60,862 high-quality single nucleotide polymorphisms markers. Twenty-six significant SNP-trait associations were detected on chromosomes 01 using a mixed linear model with the Q matrix and K matrix as covariates. In addition, twenty-six SNPs belonged to three adjacent haplotype blocks according to a linkage disequilibrium blocks analysis, and no previous studies have reported resistance loci in this 441 kb region. The real-time RT-PCR analysis of the possible candidate genes showed that two genes (Glyma01g32800 and Glyma01g32855) are likely involved in PRR resistance. Markers associated with resistance can contribute to marker-assisted selection in breeding programs. Analyses of candidate genes can lay a foundation for exploring the mechanism of P. sojae resistance.     

Leaf rust resistance in selected late maturity, common wheat cultivars from Uruguay

Leaf rust (caused by Puccinia triticina) is one of the most important diseases of wheat in Uruguay, and breeding for resistance to this disease is a priority for the INIA wheat program. Knowledge of the effective resistance genes present in the germplasm is relevant when selecting for effective and more durable resistance. The leaf rust resistance present in six adapted wheat cultivars that are parents of many advanced lines was studied. Races of P. triticina with different virulence combinations were used to determine which seedling resistance genes might be present in the six cultivars and/or derived lines. Genetic analysis of seedling and adult plant resistance (APR) was conducted on BC₁F₂ and F₃ generations from crosses of four cultivars with the susceptible cultivar Thatcher. The presence of APR genes Lr13 and Lr34 was confirmed with crosses of the four cultivars and Thatcher lines with these genes. A genetic marker associated with Lr34 was used to postulate the presence of this gene in all cultivars. The cultivars and resistance genes postulated to be present were: Estanzuela Calandria Lr3bg, Lr16 and Lr24; Estanzuela Federal Lr10; Estanzuela Halcón Lr10, Lr14a, and Lr16; INIA Tijereta and INIA Garza Lr16, Lr24 and Lr34; and INIA Torcaza Lr10 and Lr24. Only Lr16 and Lr34 remain effective to the predominant pathotypes. Additional ineffective seedling resistance that could not be identified was present in E. Federal, I. Tijereta and I. Torcaza. Unknown APR gene(s) could be present in E. Calandria and E. Federal.     

Mapping QTL tolerance to <Emphasis Type="Italic">Phytophthora</Emphasis> root rot in soybean using microsatellite and RAPD/SCAR derived markers

Broad tolerance to phytophthora root rot (PRR) caused by Phytophthora sojae has become an important goal for the improvement of soybean (Glycine max) because of the rapid spread of races that defeat the available resistance genes. The aim of this research was to identify the location of quantitative trait loci (QTL) in ‘Conrad’, a soybean cultivar with broad tolerance to many races of P. sojae. A PRR susceptible breeding line ‘OX760-6-1’was crossed with Conrad. Through single-seed-descent, 112, F₂ derived, F₇ recombinant inbred lines (RILs) were advanced. A total of 39 random amplified polymorphic DNA bands (RAPDs) and 89 type 1 microsatellite (simple sequence repeat; SSR) markers were used to construct a genetic linkage map. In the greenhouse, RILs were inoculated with four P. sojae isolates (three from China and one from Canada). Disease was measured as the percent of dead plants 20 days after germination in P. sojae inoculated vermiculite in the greenhouse. Three QTLs (QGP1, QGP2, QGP3) for PRR tolerance in the greenhouse were detected using WinQTLCart 2.0 with a log-likelihood (LOD) score 27.14 acquired through permutations (1,000 at P ≤ 0.05). QGP1 (near Satt509) was located at linkage group F and explained 13.2%, 5.9%, and 6.7% of the phenotypic variance for tolerance to the JiXi, JianSanJiang and ShuangYaShan isolates, respectively. QGP2 (near Satt334) was located in a different interval on linkage group F and explained 5.1% and 2.4% of the phenotypic variance for JiXi and ShuangYaShan isolates, respectively. QGP3 was located on linkage group D1b + W (near OPL18₈₀₀/SCL18₆₅₉) and explained 10.2% of the phenotypic variance for Woodslee isolate. QGP1 and QGP2 appeared to be associated with PRR tolerance across a range of isolates but QGP3 was active only against the Woodslee isolate. At Woodslee and Weaver (in Ontario) in 2000, the interval associated with QGP3 explained 21.6% and 16.7% of phenotypic variance in resistance to PRR, respectively and was referred as QFP1. The identified QTLs would be beneficial for marker assistant selection of PRR tolerance varieties against both China and North America P. sojae races. Yingpeng Han and Weili Teng have equal contribution to the paper.     

