酵母培养物对泌乳期荷斯坦奶牛生产性能及乳品质的影响

为了研究酵母培养物对泌乳期荷斯坦奶牛生产性能及乳品质的影响,探讨酵母培养物在改良饲料风味、提高奶产量与乳品质方面的应用效果.本试验选取20头体况接近的奶牛配对分成两组,对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验组用1.38%酵母培养物替代等量精料,预试期9 d,正试期30 d,测定试验组与对照组的采食量、产奶量及乳品质变化情况.结果表明:奶牛日粮中添加酵母培养物30 d后采食量、乳脂率、乳蛋白率、乳糖率、非脂固形物和乳密度分别提高了2.90%、0.61%、0.66%、1.25%、0.80%和2.69%(P>0.05),标准乳产量显著提高了3.70%(P<0.05).奶牛日粮中添加酵母培养物对促进奶牛采食及泌乳效果明显,能一定程度提高泌乳奶牛的生产效益.     

酵母培养物对泌乳后期荷斯坦奶牛奶产量及品质的影响

研究酵母培养物(YC)添加水平对泌乳后期荷斯坦奶牛奶产量及品质的影响,为合理利用YC提供参考.试验选取60头体况相近的奶牛,随机等分成4组,对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组分别饲喂在精料补充料中添加1、2、4 kg/t YC的日粮,测定各组试验前期(0～7 d)、后期(8～18 d)及全期(0～25 d)产奶量及第20天乳品质变化情况.结果表明:①添加4kg/t YC极显著提高了前期产奶量(P<0.01),后期及全期均有提高趋势,但差异未达到显著水平(P＞0.05);添加1 kg/t YC显著降低了后期的产奶量(P<0.05),但前期及全期产奶量没有显著变化(P>0.05);添加2 kg/t YC对前期、后期及全期产奶量均没有显著影响(P>0.05).②YC添加水平对乳脂率、乳蛋白率、全脂固形物、脂蛋白比无显著影响(P＞0.05).     

Effect of parity number on the dry matter intake of dairy cows during the first week after calving

We investigated the effect of parity number on the dry matter intake (DMI) of cows during the first week after calving. Eighty‐three cows were evaluated from 14 days before to 7 days after calving. DMI and milk yield were measured for 7 days after calving, and the calving score was measured. Blood samples were collected throughout the experiment. The average DMI during the first week after calving was reduced in the first‐lactation heifers and high‐parity number cows. A quadratic relationship between the parity number and the DMI was observed. The first‐lactation heifers had lower prepartum serum total protein (TP) concentration and milk yield, higher prepartum serum nonesterified fatty acid (NEFA) concentration and calving score than the multiparous cows. The recovery rate of serum calcium (Ca) after calving was slow in the cows in the parity 6. The DMI was positively affected by the serum Ca concentration after calving, milk yield, and prepartum serum TP concentration and was negatively affected by the calving score and prepartum serum NEFA concentration. We conclude that the DMI immediately after calving tends to be lower in first‐lactation heifers and high‐parity number cows, but factors that reduce the DMI differ according to parity number.     

Effect of lactation stage, season and parity on milk cortisol concentration in Holstein cows

This experiment was designed (1) to study the effects of lactation stage, season, and parity on milk cortisol concentrations in Holstein cows, and (2) to elucidate the relationships between milk yield, quality, and milk cortisol concentration. Subjects of this study were 24 dairy cows kept in a free stall barn. Milk samples were taken on test day in May, August, November, and February. Data of milk yield, quality, and cortisol concentration were collected. Random effects of animals and fixed effects of lactation stage, test day, and parity on milk yield, quality, and cortisol concentration were analyzed using mixed models. We estimated the best linear unbiased prediction of each trait (BLUP) which was an animal-specific value. Correlation among milk yield, quality, and cortisol concentration was calculated using raw data and BLUP. The effect of the lactation stage on milk cortisol concentration was significant: the value observed in early lactation was higher than in other stages. However, the correlation between milk yield and cortisol concentration was low. The beginning of lactation might be a strong stressor for every cow. Calculated with raw data, milk cortisol concentration had respectively significant negative correlation with milk protein contents and solid not-fat contents. Calculated with BLUP, milk cortisol concentration showed a significant and negative correlation with milk protein contents. The lactation stage and milk protein contents should be considered for measurement of milk cortisol concentrations.     

