PI3Kgamma is a key regulator of inflammatory responses and cardiovascular homeostasis

Class I phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) signaling pathways regulate several important cellular functions, including cellular growth, division, survival, and movement. Class IB PI3K (also known as PI3Kgamma) links heterotrimeric GTP-binding protein-coupled receptors to these pathways. Activation of class IB PI3K results in the rapid synthesis of phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate [PtdIns(3,4,5)P3] and its dephosphorylation product PtdIns(3,4)P2 in the plasma membrane. These two lipid messengers bind to pleckstrin homology domain-containing effectors that regulate a complex signaling web downstream of receptor activation. Characteristic features of this pathway are the regulation of protein kinases and the regulation of small guanosine triphosphatases that control cellular movement, adhesion, contraction, and secretion. Most of the ligands that activate class IB PI3K are involved in coordinating the body's response to injury and infection, and recent studies suggest that small molecule inhibitors of this enzyme may represent a novel class of anti-inflammatory therapeutic agents.     

卵巢颗粒细胞自噬与PI3K/AKT/FOXO3a信号通路的相关性

细胞自噬是哺乳动物细胞物质代谢的一个重要机制,与细胞凋亡共同参与卵巢卵泡的发育和闭锁,并发挥重要的作用。近年研究发现,磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶/蛋白激酶B（phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B,PI3K/AKT）信号通路参与卵巢疾病的发生。PI3K和AKT的过度激活可使原始卵泡过早发育以及卵泡过快凋亡,卵巢颗粒细胞作为卵泡发育重要的支持细胞,其功能的减退或凋亡很可能引发一系列女性内分泌方面的疾病。FOXO3a转录因子是PI3K/AKT信号通路下游的重要靶蛋白之一,参与抗增殖和凋亡。本文就关于卵巢颗粒细胞自噬与PI3K/AKT/FOXO3a信号通路的相关进展加以综述。     

Tumor regression by targeted gene delivery to the neovasculature

Efforts to influence the biology of blood vessels by gene delivery have been hampered by a lack of targeting vectors specific for endothelial cells in diseased tissues. Here we show that a cationic nanoparticle (NP) coupled to an integrin alphavbeta3-targeting ligand can deliver genes selectively to angiogenic blood vessels in tumor-bearing mice. The therapeutic efficacy of this approach was tested by generating NPs conjugated to a mutant Raf gene, ATPmu-Raf, which blocks endothelial signaling and angiogenesis in response to multiple growth factors. Systemic injection of the NP into mice resulted in apoptosis of the tumor-associated endothelium, ultimately leading to tumor cell apoptosis and sustained regression of established primary and metastatic tumors.     

Mechanism of divergent growth factor effects in mesenchymal stem cell differentiation

Closely related signals often lead to very different cellular outcomes. We found that the differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells into bone-forming cells is stimulated by epidermal growth factor (EGF) but not platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF). We used mass spectrometry-based proteomics to comprehensively compare proteins that were tyrosine phosphorylated in response to EGF and PDGF and their associated partners. More than 90% of these signaling proteins were used by both ligands, whereas the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway was exclusively activated by PDGF, implicating it as a possible control point. Indeed, chemical inhibition of PI3K in PDGF-stimulated cells removed the differential effect of the two growth factors, bestowing full differentiation effect onto PDGF. Thus, quantitative proteomics can directly compare entire signaling networks and discover critical differences capable of changing cell fate.     

MET amplification leads to gefitinib resistance in lung cancer by activating ERBB3 signaling

The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) kinase inhibitors gefitinib and erlotinib are effective treatments for lung cancers with EGFR activating mutations, but these tumors invariably develop drug resistance. Here, we describe a gefitinib-sensitive lung cancer cell line that developed resistance to gefitinib as a result of focal amplification of the MET proto-oncogene. inhibition of MET signaling in these cells restored their sensitivity to gefitinib. MET amplification was detected in 4 of 18 (22%) lung cancer specimens that had developed resistance to gefitinib or erlotinib. We find that amplification of MET causes gefitinib resistance by driving ERBB3 (HER3)-dependent activation of PI3K, a pathway thought to be specific to EGFR/ERBB family receptors. Thus, we propose that MET amplification may promote drug resistance in other ERBB-driven cancers as well.     

