抓住机遇 加快发展湖南大豆生产

在回顾５０年代以来湖南大豆生产发展现状的基础上，根据市场需要与大豆所具优良特性，提出了加快发展湖南大豆生产的对策与措施。     

加入WTO后湖南大豆生产发展探讨

总结回顾了近20年湖南大豆生产概况,认为加入WTO对非主产区大豆生产基本没有影响。根据湖南大豆生产存在的问题,提出了持续稳步发展大豆产业的对策。     

湖南大豆生产潜力及优良品种推广前景分析

一、大豆生产的历史与现状 湖南大豆栽培历史悠久,分布极为广泛。早在1936年大豆种植面积曾达117.0万亩,总产10.6万吨。山于长时期战争的影响,农业生产遭受很大的破坏,到1949年全省大豆播种面积仅64.22万亩。新中国成立后,大豆生产迅速恢复和发展,面积以每年19.3％的     

沅陵县大豆生产考察报告

沅陵县是本省大豆主要产区之一,1982年种植大豆15万亩,占全省大豆面积的6.25％。为了解该县发展大豆生产的经验及进一步提高大豆生产的途径,1983年6月12日至16日,由省作物学会大豆研究会组织湖南省作物所、湖南农学院、湖南省农业厅和怀化、岳阳地区农业局等单位的八位同志,重点考察了该县官庄、楠木铺、棋坪等三个公社的海沙坪、楠木铺、棋坪大队大豆生产情况。现将考察结果整理报告如下。     

开发红黄壤 发展大豆生产

开发红黄壤发展大豆生产朱文英浙江省农科院作物所据有关部门统计，南方有待开发和已开发红黄壤１．５亿亩。主要分布在江西、浙江、福建、云南、贵州和湖南等省。红黄壤开发均列入“七五”、“八五”国家重点攻关项目．每年新开垦面积约５０万亩左右，均可利用种植大豆。...     

全国第六次大豆科研、生产协作会简讯

全国第六次大豆科研、生产协作会于1990年6月15日—21日在湖南长沙举行。农业部大豆专家顾问组的顾问、农业部农业司、中国农科院作物所、品资所、油料所及湖南、湖北、四川、广东、广西、福建、贵州、江西、山西、江苏、浙江、安徽、河北、辽宁、吉林、黑龙江等个省农业厅、农科院及农业院校的生产管理、科研及教学人员共计60余人出席了会议。会议共收到各类论文和报告55篇。     

动态光照条件下不同纬度大豆品种类型光照特性的研究

采用模拟自然光照的动态光照处理,对不同纬度不同类型大豆品种,进行了光照特性研究。结果表明:除湖南春大豆,在增加20％长光照处理,结荚至鼓粒期延迟日数,较出苗至开花期延迟日数多外,其余品种及处理的出苗至开花日数的变动最大,说明出苗至开花期,对日照反应最敏感。根据这个阶段的变化,确定吉林野生豆属短日照敏感型,湖南秋大豆、河南夏大豆属长日照敏感型,湖南春大豆属双迟钝型,河南野生豆、湖南野生豆及湖南夏大豆属双敏感型,吉林春大豆为双较迟钝型。品种对特定的光照最敏感。对日照的敏感程度不完全与纬度有关。讨论了光照反应特性与起源地的关系。     

湖南新田大豆新品种推广效果及大豆种植成本分析

湖南永州市新田县的气候条件非常适合种植大豆,生产的大豆品质优良,深受加工企业和消费者好评。本研究在2004—2007年对大豆种植的技术需求进行了调查。针对当地对新品种和新技术的需求,当地政府和华南农业大学大豆课题组采取多项措施,推广新品种及配套栽培技术。经过几年大面积推广后,当地大豆产量得到大幅提升,平均产量达到2 550—3 750公斤/公顷,价格全国最高,成为当地效益最好的作物。但2010年后,该地和周边地区都开始出现旱地大面积撂荒现象,而大豆生产一直停滞不前。本研究表明,虽然新品种和新技术的科技贡献率高,但基于高龄农民的小规模大豆生产,新品种和新技术的作用无法充分发挥,已经成为现代农业技术推广和高效生产的主要限制因素。     

发展黑龙江省大豆生产的建议

发展黑龙江省大豆生产的建议黑龙江省农牧渔业厅大豆专家顾问组近日在哈尔滨市召开了黑龙江省大豆专家顾问组座谈会，会上各位专家对全省１９９４年大豆生产形势进行了分析，并针对存在的问题，对１９９５年进一步发展全省大豆生产提出建议。一、１９９４年大豆生产形势大...     

