Bath immersion pharmacokinetics of florfenicol in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

Drug administration by immersion can be a preferable method in certain conditions especially for treating small-sized, anorexic, or valuable fish. Pharmacokinetic information regarding bath treatment is considerably lacking in comparison to other common administration routes. The current study aimed to investigate if immersion can be an effective route to administer florfenicol (FF) for treatment in Nile tilapia. Nile tilapia reared at 28°C were immersed with FF solution at concentrations of 50, 100, 200, 500, and 500/200 (3 hr/117 hr) ppm for 120 hr and moved to drug-free freshwater for another 24 hr. The serum FF concentration in 100, 200, and 500/200 ppm groups reached steady-state at 12 hr with concentrations of 2.44, 3.04, and 5.26 µg/ml, respectively, which were about 2% of the bathing concentrations. The target therapeutic levels of 1–4 µg/ml were attained and maintained within 1–12 hr, depending on the immersion concentration and the target MIC. Serum FF reached the target with shorter time at higher bathing concentration. Following the 120-hr bath, the serum FF declined with the first-order half-life of approximately 10 hr. A minimum of 100 ppm FF is required for treatment purpose, and an initial high loading concentration followed by maintenance concentration is a plausible way to reach in vivo therapeutic level in short time. Greater than 99% of the residual FF in the bathing water could be removed within 15 min by 0.05% NaOCl. Our results indicated that bath immersion is a promising potential route for FF administration in Nile tilapia.     

Aeromonas hydrophila-related septicemia in the Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus

From diseased wild and cultured Oreochromis niloticus in Lower Egypt, 17 Aeromonas hydrophila isolates were recovered. The mortality was between 10% and 70% in among cultured fish. The course of the disease ran in an acute manner. For cultured fish, the disease outbreaks were found mainly in winter and for the wild Nile fish, mortalities were observed in late spring and summer. Additionally wild fish were affected with ectoparasites. The LD50 values of the isolates ranged between 10(3) and 10(7). Isolates of high virulence were resistant to 1 hr boiling and to the bactericidal effect of fresh normal guinea pig serum. Moreover, they did not agglutinate in acriflavin. Only the virulent isolates could agglutinate tilapia erythrocytes. The above effects were reversed for avirulent isolates while moderately virulent isolates showed no consistency in their reactions. Tube agglutination test using O and WC antisera prepared against 6 isolates versus O and WC antigens of 17 isolates indicated an antigenic heterogenicity of different isolates. While some isolates were identical, 4 antigens out of 17 did not react with any of the sera.     

New insights into the influence of myo-inositol on carbohydrate metabolism during osmoregulation in Nile tilapia(Oreochromis niloticus)

A two-factor (2×3) orthogonal test was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary myo-inositol (MI) on the osmoregulation and carbohydrate metabolism of euryhaline fish tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) under sustained hypertonic stress (20 practical salinity units[psu]).6 diets containing either normal carbohydrate(NC,30%) or high carbohydrate (HC,45%) levels,with 3 levels (0,400 and 1,200 mg/kg diet) of MI,respectively,were fed to 540 fish under 20 psu for 8 weeks.Dietary MI supplementation...     

Effects of exercise training on carbohydrate and lipid catabolism in the swimming muscles of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

This study aims to determine the effects of exercise training on carbohydrate and lipid catabolism in the swimming muscles of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) by measuring the levels of related enzymes, lipids and free fatty acids. We designed one control group and two training groups of fish that were exercised at different training intensities [0, 1 and 1.5 body lengths per second (bl/s)]. The fish in the experimental groups were trained for 12 h/day for 4 weeks. Compared with the control group, the 1 and 1.5 bl/s groups showed significantly increased hexokinase and pyruvate kinase activities in red muscle (p < 0.05). In white muscle, pyruvate kinase activity was significantly higher in the 1.5 bl/s group than in the control group (p < 0.05), and hexokinase activity did not significantly differ between the groups. The activities of hormone‐sensitive lipase and carnitine palmitoyltransferase I in both muscle types were significantly lower in the training groups than in the control group (p < 0.05). The plasma‐free fatty acid level decreased (p < 0.05), while the lipid percentages increased in red muscle (p < 0.05) after exercise training. These findings clearly indicated that with exercise training, glycolysis increased and lipid oxidation decreased in the swimming muscle of tilapia.     