The phosphoinositide 3-kinase pathway

Phosphorylated lipids are produced at cellular membranes during signaling events and contribute to the recruitment and activation of various signaling components. The role of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), which catalyzes the production of phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate, in cell survival pathways; the regulation of gene expression and cell metabolism; and cytoskeletal rearrangements are highlighted. The PI3K pathway is implicated in human diseases including diabetes and cancer, and understanding the intricacies of this pathway may provide new avenues for therapuetic intervention.     

Impaired B and T cell antigen receptor signaling in p110delta PI 3-kinase mutant mice

Class IA phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3Ks) are a family of p85/p110 heterodimeric lipid kinases that generate second messenger signals downstream of tyrosine kinases, thereby controlling cell metabolism, growth, proliferation, differentiation, motility, and survival. Mammals express three class IA catalytic subunits: p110alpha, p110beta, and p110delta. It is unclear to what extent these p110 isoforms have overlapping or distinct biological roles. Mice expressing a catalytically inactive form of p110delta (p110delta(D910A)) were generated by gene targeting. Antigen receptor signaling in B and T cells was impaired and immune responses in vivo were attenuated in p110delta mutant mice. They also developed inflammatory bowel disease. These results reveal a selective role for p110delta in immunity.     

AMP-activated protein kinase regulates neuronal polarization by interfering with PI 3-kinase localization

Axon-dendrite polarization is crucial for neural network wiring and information processing in the brain. Polarization begins with the transformation of a single neurite into an axon and its subsequent rapid extension, which requires coordination of cellular energy status to allow for transport of building materials to support axon growth. We found that activation of the energy-sensing adenosine 5'-monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathway suppressed axon initiation and neuronal polarization. Phosphorylation of the kinesin light chain of the Kif5 motor protein by AMPK disrupted the association of the motor with phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), preventing PI3K targeting to the axonal tip and inhibiting polarization and axon growth.     

Differentiation stage-specific inhibition of the Raf-MEK-ERK pathway by Akt

Extracellular signals often result in simultaneous activation of both the Raf-MEK-ERK and PI3K-Akt pathways (where ERK is extracellular-regulated kinase, MEK is mitogen-activated protein kinase or ERK kinase, and PI3K is phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase). However, these two signaling pathways were shown to exert opposing effects on muscle cell hypertrophy. Furthermore, the PI3K-Akt pathway was shown to inhibit the Raf-MEK-ERK pathway; this cross-regulation depended on the differentiation state of the cell: Akt activation inhibited the Raf-MEK-ERK pathway in differentiated myotubes, but not in their myoblast precursors. The stage-specific inhibitory action of Akt correlated with its stage-specific ability to form a complex with Raf, suggesting the existence of differentially expressed mediators of an inhibitory Akt-Raf complex.     

Central role for G protein-coupled phosphoinositide 3-kinase gamma in inflammation

Phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) activity is crucial for leukocyte function, but the roles of the four receptor-activated isoforms are unclear. Mice lacking heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide-binding protein (G protein)-coupled PI3Kgamma were viable and had fully differentiated neutrophils and macrophages. Chemoattractant-stimulated PI3Kgamma-/- neutrophils did not produce phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate, did not activate protein kinase B, and displayed impaired respiratory burst and motility. Peritoneal PI3Kgamma-null macrophages showed a reduced migration toward a wide range of chemotactic stimuli and a severely defective accumulation in a septic peritonitis model. These results demonstrate that PI3Kgamma is a crucial signaling molecule required for macrophage accumulation in inflammation.     

Phosphoproteomic analysis identifies Grb10 as an mTORC1 substrate that negatively regulates insulin signaling

The evolutionarily conserved serine-threonine kinase mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) plays a critical role in regulating many pathophysiological processes. Functional characterization of the mTOR signaling pathways, however, has been hampered by the paucity of known substrates. We used large-scale quantitative phosphoproteomics experiments to define the signaling networks downstream of mTORC1 and mTORC2. Characterization of one mTORC1 substrate, the growth factor receptor-bound protein 10 (Grb10), showed that mTORC1-mediated phosphorylation stabilized Grb10, leading to feedback inhibition of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) and extracellular signal-regulated, mitogen-activated protein kinase (ERK-MAPK) pathways. Grb10 expression is frequently down-regulated in various cancers, and loss of Grb10 and loss of the well-established tumor suppressor phosphatase PTEN appear to be mutually exclusive events, suggesting that Grb10 might be a tumor suppressor regulated by mTORC1.     