大豆’93生产形势和’94发展建议

大豆’９３生产形势和’９４发展建议曾令清，曾衍德（农业部农业司）大豆是我国主要农产品之一。经过几年的徘徊下降后，去年出现了大幅度的回升。如何看待当前大豆生产及供求形势，促进大豆生产的稳定发展，我们作如下分析：一、１９９３年大豆生产形势去年我国大豆生产...     

Preparation and characterization of fibers of waste and fresh polyethylene terephtalate and mixtures of them

Textile fibers were obtained from secondary polyethylene terephtalate (PET) and its mixtures with primary PET at initial orientation of 18000–33000 %, rate of additional orientation drawing 3.5–6.5 times and temperature of thermal fixation 363–413 K. The fibers’ tensile strength was found to decrease and elongation at break to increase with the decrease of their linear density under the conditions of fibers formation. For the fibers based on polymer mixtures, the presence of oxidized fragments in the secondary PET limited the compatibility of the two polymers which resulted in deteriorated tensile properties. The linear density (4–16 dtex), tensile strength (30–50 cN/tex) and elongation at break (20–60 %) of the PET fibers obtained were close to these for the industrially produced polymer fibers. The values of the average diameter of the fibers formed and oriented under laboratory conditions allows classifying them between the fine and the coarse textile fibers which makes them suitable for the textile industry.     

我国麻类标准现状与分析

介绍了我国麻类标准的现状。通过分析,指出了存在的问题,主要表现在标准体系不完善、标准更新不及时,协调性差及贯彻执行不力等。提出了我国麻类标准应采取的对策。     

Characteristics of photosynthesis and conductance of potato canopies and the effects of cultivars and transient drought

Gas-exchange characteristics of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) canopies were determined with crop enclosures under condition of optimal water supply, during soil water depletion, and during recovery from drought-stress. The plants were grown under a rainshelter in large containers with 2-m² surface area. Control plants received water throughout the growth period. In Expt. 1, transient drought was imposed by interrupting water supply completely for 22 days. During the 33-day period of drought treatment in Expt. 2, the stressed plants received half the amount of water that was given to the control plants (irrigations 2–3 times per week).

During soil water depletion, stomatal conductance of the canopy was reduced earlier and more than photosynthesis. This resulted in a lower internal carbon dioxide concentration in the leaves of stressed plants and a higher ratio between photosynthesis and stomatal conductance. The value of that ratio increased as soil water potential dropped.

Water-use efficiency ( ) increased during drought stress. The cultivar Bintje showed a larger ratio between photosynthesis and stomatal conductance of the canopy and a higher than cv. Saturna, both for optimal water supply and during drought stress.

Photosynthesis and conductance of the canopy started to recover immediately upon rewatering, even when relative values had declined to 20–30% during the preceding stress period. After release from stress, the leaves in the top layer of the canopy had a higher stomatal conductance in treated plants than in control plants.     

水稻病虫害绿色防控与统防统治融合技术模式示范

2017—2018年,在同安镇粮食产能区示范推广水稻病虫害绿色防控与统防统治融合技术模式,取得了显著成效。融合技术示范区比常规区减少用药2~3次,用药量减少37.6%,防治成本降低400元/hm^2;水稻产量增加12.8%,收益增加2 835元/hm^2。     

Effects of Organic and Chemical Fertilizers and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Inoculation on Growth and Quality of Cucumber and Lettuce

Summary

Arbuscular mycorrhizae were inoculated into phosphorus-deficient soil fertilized with either organic or chemical fertilizer with cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) as the first crop and lettuce (Lactu-ca sativa L.) as the second crop but without additional fertilization and AM inoculation. AM increased dry matter and fruit yield of cucumber significantly in the unfertilized, organic-fertilized and P-deficient plants compared with the fully chemical-fertilized plants. AM inoculation increased the available phosphorus in plant and soil by around 30% for all treatments except for those chemically-fertilized. The rate of AM infection did not differ significantly among the fertilization treatments, but the infection intensity was higher in unfertilized, organic-fertilized and phosphorus-deficient treatments than chemical-fertilized treatment. The residual effects of AM-inoculated to cucumber were evident for lettuce in all pre-treatments that were unfertilized and un-inoculated for the second cropping. Without P-fertilization, neither crop could grow optimally even when the soil was inoculated with AM, suggesting that AM could not serve as a substitute for phosphorus fertilizer. However, the other beneficial effects of AM on crop growth and yield could not be fulfilled with phosphorus fertilizer.     

