线粒体动力学平衡对心脏结构与功能的影响

心脏是一个高耗能、高耗氧的器官,其正常收缩及电信号的正常传导也需大量能量供应,因此心肌细胞含有大量线粒体。正常生理状态下,线粒体在细胞内的数量、形态和功能是相对稳定的。当机体内细胞能量产生不足或两个独立的线粒体存在不同的缺陷时,线粒体会受到Mfn1/2和OPA1的调控而发生融合,发生融合后线粒体基质含量相互混合形成一个功能完善的新的线粒体,此过程即为线粒体融合。为维持线粒体DNA及线粒体膜电位的稳定,线粒体受到Drp1及其受体的调控而发生分裂,分裂可使受损的线粒体DNA及去极化的线粒体膜在分裂时聚集到一个子线粒体中,并通过泛素化-蛋白酶系统或自噬作用消除,从而维持线粒体的正常功能。线粒体融合与分裂是一个连续波动的过程,被认为是维持线粒体和细胞正常功能和形态的关键过程。近年来研究发现,心肌细胞线粒体的融合与分裂失衡会引起自身形态和功能的紊乱,进而损害心脏结构和功能。因此,维持心肌细胞的稳态需要线粒体分裂和融合之间的动态平衡,而维持线粒体的动态平衡则需要介导线粒体融合与分裂相关的动力蛋白。作者对参与线粒体融合及分裂过程的关键蛋白的功能进行了综述,同时讨论了线粒体动力学平衡对心脏结构与功能的影响,以期为后期的研究提供一定理论参考。     

线粒体动力学平衡对心脏结构与功能的影响

心脏是一个高耗能、高耗氧的器官,其正常收缩及电信号的正常传导也需大量能量供应,因此心肌细胞含有大量线粒体。正常生理状态下,线粒体在细胞内的数量、形态和功能是相对稳定的。当机体内细胞能量产生不足或两个独立的线粒体存在不同的缺陷时,线粒体会受到Mfn1/2和OPA1的调控而发生融合,发生融合后线粒体基质含量相互混合形成一个功能完善的新的线粒体,此过程即为线粒体融合。为维持线粒体DNA及线粒体膜电位的稳定,线粒体受到Drp1及其受体的调控而发生分裂,分裂可使受损的线粒体DNA及去极化的线粒体膜在分裂时聚集到一个子线粒体中,并通过泛素化-蛋白酶系统或自噬作用消除,从而维持线粒体的正常功能。线粒体融合与分裂是一个连续波动的过程,被认为是维持线粒体和细胞正常功能和形态的关键过程。近年来研究发现,心肌细胞线粒体的融合与分裂失衡会引起自身形态和功能的紊乱,进而损害心脏结构和功能。因此,维持心肌细胞的稳态需要线粒体分裂和融合之间的动态平衡,而维持线粒体的动态平衡则需要介导线粒体融合与分裂相关的动力蛋白。作者对参与线粒体融合及分裂过程的关键蛋白的功能进行了综述,同时讨论了线粒体动力学平衡对心脏结构与功能的影响,以期为后期的研究提供一定理论参考。     

线粒体动态变化与肿瘤转移的相关性研究进展

线粒体是一种高度动态并且处于不断分裂和融合的细胞器,这种动态变化在维持线粒体功能中起着非常重要的作用。研究表明,在许多疾病尤其是癌症中线粒体的功能发生明显的变化,所以靶标线粒体治疗的发展是提高肿瘤治疗最有效的方法之一;线粒体的功能主要是调节细胞周期,基因表达,代谢,细胞运动以及应激反应等。线粒体动态变化参与调节线粒体功能。线粒体的融合和分裂的动态过程主要由一些大GTPases蛋白参与调节,如参与调节线粒体分裂的Drp1/Fis1以及参与调节线粒体内外膜融合的Opa1和Mfn1/2。越来越多研究表明,线粒体动态变化能够调节肿瘤细胞的转移,尤其肺癌和乳腺癌。本综述概括了近年有关线粒体动态变化与肿瘤转移相关的研究结果,为今后肿瘤的临床防治提供可能的新靶点和理论基础。     