PI3K信号通路关键基因在猪卵泡发育中的表达规律

【目的】研究不同时期猪卵巢卵泡发生的形态特征及磷脂酰肌醇3–激酶(Phosphoinositide 3-kinase,PI3K)信号通路关键基因在卵泡发生发育中的作用。【方法】通过HE染色观察12日龄、30日龄、70日龄、20月龄卵泡期及黄体期、48月龄的长大二元母猪卵巢卵泡发育的形态变化,应用实时荧光定量PCR检测PI3K通路关键基因在这些时期的表达规律,并通过Western blot法检测PI3K通路重要的下游效应因子p-rpS6在不同时期猪卵巢的表达情况。【结果】12日龄母猪卵巢皮质边缘有大量的原始卵泡,皮质与髓质交界处可见少量初级卵泡及个别的次级卵泡;30日龄母猪卵巢次级卵泡数量增加;70日龄出现3级卵泡;20月龄卵泡期、黄体期分别有大量成熟卵泡、大体积的黄体;48月龄较难观察到原始卵泡。PI3K通路抑制因子PTEN、TSC1、TSC2与激活因子PDK1、AKT1、mTOR的mRNA均在12日龄表达量最高,70日龄、48月龄表达量次之,30日龄和20月龄表达量最低;下游效应基因rpS6的mRNA 30日龄表达量最高,20和48月龄表达量最低,p-rpS6蛋白在12日龄、20月龄、48月龄母猪卵巢高表达,在30日龄、70日龄中几乎不表达。【结论】PI3K通路关键基因在不同时期母猪卵巢中的表达水平不同,说明该通路参与了猪卵泡的早期发生及卵泡成熟的调控过程。     

磷脂酰肌醇3-磷酸对UV-B诱导蚕豆保卫细胞中过氧化氢产生和气孔关闭的影响

【目的】研究磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶（PI3K）催化产物磷脂酰肌醇3-磷酸（PI3P）对紫外线B（UV-B）诱导保卫细胞中过氧化氢（H2O2）产生和气孔关闭的影响,为进一步阐明植物细胞转导UV-B辐射信号的机制提供依据。【方法】以蚕豆（Vicia faba L.）表皮条为材料,采用PI3K的抑制剂沃曼青霉素（WM）和LY294002（LY）来抑制PI3P的形成,采用二苯基碘（DPI）和水杨基氧肟酸（SHAM）分别抑制H2O2形成的NADPH氧化酶途径和细胞壁过氧化物酶途径,通过气孔开度分析和激光扫描共聚焦显微镜技术,确定PI3P在0.8 W•m-2 UV-B辐射诱导蚕豆保卫细胞H2O2产生和气孔关闭中的作用。【结果】WM和LY能显著抑制UV-B诱导的保卫细胞H2O2产生和气孔关闭;外源H2O2处理能显著逆转WM和LY对UV-B诱导气孔关闭的抑制效应,但WM和LY不能抑制外源H2O2诱导的气孔关闭;UV-B诱导的保卫细胞H2O2产生和气孔关闭能被活性氧清除剂和SHAM显著抑制,但不能被DPI抑制。【结论】PI3P通过诱导蚕豆保卫细胞中产生于过氧化物酶途径的H2O2形成来介导UV-B辐射诱导的气孔关闭。     

PI(3,4,5)P3 and PI(4,5)P2 lipids target proteins with polybasic clusters to the plasma membrane

Many signaling, cytoskeletal, and transport proteins have to be localized to the plasma membrane (PM) in order to carry out their function. We surveyed PM-targeting mechanisms by imaging the subcellular localization of 125 fluorescent protein-conjugated Ras, Rab, Arf, and Rho proteins. Out of 48 proteins that were PM-localized, 37 contained clusters of positively charged amino acids. To test whether these polybasic clusters bind negatively charged phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate [PI(4,5)P2] lipids, we developed a chemical phosphatase activation method to deplete PM PI(4,5)P2. Unexpectedly, proteins with polybasic clusters dissociated from the PM only when both PI(4,5)P2 and phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate [PI(3,4,5)P3] were depleted, arguing that both lipid second messengers jointly regulate PM targeting.     