Effects of growth and dietary crude protein level until first insemination on milk production during first lactation in Holstein heifers

To decrease the age at first calving in Holsteins, the effects of average daily body weight gain (ADG) and crude protein (CP) level until first insemination on growth performance and milk production were examined. The MM group had a target ADG of 0.75 kg and received a diet with a CP level of 14%. The HM and HH groups had a target ADG of 1 kg; both these groups received a diet with CP levels 14% and 16%, respectively. The ADG in the HM and HH groups was 1.1 kg, whereas in the MM group it was 0.97 kg (P < 0.01). The HM and HH groups showed no differences in withers height at body weight 350 kg. The ages at first calving in MM, HM and HH groups were 23.1, 21.0 and 21.8 months, respectively. The HM and HH groups had lower milk yield at day 305 than the MM group (P < 0.01). These results suggest that growth performance until first insemination should be maintained at an ADG of 0.97 kg or less with a CP level of approximately 14%, to shorten time until first insemination and prevent the decrease of milk yield.     

喀斯特地区奶牛小区泌乳盛期能量需要量研究

选用处于泌乳盛期中国荷斯坦奶牛12头,采用随机分组设计,根据产奶量、胎次、泌乳期、体重等因素,将试验牛分为试验1组(对照组,采用当地惯用日粮饲喂)、2组和3组。其中试验2组和3组进行2×2因子交叉饲养试验。试验牛的日粮由苜蓿、野草、稻草和精料组成,其中一组能量的供给量按饲养标准的推荐量供给,另一组的供给量是饲养标准推荐量的120%。饲养试验共进行2期,每期正式期15d,预试期7d。通过试验得到喀斯特地区奶牛小区饲养能量、蛋白质与钙、磷供应平衡模式:NER盛期(KJ)=1.2097(356W0.75×k) M×(0.4 15×Fat)×3138 △W×6.56×3138。     

Identification of Escherichia coli F4ac-binding proteins in porcine milk fat globule membrane

F4ac-positive enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) must attach to the intestinal mucosa to cause diarrhea in piglets. Prevention of bacterial attachment to the intestinal mucosa is the most effective defense against ETEC-induced diarrhea. Porcine milk fat globule membranes (MFGM) were shown to be able to inhibit attachment of ETEC to the intestinal brush border; however, the specific components of porcine MFGM that inhibited attachment of ETEC to enterocytes were not identified. Accordingly, the purpose of this study was to identify F4ac-binding MFGM proteins by overlay Western blot and affinity chromatography. The proteome of porcine MFGM was characterized and the following F4ac-binding proteins were detected by overlay Western blot and affinity chromatography: lactadherin, butyrophilin, adipophilin, acyl-CoA synthetase 3, and fatty acid-binding protein 3. The biological function of these proteins was not investigated but it is possible that their interaction with F4ac fimbria interferes with bacterial attachment and colonization.     

奶牛瘤胃微生物及其代谢物与乳脂合成关键酶基因对乳脂率的影响

乳脂肪对于人类的健康有着重要的生理作用,乳脂率的高低决定牛乳的品质、风味和营养价值,所以乳脂率对牛乳品质十分关键.奶牛乳脂率的高低受到多种因素的影响,如何提高奶牛乳脂率一直是行业研究的热点.大量研究表明,瘤胃微生物及其代谢产物与乳脂合成关键酶基因对奶牛乳脂率的高低具有重要调控作用.文章就瘤胃微生物及其代谢物与乳脂合成关...     

Changes in various metabolic parameters in blood and milk during experimental Escherichia coli mastitis for primiparous Holstein dairy cows during early lactation