线粒体融合、分裂及其相关疾病的研究进展

近年来,有关线粒体融合和分裂机制的相关研究越来越多。线粒体是所有真核生物都不可或缺的双层膜细胞器,大多数细胞中线粒体是高度动态的,且通过不断地融合、分裂来维持动态平衡。线粒体外膜与内膜的融合分别由Mfn1、Mfn2与多种形式的OPA1调控;DRP1介导外膜分裂,内膜的分裂可能是由S-OPA1和MTP18介导。多种客观因素通过影响融合或分裂的程度,进而影响线粒体的融合与分裂,提高线粒体融合程度或降低线粒体分裂程度都将导致在细胞内形成个体大、数量少的线粒体;反之,将出现个体小、数量多的线粒体。可以据此特性间接检测某项影响线粒体形态学变化的因素,了解线粒体动态变化所涉及的蛋白,以及影响线粒体形态学的重要外部因素、线粒体相关疾病的发病原因。因此,作者在总结前人研究成果的基础上,针对线粒体融合与分裂、参与线粒体融合与分裂的相关蛋白及线粒体融合、分裂与疾病的发生进行了综述。     

线粒体功能调控机制进展及研究方法

线粒体是细胞代谢的中枢,参与细胞能量供应、新陈代谢以及凋亡、免疫等机体功能,也是细胞在各种压力下的第1道防线。维持蛋白质正确的折叠和质量控制对维持线粒体功能及细胞存活具有重要意义。因此,本文对线粒体功能损伤的调控机制（主要阐述线粒体自噬和线粒体未折叠蛋白反应）的研究进展和线粒体功能研究方法等方面进行了综述,旨在为进一步促进以线粒体为靶标的营养调控剂在动物生产上的应用提供参考。     

线粒体与细胞凋亡的关系

线粒体是细胞能量合成和贮存及物质代谢、能量转化的重要场所,不仅能诱导细胞凋亡,还是细胞凋亡的执行者。在细胞凋亡过程中,与凋亡相关的活性物质,如细胞色素C（Cyt·c）、凋亡诱导因子（AIF）、B细胞淋巴瘤基因-2（Bcl-2）等从线粒体释放到膜间隙中,使线粒体膜通透性转换孔（mitochondrion permeability transition pore,MPTP）开放,削弱线粒体膜两侧的质子梯度,导致线粒体膜电位降低,诱导细胞凋亡。同时线粒体内的Bcl-2家族对细胞凋亡具有调节作用。笔者就MPTP、Cyt·c、AIF、Bcl-2与细胞凋亡的关系进行了综述。     

线粒体自噬在神经退行性疾病中调控的研究进展

神经退行性疾病是一种以神经元发生进行性变性和坏死为基础的中枢神经系性疾病,其普遍特征是错误折叠蛋白质的积累和线粒体损伤。线粒体作为细胞能量产出的中心,是神经元的主要能量来源,对维持神经元的结构和功能至关重要。受损的线粒体导致细胞中的三磷酸腺苷(ATP)供给不足和氧化应激损伤,甚至引起细胞死亡。线粒体自噬是细胞通过自噬-溶酶体途径选择性地清除衰老或受损线粒体的过程,是线粒体质量控制机制的重要组成部分,在维持细胞稳态方面发挥重要的作用。诸多研究表明,线粒体自噬与神经退行性疾病的发生和发展密不可分,激活线粒体自噬或改善线粒体自噬异常能在一定程度上缓解错误折叠蛋白积聚导致的神经损伤。笔者就线粒体自噬的发生机制、线粒体自噬的调控及其在神经退行性疾病发生发展中的作用进行综述,以期为神经退行性疾病的研究和治疗提供参考。     

铜和锌对肉鸡线粒体膜通透性的影响

线粒体是细胞能量合成和贮存以及物质代谢、能量转化的重要场所,线粒体的结构和功能对细胞、组织乃至整个机体功能都起着关键性的作用 [1-2].线粒体膜内外的各种物质进出线粒体的通道我们称之为线粒体膜通透性转换孔(mitochondrial permeability transition pore,MPTP),是线粒体内外信息交流的中心枢纽,其开放状态指示着线粒体正常功能的发挥与否.     

线粒体与种子老化的关系

种子作为最基本的生产资料,其活力高低直接关系到农业生产的成败。关于种子老化机理的研究是种子科学研究的热点和难点。线粒体是真核生物细胞内重要的细胞器,是细胞能量合成和物质代谢的中心,也是活性氧产生的主要位点,且普遍认为,活性氧是导致种子老化的主要因素。种子老化过程中线粒体的典型结构逐渐被破坏,呼吸速率和氧化磷酸化效率降低,抗氧化功能发生改变,因此,本文主要概述种子的老化与线粒体结构、呼吸作用、抗氧化系统变化的关系,并阐述线粒体与细胞程序性死亡关系的研究进展,系统分析种子老化与线粒体变化研究中存在的问题及未来发展趋势,以期为研究种子老化的线粒体作用机理提供理论基础。     