Genetic parameters for different growth scales in GIFT strain of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

Body weight, length, width and depth at two growth stages were observed for a total of 5015 individuals of GIFT strain, along with a pedigree including 5588 individuals from 104 sires and 162 dams was collected. Multivariate animal models and a random regression model were used to genetically analyse absolute and relative growth scales of these growth traits. In absolute growth scale, the observed growth traits had moderate heritabilities ranging from 0.321 to 0.576, while pairwise ratios between body length, width and depth were lowly inherited and maximum heritability was only 0.146 for length/depth. All genetic correlations were above 0.5 between pairwise growth traits and genetic correlation between length/width and length/depth varied between both growth stages. Based on those estimates, selection index of multiple traits of interest can be formulated in future breeding program to improve genetically body weight and morphology of the GIFT strain. In relative growth scale, heritabilities in relative growths of body length, width and depth to body weight were 0.257, 0.412 and 0.066, respectively, while genetic correlations among these allometry scalings were above 0.8. Genetic analysis for joint allometries of body weight to body length, width and depth will contribute to genetically regulate the growth rate between body shape and body weight.     

Effects of dietary probiotic supplementation on the growth,gut health and disease resistance of juvenile Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

This study investigated the effects of the Streptococcus agalactiae antagonizing probiotics Bacillus cereus NY5 and Bacillus subtilis as feed additives for Nile tilapia in terms of growth performance, intestinal health and resistance to S. agalactiae. A total of 720 apparently healthy juvenile Nile tilapia (0.20 ± 0.05 g) were randomly divided into 4 equal groups with 3 replicates for each group. Fish were fed a basal diet (control check group, CK group) supplemented with B. subtilis (1 × 10⁸ CFU/g feed, BS group), B. cereus NY5 (1 × 10⁸ CFU/g feed, BC group), and B. subtilis + B. cereus NY5 (0.5 × 10⁸ CFU/g feed of each probiotic, BS + BC group) for 6 wk, and the probiotic supplementation groups were then fed the basal diet for 1 wk to investigate the gut microbial community. The results of this study showed that BS + BC and BC treatments significantly increased weight gain (WG), feed conversion ratio (FCR) and S. agalactiae resistance in Nile tilapia (P < 0.05). Gut microvilli length and density and c-type lysozyme (lyzc) gene expression were significantly increased by probiotic supplementation (P < 0.05). The results of high-throughput sequencing showed that the B. cereus NY5 and B. subtilis + B. cereus NY5-supplemented feed resulted in a significant improvement in tilapia autochthonous gut bacterial communities and had a stimulation effect on a variety of potential probiotics after 6 wk of feeding. After cessation of probiotic administration for 1 wk, the gut bacteria of the fish in the BS + BC and BC groups had minor changes and maintained a stable state. Consequently, it was inferred that, as a feed supplement, B. cereus NY5 and the mixture of B. subtilis and B. cereus NY5 at 1 × 10⁸ CFU/g feed were able to promote growth and disease resistance, which may be associated with the supplement's effects on gut immune status, intestinal morphology, and intestinal microbial community composition.     