大豆主要病害多抗性资源筛选鉴定

大豆灰斑病、根腐病和疫霉病是生产上主要发生的病害,对大豆的产量和品质影响很大,用抗病品种是防治病害的有效方法,抗病资源筛选鉴定是抗病育种的基础。因此,本研究对这3 种病害进行抗病性鉴定,旨在筛选出单抗和多抗资源。用人工接种鉴定的方法,对139 份大豆材料分别接种大豆灰斑病菌、根腐病菌、疫霉病菌,进行单一病害鉴定,发病后按每种病害的抗性评价标准确定每份材料的抗病性。结果表明,对大豆灰斑病和疫霉病表现高抗的材料总计为51份,中抗材料总计为80份;对大豆灰斑病和根腐病表现为抗病材料总计为102 份;对3 种病害鉴定为感病的材料总计为179 份。抗2 种以上病害鉴定结果为,抗根腐病和疫霉病的材料12份;抗灰斑病和疫霉病的材料14份;抗灰斑病和根腐病的材料16分。抗3种病害的材料7份。明确了在供试的大豆材料中对单一病害的抗源居多,抗2 种以上病害特别是抗3种病害的材料较少,因此,应合理的利用这些多抗性的资源材料。     

黄淮海地区大豆主栽品种对8个大豆疫霉菌株的抗性评价

随着麦茬免耕栽培技术的推广应用,黄淮海地区麦后夏播大豆生产中疫霉根腐病呈加重趋势。了解该地区大豆主栽品种对疫霉根腐病的抗性和筛选抗病亲本,对培育新的高产广适抗病品种具有重要意义。本研究利用8个具有不同毒力的大豆疫霉菌株,采用下胚轴创伤接种法,对20世纪50年代以来黄淮海地区审定、推广的140个大豆主栽品种进行接种鉴定。表明除6个品种对8个菌株均无抗性外,其余134个品种分别抗1~8个大豆疫霉菌株,占鉴定品种总数的95.7%,其中抗6~8个以上菌株的品种有83个,占鉴定品种总数的59.3%。以14个鉴别寄主的抗病反应型为参照,发现134个品种对8个大豆疫霉菌株共产生65种反应型,其中19个品种产生的5种反应型与已知单基因或2个单基因组合反应型相同;115个品种产生的60种反应型与含有已知单基因或2个单基因组合的反应型不同,推测可能含有新的抗病基因或基因组合。根据研究结果合理选择亲本,可培育出聚合多个抗性基因且综合性状优良的大豆新品种。     

引自美国的大豆资源抗疫霉根腐病基因分析

大豆疫霉根腐病是影响中国大豆生产的主要病害之一, 利用抗病品种是防治该病最经济有效的方法。本研究通过下胚轴创伤接种鉴定了13个大豆疫霉菌株在从美国引进的85个大豆品种(系)上的反应,结果表明, 72个品种(系)抗1个到12个大豆疫霉菌株。通过与14个含有单个已知抗疫霉根腐病基因的大豆品种(系)的反应型比较并结合系谱分析,明确35个品种(系)分别含有Rps1a、Rps1c、Rps1k、Rps2、Rps3c、Rps4、Rps5、Rps6和Rps7抗病基因或基因组合,其中有14个品种(系)含有Rps1a,1个含有Rps1c和2个含有Rps1k,这3个基因能够有效抵御我国大豆疫霉种群,可以直接用于抗病育种。     

First report of leaf rust pathotypes virulent to highly effective Lr-genes transferred from Agropyron species to bread wheat