干扰KISS1基因对猪卵巢颗粒细胞功能的影响

【背景】卵泡是卵巢的基本结构和功能单位,其主要功能是排卵和分泌激素。颗粒细胞能促进卵泡发育,其过度凋亡能抑制卵泡发育,诱导卵泡闭锁,进而降低雌性动物发情频率,影响雌性动物繁殖力。现已有研究发现,KISS1在卵巢组织中发挥着重要作用。【目的】研究通过干扰KISS1,以阐释KISS1对猪卵巢颗粒细胞凋亡、周期及分泌雌激素能力的影响,为完善KISS1在猪颗粒细胞中的分子调控机制提供一定的依据。【方法】设计KISS1的干扰片段KISS1-siRNA,转染体外培养的母猪卵巢颗粒细胞,通过实时定量PCR（quantitative real time PCR, qRT-PCR）检测干扰KISS1对母猪卵巢颗粒细胞中磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶（phosphoinositide 3-kinase, PI3K）信号通路部分基因转录水平的影响;采用流式检测法、Annexin V- FITC及ELISA技术,分别探究干扰KISS1对颗粒细胞周期、凋亡及雌二醇（estradiol, E₂）分泌量的影响,最后使用qRT-PCR技术检测KISS1对雌激素受体及雌激素信号通路关键基因转录水平的影响。【结果】在猪颗粒细胞内,干扰KISS1后,PI3K通路激活相关基因PIK3CG、PI3CI、PDK1及AKT1转录水平下降,其中关键基因AKT1的转录水平显著降低（P<0.05）,PI3K通路激活抑制相关基因FOXO3、TSC2及BAD转录水平也有所降低;干扰KISS1后,颗粒细胞周期在细胞分裂间期（G0/ G1）阻断,细胞的凋亡率显著上升,细胞中E₂的浓度显著降低（P<0.01）,雌激素受体ESR1和ESR2及雌激素通路的基因Star、CYP17、3B-HSD、17B-HSD和CYP19A转录水平也相应显著下降（P<0.05）。【结论】KISS1能够参与猪颗粒细胞PI3K和雌激素通路,干扰KISS1能够使卵巢颗粒细胞阻滞在细胞分裂间期,促进颗粒细胞凋亡,降低颗粒细胞分泌雌激素的能力,表明KISS1对于卵巢颗粒细胞的分裂与生长、雌激素分泌具有重要作用。     

PI3K/Akt信号转导通路在ALV-J感染中作用的初步研究

 【目的】探讨ALV-J在宿主细胞中复制与PI3K/Akt信号转导通路的关系。【方法】将血管瘤病变型ALV-J毒株HN06和骨髓瘤病变型ALV-J毒株NX0101分别感染DF-1细胞,通过Western blot、Real-time PCR、IFA和ELISA等方法,观察细胞Akt蛋白磷酸化水平、病毒RNA表达水平和病毒蛋白表达水平等指标。【结果】HN06株和NX0101株在体外细胞中复制水平有差异。HN06株的早期感染可引起Akt转导通路的活化,病毒引起的Akt磷酸化具有病毒滴度依赖性,而且能被PI3K特异性抑制剂LY294002所抑制,表明HN06株诱导的Akt活化是PI3K途径依赖的。LY294002可在病毒感染早期呈剂量依赖性地显著降低受染细胞中HN06 RNA水平、囊膜蛋白水平和细胞培养物上清中的病毒粒子含量。【结论】PI3K/Akt信号转导通路活化对HN06株在细胞感染早期具有重要的作用,该结果与已报道的有关细胞PI3K/Akt信号转导通路参与NX0101株的早期感染的结论一致。本研究为进一步阐明ALV-J入侵宿主细胞和复制的精确机制等研究奠定了基础。     

Imaging sites of receptor dephosphorylation by PTP1B on the surface of the endoplasmic reticulum