Pharmacokinetic study of enrofloxacin in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) after a single oral administration in medicated feed

The objective of this study was to evaluate the disposition kinetics of enrofloxacin (ENR) in the plasma and its distribution in the muscle tissue of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) after a single oral dose of 10 mg/kg body weight via medicated feed. The fish were kept at a temperature between 28 and 30 °C. The collection period was between 30 min and 120 h after administration of the drug. The samples were analyzed by high‐performance liquid chromatography with a fluorescence detector (HPLC‐FLD). The ENR was slowly absorbed and eliminated from the plasma (C_max = 1.24 ± 0.37 μg/mL; T_max = 8 h; T_1/2Ke = 19.36 h). ENR was efficiently distributed in the muscle tissue and reached maximum values (2.17 ± 0.74 μg/g) after 8 h. Its metabolite, ciprofloxacin (CIP), was detected and quantified in the plasma (0.004 ± 0.005 μg/mL) and muscle (0.01 ± 0.011 μg/g) for up to 48 h. After oral administration, the mean concentration of ENR in the plasma was well above the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC₅₀) for most bacteria already isolated from fish except for Streptococcus spp. This way the dose used in this study allowed for concentrations in the blood to treat the diseases of tilapia.     

Effects of supplemental dietary vitamin C on quality of semen from Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) breeders

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of vitamin C on growth and quality of semen from Oreochromis niloticus breeders. One hundred and sixty males were fed with different levels of vitamin C (0, 261, 599 and 942 mg/kg diet). The higher weight values were recorded for 599 (166 g) and 942 (175 g) mg of vitamin C/kg diet. Sperm motility, vigour and concentration were higher with 599 and 942 mg of vitamin C/kg diet. The semen volume, gonadosomatic index and plasma protein data from the last week showed a direct relationship with increasing levels of vitamin C. No changes were observed in the hepatosomatic index and blood glucose. The haematocrit and erythrocyte showed higher values estimated by equations derived at 850 and 638 mg vitamin C/kg diet, respectively. The leucocytes were inversely proportional to the increasing levels of vitamin C. After 100 days of feeding, animals fed the diet containing 942 mg vitamin C/kg diet had higher sperm motility, linearity, curvilinear velocity, straight line velocity and average path velocity (p < .05). Higher values of beat cross‐frequency were observed in broodfish fed diets containing 942 and 599 mg vitamin C/kg. The different vitamin C levels did not cause differences in straightness, lateral head displacement and sperm morphology. For Nile tilapia males on intensive rearing and handling conditions, vitamin C levels between 599 and 942 mg/kg may be used for a better performance and quality of semen.     

ORIGINAL ARTICLE: Echinacea purpurea and Allium sativum as immunostimulants in fish culture using Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

The study was conducted to evaluate the efficiency of echnicacea (E) and garlic (G) supplemented diets as immunostimulant for tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Seven treatments were designed including a control (C). Fish were fed on 35% protein diet at a rate of 3% body weight per day. Echinacea (1.0 ppt) and garlic (3%) were incorporated in the feed, which was administered for periods of 1, 2 and 3 months (summer season), followed by basal diet for 4 more months (winter season). Neutrophil adherence and haematocrit values increased in both supplemented groups with prolonging period of application. The neutrophils adherence was significantly increased in all treatments except group administered echinacea for 1 month. The lymphocytic counts were significantly (p < 0.004) elevated that resulted in a significant increase in the total leucocytic count in groups administered echinacea for 1 and 2 months when compared with the control and/or other treatments. The gain in the body weight and specific growth rate was significantly increased in all supplemented groups (p < 0.004) during summer, but remained without any significant increase after winter. The survival rate was significantly high (>85%) in all the supplemented groups. The percentage of protection, after challenge infection using pathogenic Aeromonas hydrophila was the highest in groups supplemented with echinacea and garlic for 3 months after summer and winter seasons. It could be concluded that echinacea and garlic improve the gain in body weight, survival rate and resistance against challenge infection. Both compounds showed extended effects after withdrawal and improved resistance to cold stress during the winter season. However, a full commercial cost benefit analysis is necessary before recommending their application in aquaculture.     