The gene pool of effective sources of leaf rust resistance used in the breeding of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) includes several species of the genus Agropyron. The genes deriving therefrom (Lr 19, 19d, 29, Agⁱ1, Agⁱ2, 38) are highly effective to pathotypes of Puccinia recondita Rob. ex Desm. In the Saratov and Orenbhurg districts of Russia, however, pathotypes virulent to these genes have been discovered. These pathotypes are virulent to Saratov-bred cultivars carrying Lr 19, to ‘Indis’ (Lr 19d) and RL 6097 (Lr 38). The distribution of virulence on the ‘Thatcher’ near-isogenic lines with different Lr genes shows that most of the Lr genes tested are susceptible to these new pathotypes of P. recondita, but the Lr genes Lr 9, 23, 24, 26 were exceptions. The inoculation of Mexican bread wheat cultivars, which carry widespread Lr gene combinations, by these pathotypes disclosed different infection types. Out of 10 Lr-gene combinations, four were highly effective; namely the combinations Lr 13 + 26, Lr 26 +?, Lr 23+26 and Lr 23+26+34.     

一个抗大豆疫霉根腐病新基因的分子鉴定

利用微卫星标记技术在大豆品种诱变30中鉴定和定位了一个抗大豆疫霉根腐病基因RpsYB30。该基因位于大豆分子遗传图谱L连锁群微卫星标记Satt497和Satt313之间,与这两个标记的遗传距离分别为4.4 cM 和3.3 cM。RpsYB30是大豆分子遗传图谱L连锁群鉴定的第1个抗疫霉根腐病基因,为新基因。     

河南大豆新品系抗大豆疫霉根腐病基因鉴定

大豆疫霉根腐病作为影响大豆生产的毁灭性病害之一,对大豆生产威胁很大。种植抗疫霉根腐病的大豆品种是控制该病害最有效的途径。河南省位于我国黄淮夏大豆产区的腹地,具有大豆疫霉根腐病发生的潜在威胁。本研究的目的是对河南省新育成的大豆品系进行抗性鉴定和抗病基因分子标记检测,以明确大豆新品系对大豆疫霉根腐病的抗性水平和抗病基因。采用下胚轴创伤接种法对64个河南省培育的大豆新品系进行接种,鉴定其对2个具有不同毒力的大豆疫霉分离物PsJS2和Ps41-1的抗性。结果显示,对分离物Ps41-1和PsJS2抗病的分别有35个和16个品系,对Ps41-1和PsJS2为中间反应型的分别有16个和10个品系,其中对2个分离物均抗病的有16个品系,占鉴定品系的25%。使用抗疫霉病基因RpsZheng共分离标记WZInDel11进行新品系的基因型鉴定发现,对2个大豆疫霉分离物均抗病的16个品系中有13个含有标记WZInDel11,对1个或2个大豆疫霉分离物表现为中间反应型的5个大豆品系,分子检测结果表明,其为杂合基因型,这些品系中的纯合抗病单株可直接选育成纯合抗病品系用于抗病育种。综合系谱分析结果推测,有2个品系可能含抗疫霉根腐病基因RpsZheng,2个品系可能含RpsYD29,14个品系可能含有RpsZheng或其等位基因。表明河南省培育的大豆新品系中含有优异的大豆疫霉根腐病抗源,该研究结果将为病害防控和抗病品种的选育提供参考。     