When bound by extracellular ligands, receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) on the cell surface transmit critical signals to the cell interior. Although signal termination is less well understood, protein tyrosine phosphatase-1B (PTP1B) is implicated in the dephosphorylation and inactivation of several RTKs. However, PTP1B resides on the cytoplasmic surface of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), so how and when it accesses RTKs has been unclear. Using fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) methods, we monitored interactions between the epidermal- and platelet-derived growth factor receptors and PTP1B. PTP1B-catalyzed dephosphorylation required endocytosis of the receptors and occurred at specific sites on the surface of the ER. Most of the RTKs activated at the cell surface showed interaction with PTP1B after internalization, establishing that RTK activation and inactivation are spatially and temporally partitioned within cells.     

Activating mutations of NOTCH1 in human T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia

Very rare cases of human T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) harbor chromosomal translocations that involve NOTCH1, a gene encoding a transmembrane receptor that regulates normal T cell development. Here, we report that more than 50% of human T-ALLs, including tumors from all major molecular oncogenic subtypes, have activating mutations that involve the extracellular heterodimerization domain and/or the C-terminal PEST domain of NOTCH1. These findings greatly expand the role of activated NOTCH1 in the molecular pathogenesis of human T-ALL and provide a strong rationale for targeted therapies that interfere with NOTCH signaling.     

泛素化修饰在RLR信号通路中的研究进展

病毒入侵后被细胞的模式识别受体RIG-I样受体（RIG-I-like receptor, RLR）识别从而启动抗病毒RLR信号通路的激活,先天免疫反应的异常激活将导致慢性炎症和免疫器官损伤,甚至引起自身免疫性疾病。为了防止抗病毒信号过早激活或过度激活,机体建立了完善的调节系统防止信号传导过程发生紊乱。蛋白的翻译后修饰（Post-translational modification, PTM）是调节模式识别受体及其下游信号蛋白稳定性和活性的关键机制,而泛素化（Ubiquitination, UB）作为蛋白质翻译后修饰的重要部分在抗病毒信号通路中被广泛研究。其中K48和K63连接的泛素化最为常见,通过K48连接的泛素链能够引起靶蛋白通过蛋白酶体途径降解,而K63连接的泛素链能够促进蛋白激活和细胞信号转导。RIG-Ⅰ、MAVS、TBK1以及TRAF家族相关蛋白作为RLR通路的信号传递分子,其蛋白的泛素化修饰也成为研究的重点。本文讨论了K48和K63泛素化在抗病毒免疫信号通路中的研究进展,特别是RIG-I样受体引发的信号传导途径中蛋白的泛素化修饰。     

五指山猪和长白猪背最长肌蛋白组学研究

为比较五指山猪和长白猪生长后期肌肉生长发育的差异,以6、8月龄五指山猪和长白猪为试验对象,采用同位素标记相对和绝对定量技术(iTRAQ)对其背最长肌总蛋白进行鉴定,结合生物信息学技术筛选品种间和品种内差异蛋白,并对其进行KEGG通路富集分析。结果表明：4组样品中共鉴定到1713个蛋白;五指山猪和长白猪品种间比较,6、8月龄猪中分别有460、337个差异的蛋白;品种内2个生长阶段比较,五指山猪和长白猪中分别有421、275个差异蛋白;2种比较均为上调的差异蛋白数多于下调差异蛋白数;KEGG通路分析发现,在五指山猪和长白猪品种间,6、8月龄在2个品种间的差异蛋白富集到差异显著(P<0.05)的条目分别为34、33个,在品种内,五指山猪和长白猪在2个生长阶段间的差异蛋白富集到差异显著(P<0.05)的条目分别为24、14个;在品种内发现了调控骨骼肌分化过程中发挥着重要作用的PI3K/AKT信号通路和影响脂肪沉积的PPAR信号通路,在品种间除了这2种外,还发现有肌纤维类型发育相关的糖酵解/糖异生信号通路;品种内2个比较组在PPAR和PI3K/AKT信号通路分别有10、9个共同表达的基因,品种间2个比较组在糖酵解/糖异生、PI3K/AKT和PPAR信号通路分别有10、13、9个共同表达的基因,对这些信号通路中共同表达的基因进行分析后筛选到一些与肌肉生长发育和脂肪代谢相关的关键基因。