Background:The objective of this study was to characterize the changes in various metabolic parameters in blood and milk during IMI challenge with Escherichia coli(E.coli) for dairy cows during early lactation.Thirty,healthy primiparous Holstein cows were infused(h = 0) with-20-40 cfu of live ? coli into one front mammary quarter at ~4-6wk in lactation.Daily feed intake and milk yield were recorded.At-12,0,3,6,12,18,24,36,48,60,72,96,108,120,132,144,156,168,180 and 192 h relative to challenge rectal temperatures were recorded and quarter foremilk was collected for analysis of shedding of E.coli.Composite milk samples were collected at-180,-132,-84,-36,-12,12,24,36,48,60,72,84,96,132 and 180 h relative to challenge(h = 0) and analyzed for lactate dehydrogenase(LDH),somatic cell count,fat,protein,lactose,citrate,beta-hydroxybutyrate(BHBA),free glucose(fglu),and glucose-6-phosphate(G6P).Blood was collected at-12,0,3,6,12,18,24,36,60,72,84,132 and 180 h relative to challenge and analyzed for plasma non-esterified fatty acids(NEFA),BHBA and glucose concentration.A generalized linear mixed model was used to determine the effect of IMI challenge on metabolic responses of cows during early lactation.Results:By 12 h,E.coli was recovered from challenged quarters and shedding continued through 72 h.Rectal temperature peaked by 12 h post-challenge and returned to pre-challenge values by 36 h post-IMI challenge.Daily feed intake and milk yield decreased(P 0.05) by 1 and 2 d,respectively,after mastitis challenge.Plasma BHBA decreased(12 h;P 0.05) from 0.96 ± 1.1 at 0 h to 0.57 ±0.64 mmol/L by 18 h whereas concentration of plasma NEFA(18 h) and glucose(24 h) were significantly greater,11 and 27%,respectively,after challenge.In milk,fglu,lactose,citrate,fat and protein yield were lower whereas yield of BHBA and G6 P were higher after challenge when compared to pre-challenge values.Conclusions:Changes in metabolites in blood and milk were most likely associated with drops in feed intake and milk yield.However,the early rise in plasma NEFA may also signify enhanced adipose tissue lipolysis.Lower concentrations of plasma BHBA may be attributed to an increase transfer into milk after IMI.Decreases in both milk lactose yield and%after challenge may be partly attributed to reduced conversion of fglu to lactose.Rises in G6 P yield and concentration in milk after challenge(24 h) may signify increased conversion of fglu to G6 P.Results identify changes in various metabolic parameters in blood and milk after IMI challenge with E.coli in dairy cows that may partly explain the partitioning of nutrients and changes in milk components after IMI for cows during early lactation.     

Changes in various metabolic parameters in blood and milk during experimental Escherichia coli mastitis for primiparous Holstein dairy cows during early lactation

Background

The objective of this study was to characterize the changes in various metabolic parameters in blood and milk during IMI challenge with Escherichia coli (E. coli) for dairy cows during early lactation. Thirty, healthy primiparous Holstein cows were infused (h = 0) with ~20-40 cfu of live E. coli into one front mammary quarter at ~4-6 wk in lactation. Daily feed intake and milk yield were recorded. At –12, 0, 3, 6, 12, 18, 24, 36, 48, 60, 72, 96, 108, 120, 132, 144, 156, 168, 180 and 192 h relative to challenge rectal temperatures were recorded and quarter foremilk was collected for analysis of shedding of E. coli. Composite milk samples were collected at -180, -132, -84, -36, -12, 12, 24, 36, 48, 60, 72, 84, 96, 132 and 180 h relative to challenge (h = 0) and analyzed for lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), somatic cell count, fat, protein, lactose, citrate, beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA), free glucose (fglu), and glucose-6-phosphate (G6P). Blood was collected at -12, 0, 3, 6, 12, 18, 24, 36, 60, 72, 84, 132 and 180 h relative to challenge and analyzed for plasma non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), BHBA and glucose concentration. A generalized linear mixed model was used to determine the effect of IMI challenge on metabolic responses of cows during early lactation.

Results

By 12 h, E. coli was recovered from challenged quarters and shedding continued through 72 h. Rectal temperature peaked by 12 h post-challenge and returned to pre-challenge values by 36 h post-IMI challenge. Daily feed intake and milk yield decreased (P <0.05) by 1 and 2 d, respectively, after mastitis challenge. Plasma BHBA decreased (12 h; P <0.05) from 0.96 ± 1.1 at 0 h to 0.57 ± 0.64 mmol/L by 18 h whereas concentration of plasma NEFA (18 h) and glucose (24 h) were significantly greater, 11 and 27%, respectively, after challenge. In milk, fglu, lactose, citrate, fat and protein yield were lower whereas yield of BHBA and G6P were higher after challenge when compared to pre-challenge values.

Conclusions

Changes in metabolites in blood and milk were most likely associated with drops in feed intake and milk yield. However, the early rise in plasma NEFA may also signify enhanced adipose tissue lipolysis. Lower concentrations of plasma BHBA may be attributed to an increase transfer into milk after IMI. Decreases in both milk lactose yield and % after challenge may be partly attributed to reduced conversion of fglu to lactose. Rises in G6P yield and concentration in milk after challenge (24 h) may signify increased conversion of fglu to G6P. Results identify changes in various metabolic parameters in blood and milk after IMI challenge with E. coli in dairy cows that may partly explain the partitioning of nutrients and changes in milk components after IMI for cows during early lactation.     