河南大豆新品系抗大豆疫霉根腐病基因鉴定

Phytophthora root rot is one of the destructive diseases affecting soybean production, which is a great threat to soybean production. Planting resistant soybean cultivars is the most effective way to control this disease. Henan province was located in the hinterland area of the summer-sowing soybean production region of Huang-Huai in China, which had the potential threat region of phytophthora root rot. The objective of this study was to screen effective resistance cultivars for disease control and resistance breeding by phenotypic identification and molecular detection of resistance gene. Sixty-four new soybean lines bred in Henan were evaluated for their resistance responses to two Phytophthora sojae isolates PsJS2 and Ps41-1 using the hypocotyls inoculation technique. The result showed that 35 lines and 16 lines were resistance to Ps41-1 and PsJS2, respectively. Sixteen lines and 10 lines were intermediate to Ps41-1 and PsJS2, respectively. And there were 16 lines resistance to both Ps41-1and PsJS2, accounting for 25% of tested lines. Sixty-four lines was detected for Phytophthora resistance gene by using molecular marker WZInDel11 co-segregating with a resistance gene RpsZheng. The results showed that, 13 of 16 lines resistant to both PsJS2 and Ps41-1 contain target band of WZInDel11, while 5 lines resistant to one of two P. sojae isolates show segregating to P. sojae produced heterozygous bands. The homozygous resistant plants of these lines segregating for resistance could be accurately detected by marker WZInDel11, and further were directly developed into homozygous resistant lines. Combining the results of pedigree analysis, it was speculated that two lines might contain the resistance gene RpsZheng, two lines might contain RpsYD29, and 14 lines might contain RpsZheng or its allele. In conclusion, the results indicated that the new soybean lines cultivated in Henan Province had excellent resistance sources to P. sojae. This study provides important information for disease control and resistance breeding.     

Genes conferring low seedling reaction to Mexican pathotypes of Puccinia recondita f. sp. tritici,and adult-plant responses of recent wheat cultivars from the former USSR

Fifty-five spring bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars, mostly released between 1975 and 1991 in eight leaf rust-prone spring wheat growing regions of the former USSR, were tested in the seedling growth stage for reaction to 15 Mexican pathotypes of Puccinia recondita f. sp. tritici. In total, seven known and at least two unknown genes were identified, either singly or in combinations: Lr3 (7 cultivars), Lr10 (14), Lr13 (5), Lr14a (1), Lr16 (1), Lr23 (3); the unknown genes were identified in 14 cultivars. The first unknown gene could be either Lr9, Lr19, or Lr25; however, the second unknown gene in 9 cultivars was different from any named gene. Twelve of the 15 pathotypes are virulent for this gene, hence its use in breeding for resistance will be limited. The cultivars were also evaluated at two field locations in Mexico with two pathotypes in separate experiments. The area under the disease progress curve and the final disease rating of the cultivars indicated genetic diversity for genes conferring adult plant resistance. based on the symptoms of the leaf tip necrosis in adult plants, resistance gene Lr34 could be present in at least 20 cultivars. More than half of the cultivars carry high to moderate levels of adult plant resistance and were distributed in each region.     

Identification of the leaf rust resistance genes Lr9, Lr26, Lr28, Lr34, and Lr35 in a collection of Iranian wheat genotypes using STS and SCAR markers

Brown rust or leaf rust is one of the most important diseases of wheat occurring almost in all wheat-producing regions and reduces crop yield. In order to produce resistant cultivars, it is necessary to identify resistance genes in different germplasms and combine them in (a) suitable stock(s). To identify the presence of the leaf rust resistance genes using STS and SCAR markers, 83 Iranian wheat genotypes, Lr near-isogenic lines in Thatcher (positive controls), and the cultivar Thatcher (negative control) were used. After growing plants in the greenhouse, DNA was extracted by SDS method. Following that, polymerse chain reaction was performed for the markers of the resistance genes Lr9, Lr26, Lr28, Lr34, and Lr35 which amplified 1,100, 1,100, 378, 150, and 900 bp bands, respectively. Based on the results, the resistance genes Lr9 and Lr35 were only present in the positive controls. The resistance gene Lr26 was only detected in four cultivars; Arta, Pishtaz, Shiroodi, and Falat, and the gene Lr34 was present in six cultivars (Akbari, Bam, Tajan, Khazar 1, Sistan and Niknezhad). The Lr28 primer amplified a band of the same size in all genotypes even the negative control and therefore the presence/absence of this gene could not be validated. These results indicate the necessity for designing a specific primer for Lr28. In general, only the genes Lr26 and Lr34 were present in some genotypes. The genes Lr9 and Lr35 were not present in this collection and as based on rust surveys, no virulence has been detected for Lr9 and Lr28, so they could be transferred to suitable lines from donor sources.