一氧化氮对线粒体信号的调节

线粒体是细胞内能量合成的主要场所,对维持细胞正常生理功能起着重要作用。一氧化氮(NO)是生物体内一种结构最简单的多功能生物信号分子,在机体正常生理功能调节和疾病的发生中起着十分重要的作用。NO可以影响呼吸链中ATP的合成、促进氧气在组织中的扩散、介导自由基和神经损伤、促进细胞的凋亡等,对线粒体信号的调节起着十分重要的作用。     

Research Progress on the Mitochondrial Fusion,Fission and Their Effects on Disease

In recent years, more and more studies on mitochondrial fusion and fragmentation mechanisms have been conducted, mitochondria are double-membrane organelles possessed by all eukaryotic organisms. In most cells, mitochondria are highly dynamic and maintain their homeostasis by continually fusing and dividing.Mitochondrial outer membrane and endometrial fusion were regulated, respectively by Mfn1, Mfn2 and a variety of forms of OPA1;DRP1 mediated epineurial division,at present the mechanism of endometrial fission is still unclear,may be mediated by S-OPA1 and MTP18. Research shows that a variety of objective factors through the impact of the degree of integration or division,thus affecting the mitochondrial fusion and fission,increased mitochondrial fusion or decreased mitochondrial fission will result in the cell into individual large, small number of mitochondria;On the contrary,will lead to mitochondria appear individual small, large number. In the future research process, this feature can be used to detect indirectly a change in mitochondrial morphology factors. On the basis of summarizing the results of previous studies, in the present review, we focus on the mitochondrial fusion and fission, some related proteins involved in mitochondrial fusion and fission, as well as the occurrence of mitochondrial disease.     

Mdivi-1, mitochondrial fission inhibitor,impairs developmental competence and mitochondrial function of embryos and cells in pigs

Mitochondria are highly dynamic organelles that undergo constant fusion/fission as well as activities orchestrated by large dynamin-related GTPases. These dynamic mitochondrial processes influence mitochondrial morphology, size and function. Therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate the effects of mitochondrial fission inhibitor, mdivi-1, on developmental competence and mitochondrial function of porcine embryos and primary cells. Presumptive porcine embryos were cultured in PZM-3 medium supplemented with mdivi-1 (0, 10 and 50 μM) for 6 days. Porcine fibroblast cells were cultured in growth medium with mdivi-1 (0 and 50 μM) for 2 days. Our results showed that the rate of blastocyst production and cell growth in the mdivi-1 (50 μM) treated group was lower than that of the control group (P < 0.05). Moreover, loss of mitochondrial membrane potential in the mdivi-1 (50 μM) treated group was increased relative to the control group (P < 0.05). Subsequent evaluation revealed that the intracellular levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the apoptotic index were increased by mdivi-1 (50 μM) treatment (P < 0.05). Finally, the expression of mitochondrial fission-related protein (Drp 1) was lower in the embryos and cells in the mdivi-1-treated group than the control group. Taken together, these results indicate that mdivi-1 treatment may inhibit developmental competence and mitochondrial function in porcine embryos and primary cells.     

Bovine papillomavirus E5 oncoprotein upregulates parkin-dependent mitophagy in urothelial cells of cattle with spontaneous papillomavirus infection: A mechanistic study

This study aimed to provide mechanistic insights into mitophagy pathway associated with papillomavirus infection in urothelial cells of cattle. The elimination of mitochondria via autophagy, termed mitophagy, is an evolutionarily conserved mechanism for mitochondrial quality control and homeostasis. PINK1/parkin-mediated mitophagy, a ubiquitin-dependent selective autophagy of dysfunctional mitochondria, has been described here, for the first time, in urothelial cells from 25 bladder cancers in cattle infected by bovine papillomavirus (BPV). The expression of BPV-2 and BPV-13 E5 oncoprotein was detected by RT-PCR. Abnormal mitochondria delimited by expanding phagophores, were peculiar ultrastructural features of neoplastic urothelial cells. High levels of mitochondrial phosphorylated PINK1/parkin were observed in neoplastic urothelial cells infected by BPVs. Phosphoparkin interacted with mitofusin 2 (Mfn2) and ubiquitin (Ub), which confirmed that Mfn2 is a parkin receptor at the mitochondrial level, where parkin interacted also with Ub. Furthermore, parkin established a complex that was comprised of optineurin, p62, LC3, laforin, and embryonic stem cell-expressed Ras (ERAS), that interacted with BPV E5 oncoprotein, and Bag3, which, in turn, regulated the formation of a complex composed of Hpc70/Hsp70, CHIP, an HSC70-interacting E3 ubiquitin ligase. It is conceivable that ERAS is involved in mitophagosome maturation via phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway. Bag3, in association with Hsc70/Hsp70, may contribute to the transport and degradation of CHIP-ubiquitinated cargo as this complex recognises ubiquitinated cargos and transports them to aggresomes to be degraded. Furthermore, Bag3 may be involved in mitophagosome formation as it interacted with synaptopodin 2, which is known to play a role in mitophagosome biogenesis.     