A comparative study on the tolerance of tilapia(Oreochromis niloticus)to high carbohydrate and high lipid diets

A 12-wk trial was conducted to compare the tolerance of tilapia to high carbohydrate and high lipid diets.Three isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets, whose carbohydrate and lipid levels were the following:35.0% and 8%(control), 44.2% and 4%(D1, high carbohydrate), and 25.8% and 12%(D2, high lipid),respectively. Three hundred tilapias(27 ± 0.11 g) were fed the diets for 10 wk(4 replicates per group); 72fish from the D1 group were continually fed the D1(D1D1) and 72 fish from the D2 were continua...     

Modulation of intestinal morphology and immunity in nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) by Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG

The use of lactic acid bacteria from human origins as a potential probiotic supplementation in aquaculture feed is now widely accepted. Here, we examined some of the properties and mechanisms of the action of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG, originating from humans, on growth performance, gut mucosal immunity and humoral and cellular immune response in tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). The results suggested that supplementation of L. rhamnosus gave an advantage in promoting the intestinal structure and the mucosal immunity of tilapia. Probiotic fish had a greater villous height in all parts of the intestines and, significantly, in the proximal and middle part. The population of intraepithelial lymphocytes was significantly higher in the probiotic group than in the control group in all parts of the intestines. The population of acidophilic granulocyte in the probiotic group was significantly higher at the proximal and distal parts when compared with the control group. The higher serum complement activity as well as the enhanced phagocytosis and killing ability of the head kidney leukocytes in the probiotic supplemented fish corresponded with the higher level of TNF alpha and IL-1 gene expression, suggesting that the induction of IL-1 and TNF alpha cytokines by L. rhamnosus served as an important regulator of gut associated immune systems.     

Growth, nutrient utilization and parameters of mineral metabolism in Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758) fed plant-based diets with graded levels of microbial phytase

Diets with graded levels of the experimental microbial phytase SP1002 (0, 500, 1000, 2000 and 4000 FTU/kg) were fed to juvenile Nile tilapia (average BW = 68.8 g) for 60 days (n = 4). A digestibility trial ran parallel to the growth trial using 0.3 g TiO2/100 g as an indigestible marker. The efficiency of phytase supplementation was evaluated by parameters of growth response, crude protein and mineral utilization (using body composition data), apparent nutrient digestibility, mineral content in scale and vertebra and inorganic phosphorus in blood plasma. Data were submitted to ANOVA and Tukey-test using SAS-program. Significant improvements (p < 0.01) were found for growth, FCR and SGR, mainly for diets with 1000 and 2000 FTU/kg phytase supplementation. Protein utilization was significantly increased and maximized between 1000 and 2000 FTU/kg. Phosphorus utilization increased significantly up to 4000 FTU/kg. Digestibility of protein and phosphorus was also significantly improved. Phosphorus concentration in the blood, vertebra and scale increased significantly after phytase addition. Similarly, calcium and magnesium concentration in vertebra and scale were increased. Generally, phytase supplementation between 1000 and 2000 FTU/kg resulted in growth rates and mineralization parameters similar to a control diet with inorganic phosphorus.     

Modulation of intestinal morphology and immunity in nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) by Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG

The use of lactic acid bacteria from human origins as a potential probiotic supplementation in aquaculture feed is now widely accepted. Here, we examined some of the properties and mechanisms of the action of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG, originating from humans, on growth performance, gut mucosal immunity and humoral and cellular immune response in tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). The results suggested that supplementation of L. rhamnosus gave an advantage in promoting the intestinal structure and the mucosal immunity of tilapia. Probiotic fish had a greater villous height in all parts of the intestines and, significantly, in the proximal and middle part. The population of intraepithelial lymphocytes was significantly higher in the probiotic group than in the control group in all parts of the intestines. The population of acidophilic granulocyte in the probiotic group was significantly higher at the proximal and distal parts when compared with the control group. The higher serum complement activity as well as the enhanced phagocytosis and killing ability of the head kidney leukocytes in the probiotic supplemented fish corresponded with the higher level of TNF alpha and IL-1 gene expression, suggesting that the induction of IL-1 and TNF alpha cytokines by L. rhamnosus served as an important regulator of gut associated immune systems.     