Biochemical markers of bone turnover in the dairy cow during lactation and the dry period

We measured a bone-formation marker recognizing osteocalcin, and a bone-resorption marker recognizing C-telopeptide (CT(x)) fragments of collagen type I, in a longitudinal study. The levels of these markers in the plasma of dairy cows (n=11) were recorded over a 12 month postpartum period, including a full lactation and a dry period. The plasma concentration of CT(x) was highest in the first week after parturition. It then declined slowly over the next 33 weeks and remained low until the next parturition. Osteocalcin concentration was lowest around parturition, reached a plateau during mid-lactation, then fell again towards term. There were large variations in bone metabolism during a lactation, that were not directly related to milk production. These results may be used to facilitate appropriate adjustments to calcium and phosphorous concentrations in the diet, reflecting the specific needs of each stage of the reproductive cycle.     

Use of test-day records to predict first lactation 305-day milk yield using artificial neural network in Kenyan Holstein–Friesian dairy cows

The study is focused on the capability of artificial neural networks (ANNs) to predict next month and first lactation 305-day milk yields (FLMY305) of Kenyan Holstein–Friesian (KHF) dairy cows based on a few available test days (TD) records in early lactation. The developed model was compared with multiple linear regressions (MLR). A total of 39,034 first parity TD records of KHF dairy cows collected over 102 herds were analyzed. Different ANNs were modeled and the best performing number of hidden layers and neurons and training algorithms retained. The best ANN model had one hidden layer of logistic transfer function for all models, but hidden nodes varied from 2 to 7. The R ² value for ANNs for training, validation, and test data were consistently high showing that the models captured the features accurately. The R ², r, and root mean square were consistently superior for ANN than MLR but significantly different (p > 0.05). The prediction equation with four variables, i.e., first, second, third, and fourth TD milk yield, gave adequate accuracy (79.0%) in estimating the FLMY305 from TD yield. It emerges from this study that the ANN model can be an alternative for prediction of FLMY305 and monthly TD in KHF.     

Leptin and ghrelin levels in colostrum,milk and blood plasma of sows and pig neonates during the first week of lactation

Radioimmunology was used to determine leptin and ghrelin levels in sow colostrum and milk in relation to those in sow and neonatal pig blood plasma and to the body weight of piglets during the first week of lactation. The highest concentration of leptin was found in colostrum on the second day of lactation (69.3 ± 6.3 ng/mL). Leptin concentrations in sow plasma were significantly lower than in colostrum/milk (2.19 ± 0.9 ng/mL, P = 0.7692) and were stable in the first 7 days of lactation. Total and active ghrelin concentrations in colostrum/milk were stable in the measured time points (6734 ± 261 pg/mL, P = 0.3397; 831 ± 242 pg/mL, P = 0.3988, respectively). Total ghrelin concentrations in sow plasma were lower than in colostrum/milk. These results indicate that pigs follow a unique species‐specific pattern of leptin and ghrelin synthesis, release and existence, and that the mammary gland is an important source of leptin and ghrelin contained in colostrum/milk.     

Variations of Neospora caninum antibody levels in milk during lactation in dairy cows

A longitudinal study was performed to investigate the variations of Neospora caninum antibody levels in individual milk during lactation as well as the association between antibody levels in serum and milk. Serum and milk samples of 15 milking cows were collected between February 2003 and September 2004 in three smallholder dairy farms in Khon Kaen province in northeast Thailand. All samples were analyzed for presence of antibodies by an N. caninum iscom ELISA test kit and the results were given as percent positivity (PP). The effects of time between calving and sampling, lactation number, and season on milk and serum PP were studied using Generalized Estimation Equations methods. All cows were antibody positive in either milk or serum at the first two consecutive samplings. Although serum and milk PP varied considerably, milk PP was consistently positive throughout the study. Cows of all lactation groups had a higher adjusted mean of milk PP at calving compared to later months after calving although the only significant difference was in first lactation. Serum and milk PP were always lower in first lactation than in second and later lactations. An adjusted mean of milk PP for cows classified as having serum PP> or =55 was significantly (P<0.05) higher than that of cows classified as having lower serum PP. Our results indicate that individual milk can be an alternative material to demonstrate presence of N. caninum antibodies in lactating cows.     