Introduction to oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction

Oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction are discussed in this article. Mitochondria are the major producers of free radicals and the major target of oxidative damage. Oxidative stress is simply the elevation of free radicals (reactive oxygen species/reactive nitrogen species) found in cells that accumulate to higher than normal levels. Excessive or inappropriate oxidative stress damages cells and tissues, specifically mitochondria, cell membranes, DNA, proteins, and lipids.     

DRP1 deficiency induces mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress-mediated apoptosis during porcine oocyte maturation

Background: Environmental pollution induces oxidative stress and apoptosis in mammalian oocytes, which can cause defects in reproduction;however, the molecular regulation of oxidative stress in oocytes is still largely unknown. In the present study, we identified that dynamin-related protein 1(DRP1) is an important molecule regulating oocyte mitochondrial function and preventing oxidative stress/apoptosis. DRP1 is a member of the dynamin GTPase superfamily localized at the mitochondrial-endoplasmic reticulum interaction site, where it regulates the fission of mitochondria and other related cellular processes.Results: Our results show that DRP1 was stably expressed during different stages of porcine oocyte meiosis, and might have a potential relationship with mitochondria as it exhibited similar localization. Loss of DRP1 activity caused failed porcine oocyte maturation and cumulus cell expansion, as well as defects in polar body extrusion.Further analysis indicated that a DRP1 deficiency caused mitochondrial dysfunction and induced oxidative stress,which was confirmed by increased reactive oxygen species levels. Moreover, the incidence of early apoptosis increased as detected by positive Annexin-V signaling.Conclusions: Taken together, our results indicate that DRP1 is essential for porcine oocyte maturation and that a DRP1 deficiency could induce mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and apoptosis.     

Low expression of mitofusin 1 is associated with mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis in porcine somatic cell nuclear transfer embryos

Mitochondria are necessary for the transition from oocyte to embryo and for early embryonic development. Mitofusin 1 is the main mediator of mitochondrial fusion and homeostasis. We investigated Mitofusin 1 expression levels in porcine somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) embryos. The rate of blastocyst formation in SCNT embryos was reduced significantly compared with that of parthenogenetic activation embryos. SCNT embryos showed significantly decreased Mitofusin 1 expression and mitochondrial membrane potential, while exhibiting increased reactive oxygen species and apoptosis. Mitochondrial functional changes were observed in the SCNT embryos and may be correlated with low levels of Mitofusin 1 to negatively affect development.     

Research Progress on Mitochondrial Unfolded Protein Response

Mitochondria,as one of important intracellular organelles,regulates many intracellular signaling pathways,but environmental stress can cause accumulation of large amounts of misfolded or unfolded proteins,resulting in mitochondrial dysfunction.Current studies have revealed that a variety forms of signaling pathway from mitochondria to nucleus which can alleviate mitochondrial stress reaction and maintain mitochondrial homeostasis.In this paper,we will lay emphasis on that the molecular mechanisms of retrograde reactions in Saccharomyces cerevisiae,mitochondrial unfolded protein response in mammalian cells and C.elegans,and the interaction between mitochondrial unfolded protein response and mitophagy,innate immunity.     

线粒体在细胞凋亡中的作用

细胞凋亡属机体的生理机制 ,是多细胞生物更新正常细胞和清除异常细胞的重要手段 ,线粒体为细胞各种生命活动提供能量 ,二者紧密相关 ;线粒体参与细胞凋亡 ,并且是细胞凋亡的调控中心。淋巴细胞 ,巨噬细胞 ,神经细胞 ,肿瘤细胞等的凋亡都证实了这一点 ;NO和 Ca2 诱导的细胞凋亡也通过线粒体来完成 ;在线粒体调控细胞凋亡机理的研究上也有大量研究成果 ,如 :半胱天冬酶的诱导机制 ,细胞色素 c引起细胞凋亡的机制 ,胞内氧化还原电势改变引起细胞凋亡 ,Bcl-2家族蛋白调控细胞凋亡等。但线粒体参与调控的凋亡机制并不是唯一的细胞凋亡通路。本文综述了近年来有关线粒体与细胞凋亡关系的研究进展