吉富罗非鱼对饲料精氨酸的需要量

以饲料精氨酸水平分别为0.67%、0.94%、1.24%、1.58%、1.86%和2.11%的6种等氮等能的半纯化饲料(粗蛋白质含量30.21%,总能17.77 MJ/kg),投喂初始体重为(81.52±2.00)g的吉富罗非鱼60 d,考察饲料精氨酸水平对吉富罗非鱼生长性能、饲料利用、体成分、血清生化指标和非特异性免疫指标的影响,以期获得吉富罗非鱼对饲料精氨酸的最佳需要量。每种饲料投喂3个网箱,每个网箱放养15尾鱼。结果表明:随着饲料精氨酸水平的升高,吉富罗非鱼的增重率、特定生长率、蛋白质效率以及蛋白质沉积率均呈现先上升后下降的趋势,并均在1.58%组达到最高值,与其他组差异显著(P0.05);饲料系数、肝体比、脏体比则呈现先下降后上升的趋势,饲料系数在1.58%组达到最低值,与其他组差异显著(P0.05);全鱼粗脂肪和肌肉粗灰分含量的变化趋势与饲料系数相似,肌肉粗脂肪呈现与增重率和特定生长率相似的变化趋势,而全鱼粗灰分和肌肉粗蛋白质含量则呈先上升后稳定的趋势。饲料精氨酸水平对吉富罗非鱼的肥满度,全鱼水分、粗蛋白质及肌肉水分含量无显著影响(P0.05)。肌肉中各氨基酸(除酪氨酸、甘氨酸、丙氨酸外)、必需氨基酸、总氨基酸含量均随饲料精氨酸水平的升高呈先上升后下降的趋势。饲料精氨酸水平显著影响血清中谷草转氨酶、谷丙转氨酶活性及总胆固醇、甘油三酯、总蛋白、尿素氮和葡萄糖含量(P0.05),也显著影响肝脏和血清中总超氧化物歧化酶、总一氧化氮合酶和溶菌酶的活性(P0.05)。以增重率、饲料系数和蛋白质效率为主要评价指标,通过二次回归分析可知,吉富罗非鱼对饲料中精氨酸需要量为1.51%~1.58%,占饲料蛋白质的4.99%~5.25%。     

Class 1 integrons in Aeromonas hydrophila isolates from farmed Nile tilapia (Oreochromis nilotica)

The aim of this study was to determine antimicrobial resistance of Aeromonas hydrophila isolated from farmed Nile Tilapia. A total of 50 A. hydrophila isolates from clinical cases were screened for the presence of class 1, 2 and 3 integrons and all the strains resistant to enrofloxacin and/or ciprofloxacin (n=19) examined for mutation in the quinolone resistance-determining regions (QRDRs) of gyrA and parC. The intI1 gene was detected in 23 A. hydrophila strains (46%) but no intl2 and intl3 were detected. Among these, 14 isolates (60.8%) carried gene cassettes inserted in variable regions i.e., partial aadA2, aadA2, dfrA1-orfC and dfrA12-aadA2, of which the most common gene cassette array was dfrA12-aadA2 (26.09%). Conjugal transfer of class 1 integrons with resistance gene array was detected. All the A. hydrophila strains resistant to enrofloxacin and/or ciprofloxacin possessed mutations in the QRDRs of gyrA and parC. Only a Ser-83-Ile substitution was identified in GyrA and only a Ser-80-Ile amino change was found in ParC. The data confirms that A. hydrophila from farm-raised Nile Telapia serve as a reservoir for antimicrobial resistance determinants.     