Effects of malic acid on feed intake, milk yield, milk components and metabolites in early lactation Holstein dairy cows

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of malic acid (MA) on feed intake, milk yield and composition, blood metabolites and energy balance in early lactation Holstein dairy cows from 1 to 63 day in milk (DIM). Twenty-eight multiparous Holstein dairy cows, blocked by lactation number, previous 305-d mature equivalent milk production, and expected calving date, were arranged into four groups in a randomized block design. Treatments were: control (without MA), LMA, MMA and HMA with 70, 140 and 210 g malic acid per cow per day, respectively. The supplement of food grade MA (99.8% of MA) was hand-mixed into the top one-third of the daily ration. Cows were fed ad libitum a total mixed ration consisting of equal proportion of forage and concentrate. Milk yield increased (P = 0.04), but feed intake and milk components were not affected (P > 0.05) by MA supplementation. The energy balance, expressed as the difference between energy input and output, tended to be higher (P = 0.08) for MA supplemented cows during the 63-DIM period MA and supplemented cows showed a trend (P = 0.07) toward less loss of BW during the 63-day period, especially during the first 21-day of lactation. Concentrations of plasma glucose and serum insulin were higher for cows fed LMA, MMA, and HMA relative to control and linearly (P < 0.01) increased with increasing MA supplementation. Concentrations of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA) and urine ketones were lower for MA-supplemented cows at 7, 14 and 21 DIM of lactation and linearly (P < 0.01) decreased with increasing MA supplementation. Although feed intake was not affected, milk yield increased, MA-supplemented cows experienced higher concentrations of plasma glucose and serum insulin, lower concentrations of plasma BHBA and NEFA, and lower concentrations of urine ketones, suggesting that nutrient digestibilities and energy availability may have been improved.     

复合益生菌对泌乳中后期奶牛生产性能和瘤胃发酵参数的影响

选用48头产奶量、泌乳天数和胎次相近的泌乳中后期奶牛进行配对设计,分为4组,即对照组(复合益生菌0g/d)、试验1组(复合益生菌10g/d)、试验2组(复合益生菌20g/d)和试验3组(复合益生菌30g/d),试验期60d,其中预饲期7d。结果表明:与对照组相比,复合益生菌能够提高泌乳中后期奶牛的产奶量,同时能够显著提高乳蛋白率、乳糖率和总固形物(P<0.05);对血液生化指标无显著影响(P>0.05);复合益生菌能显著提高瘤胃中NH_3-N和微生物蛋白(MCP)含量(P<0.05);与对照组相比,试验2组的粗蛋白(CP)和粗脂肪(EE)表观消化率均显著提高(P<0.05);试验1,2,3组比对照组每头奶牛每天分别获益2.28,4.80和4.09元。以产奶性能、瘤胃发酵参数、营养物质表观消化率和经济效益为主要衡量指标,以每头奶牛日喂20g效果最佳。     

In vitro phagocytic activity of milk neutrophils during lactation cycle in Murrah buffaloes of different parity

Milk samples were collected from 34 lactating Murrah buffaloes on days 0, 5, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180, 210, 240, 270 and day 300 after calving. Milk somatic cell counts (SCC) were highest in multiparous buffaloes . Milk SCC were significantly lower in buffaloes of third and fourth parity during early lactation and than increased significantly (p < 0.01) by the end of lactation. Milk neutrophils were significantly lower in all the buffaloes during early lactation, but increased significantly (p < 0.01) afterwards. Milk lymphocytes were significantly higher during early lactation, but decreased significantly (p < 0.01) by the end of lactation. Phagocytic activity (PA) was highest in day 1 colostrum and then decreased significantly (p < 0.01) by the fourth milking in buffaloes of second, third and fourth parity . Phagocytic index (PI) was also highest in colostrums of primiparous buffaloes. Irrespective of parity, maximum PA and PI was observed during mid lactation. In terms of in vitro phagocytic activity, early lactation is the most critical period followed by late and mid lactation.     

Colostrum production by primiparous and multiparous Holstein dairy cows and its usefulness as an estimator of full lactation milk yield

This study determined colostrum production of lactating primiparous and multiparous Holstein dairy cows, as well as the predictability of full lactation milk yield based upon this colostrum production. Holstein cows that calved between December 18, 2006 and December 24, 2007 (n = 134) had their first two post-partum milkings weighed and assayed for density. Cows then entered normal production groups and were assessed for milk yield and milk components every 4 or 5 weeks for the duration of their lactation. Primiparous cows produced less colostrum (10.6 versus 13.6 kg; P = 0.02) and density adjusted (DA) colostrum (5.2 versus 8.5 kg; P < 0.01), but there were no differences in estimated 305 day mature equivalent (305ME) milk production (mean = 13,654 kg) or lactation lengths (mean = 301 days) between parities. Colostrum and DA colostrum were poor estimators of subsequent 305ME milk production within primiparous cows (r² = 0.20 and 0.01 respectively) and multiparous cows (r² = 0.18 and 0.12 respectively). Colostrum production of these high producing cows was somewhat lower than expected, highly variable among cows within parity, higher for multiparous versus primiparous cows, and was not a good estimator of subsequent 305ME milk production.