生物质能作物——甘薯开发利用现状及趋势

甘薯是世界上重要的粮食、饲料、工业原料及新型能源用块根作物，在我国乃至世界再生能源开发中起到重大作用，其分布地域广，适应性强，沙荒地、岗坡地均可种植。生物产量高，而且种植栽培容易。甘薯含淀粉15％～30％，晒干率20％～35％，世界各国以薯干或淀粉为原料生产乙醇有着悠久的历史。随着全球能源的日趋紧张，乙醇作为一种可再生的环保燃料．将快速步入全球成品油市场，在替代汽油供应方面起到越来越大的作用。各国正在推行或制定燃料乙醇计划，并着眼于生物燃料乙醇应用方案，认为甘薯可能是摆脱将来粮食和能源危机的“最后一张王牌”。     

棉花病虫全程绿色防控技术应用与推广

经过多年实践,探索总结出抗病虫品种、频振式太阳能杀虫灯、糖盆诱蛾、黄蓝板诱虫、生物多样性控虫等绿色防控技术,形成了切合库尔勒实际的棉花病虫全程绿色防控技术模式。介绍了上述技术措施及其在当地棉田的推广应用效果。     

热区蔬菜质量安全分析与评价

对影响我国热区主要蔬菜产前、产中、产后的质量安全相关因素与现状进行调研,获取基础数据与有关信息。对比分析国内不同生产区质量安全存在的差异与差距,研究我国热区蔬菜从生产至市场各个环节的质量安全评价方法,提出建立我国热区蔬菜质量安全评价体系方案。     

春季氮肥和多效唑调控对小麦生育和产量的影响

为明确春季调控措施对冬小麦生长发育和籽粒产量的影响,以冬小麦品种石新828为材料进行田间试验,4个处理分别为:起身期追全部氮肥(除基肥外,下同)并叶面喷多效唑(N1);起身期追2/3氮肥并喷多效唑+拔节期追1/3氮肥(N2);起身期追1/3氮肥+拔节期追2/3氮肥(N3);拔节期追全部氮肥(N4)。生育期间测定群体和个体生育特性,成熟期调查产量性状。结果表明,N1和N2处理小麦拔节期的总茎数、叶面积指数(LAI)和干物质积累量均显著高于N4和N3处理。孕穗期N4和N3处理小麦的总茎数、LAI和干物质积累量显著高于N1和N2处理。开花到成熟期各处理的总茎数、LAI和干物质积累量差异均不显著。孕穗期前,不同处理的株高差异不显著,孕穗期后,N4处理的株高最高,且显著高于N1处理。各处理基部节间直径和中上部节间长的差异不显著,N4处理基部第一节间长度显著大于其他处理。随追氮时期前移或前期施氮量增多,不孕小穗数减少,结实小穗和穗粒数增加,N1比N4处理不孕小穗数显著减少,结实小穗和穗粒数显著增多。N1处理小麦成熟期的千粒重最高,且显著高于N4处理。N1处理的籽粒产量最高,且显著高于N3和N4处理。起身期追氮配合多效唑调控,可以获得比拔节期追氮更高的穗粒数和千粒重,从而获得更高的产量。     

施镁量和施镁方法对烤烟生长发育和烟叶产量的影响

采用盆栽试验，研究施镁量和施镁方法对烤烟生长发育和烟叶产量的影响，结果表明：适量施用镁肥，可以促进烟草的生长发育、改善其农艺学性状，影响烟株对其它营养元素的吸收与积累，提高烟叶产量，并能使烟叶N，P，K，Ca等营养元素含量更趋协调。随着施镁量的增加，烟叶中镁含量提高10．7％～71．4％，烤烟单株吸镁量、叶片叶绿素含量、干物质产量分别提高17．6％～115．4％，1．9％～23．ooA和6．3％～25．7％，而对烟叶含钾量没有明显影响。在镁比较缺乏的土壤上，镁肥作基肥施比叶面喷施的效果好，基肥施镁结合叶面喷镁的效果最佳；叶面喷镁，肥料用量少、成本低、见效快，是一种有效的镁肥施用方法；提高镁肥用量，施镁的效果更加显著。