吉富罗非鱼对饲料中维生素B_2的需要量

本试验旨在确定吉富罗非鱼对饲料中维生素B_2的需要量。以酪蛋白、明胶和糊精等为主要饲料原料,配制维生素B_2含量分别为0.4、2.6、5.4、10.8、20.4、39.7 mg/kg的6种试验饲料,在室内循环水养殖系统中分别投喂初始体质量为(59.5±0.9)g的吉富罗非鱼10周,每种饲料投喂3个重复,每个重复放养15尾吉富罗非鱼。养殖试验结束后测定吉富罗非鱼的生长性能、肝脏维生素B_2含量和部分血清生化指标等。结果表明:吉富罗非鱼的增重率随饲料中维生素B_2含量的增加先呈线性增加,在达到10.8 mg/kg后趋于稳定,饲料效率的变化趋势与增重率类似;10.8、20.4、39.7 mg/kg组脏体比显著高于0.4、2.6 mg/kg组(P0.05);10.8、20.4、39.7 mg/kg组肝体比显著高于0.4 mg/kg组(P0.05);饲料中维生素B_2含量对肥满度无显著影响(P0.05)。随着饲料中维生素B_2含量的增加,全鱼粗脂肪含量呈先增加后降低的趋势,5.4 mg/kg组显著高于其他各组(P0.05);全鱼水分含量以5.4 mg/kg组最低,显著低于除39.7 mg/kg组外的其他各组(P0.05);全鱼粗蛋白质含量以39.7 mg/kg组最高,显著高于除5.4 mg/kg组外的其他各组(P0.05);各组之间全鱼粗灰分含量无显著差异(P0.05)。饲料中维生素B_2含量对肌肉和肝脏水分、粗蛋白质、粗脂肪含量均没有显著影响(P0.05)。肝脏中维生素B_2含量随饲料中维生素B_2含量的增加而增加,在达到20.4 mg/kg后趋于稳定;0.4 mg/kg组的血清总胆固醇、甘油三酯含量及谷丙转氨酶和谷草转氨酶活性显著高于其他各组(P0.05)。折线模型分析表明,吉富罗非鱼获得最佳生长速度和最大肝脏维生素B_2蓄积量时,其对饲料中维生素B_2的需要量分别为10.2和19.3 mg/kg。     

Pharmacokinetics of cefquinome in tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) after a single intramuscular or intraperitoneal administration

The pharmacokinetics of cefquinome was studied in plasma after a single dose (10 mg/kg) of intramuscular (i.m.) or intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration to tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) in freshwater at 30 °C. Ten fish per sampling point were examined after treatment. The data were fitted to two‐compartment open models following both routes of administration. The estimates of total body clearance (CL/F), volume of distribution (Vd/F), and absorption half‐life (T_1/2ka) were 0.049 and 0.037 L/h/kg, 0.41 and 0.33 L/kg, and 0.028 and 0.035 h following i.m. and i.p. administration, respectively. After i.m. injection, the elimination half‐life (T_1?2β) was calculated to be 5.81 h, the maximum plasma concentration (C_max) to be 49.40 μg/mL, the time to peak plasma cefquinome concentration (T_max) to be 0.14 h, and the area under the plasma concentration–time curve (AUC) to be 204.6 μg h/mL. Following i.p. administration, the corresponding estimates were 6.05 h, 44.39 μg/mL, 0.17 h and 267.8 μg h/mL. The minimum inhibitory concentrations of cefquinome, determined for 30 strains of Streptococcus agalactiae isolated from diseased tilapia, ranged from 0.015 to 0.12 μg/mL. Results from these studies support that 10 mg cefquinome/kg body weight daily could be expected to control tilapia bacterial pathogens inhibited in vitro by a minimal inhibitory concentration value of ≤2 μg/mL.     

Pharmacokinetics of doxycycline in tilapia (Oreochromis aureus × Oreochromis niloticus) after intravenous and oral administration

The pharmacokinetics of doxycycline was studied in plasma after a single dose (20 mg/kg) of intravenous or oral administration to tilapia (Oreochromis aureus × Oreochromis niloticus) reared in fresh water at 24 °C. Plasma samples were collected from six fish per sampling point. Doxycycline concentrations were determined by high‐performance liquid chromatography with a 0.005 μg/mL limit of detection, then were subjected to noncompartmental analysis. Following oral administration, the double‐peak phenomenon was observed, and the first (C_max1) and second (C_max2) peaks were 1.99 ± 0.43 μg/mL at 2.0 h and 2.27 ± 0.38 μg/mL at 24.0 h, respectively. After the intravenous injection, a C_max2 (12.12 ± 1.97 μg/mL) was also observed, and initial concentration of 45.76 μg/mL, apparent elimination rate constant (λ_z) of 0.018 per h, apparent elimination half‐life (t_1/2λz) of 39.0 h, systemic total body clearance (Cl) of 41.28 mL/h/kg, volume of distribution (Vz) of 2323.21 mL/kg, and volume of distribution at steady‐state (Vss) of 1356.69 mL/kg were determined, respectively. While after oral administration, the λ_z, t_1/2λz, and bioavailability of doxycycline were 0.009 per h, 77.2 h, and 23.41%, respectively. It was shown that doxycycline was relatively slowly and incompletely absorbed, extensively distributed, and slowly eliminated in tilapia, in addition, doxycycline might undergo enterohepatic recycling in tilapia.     

大规格吉富罗非鱼幼鱼对饲料中胆碱的需要量

本试验通过研究饲料胆碱水平对大规格吉富罗非鱼幼鱼生长性能、体成分、肝胰脏胆碱蓄积量及血清生化指标的影响,以确定大规格吉富罗非鱼幼鱼对饲料中胆碱的需要量。配制胆碱水平分别为45.1、308.9、540.5、946.0、1 486.5和1 756.8 mg/kg的6种试验饲料,饲喂初始体重为(57.4±2.5)g的大规格吉富罗非鱼幼鱼10周。每种试验饲料随机饲喂4个网箱,每个网箱放养20尾鱼。结果显示:饲料胆碱水平≥308.9 mg/kg时,试验鱼的增重率、饲料效率和蛋白质效率均显著高于饲料胆碱水平为45.1 mg/kg时(P0.05);1 486.5 mg/kg组试验鱼的肝体比和肥满度最大,显著大于45.1 mg/kg组(P0.05)。540.5 mg/kg组试验鱼的脏体比最小,显著小于除1 756.8 mg/kg组外的其他各组(P0.05)。1 756.8 mg/kg组全鱼粗脂肪含量显著低于946.0 mg/kg组(P0.05)。随饲料胆碱水平的增加,肝胰脏粗脂肪含量呈现先下降后稳定的趋势,而肌肉粗脂肪和粗蛋白质含量则呈现先上升后稳定的趋势。饲料胆碱水平≥946.0 mg/kg时,试验鱼血清甘油三酯与总胆固醇含量显著高于45.1 mg/kg组(P0.05);血清谷草转氨酶与谷丙转氨酶活力随饲料胆碱水平的增加呈现先下降后稳定的趋势,且均在1 756.8 mg/kg组最低;饲料胆碱水平对试验鱼血清总蛋白与葡萄糖含量无显著影响(P0.05)。肝胰脏胆碱蓄积量随饲料胆碱水平的增加呈现先上升后稳定的趋势。通过折线回归分析,以增重率为评价指标,大规格吉富罗非鱼幼鱼获得最佳生长时对饲料中胆碱的需要量为625.42 mg/kg;以肝胰脏胆碱蓄积量为评价指标,大规格吉富罗非鱼幼鱼获得最大肝胰脏胆碱蓄积量时对饲料中胆碱的需要量为1 118.61 mg/kg。