近60年河西走廊绿洲农作区近地面水汽变化特征分析

根据河西走廊地面气象观测时间最长的敦煌、瓜州、玉门、酒泉、高台、张掖、山丹、武威、民勤9个站的水汽压观测资料,运用线性回归、小波和Mann-Kendall方法对绿洲农作区近地面水汽变化特征进行趋势、周期及突变分析。结果表明：近60 a河西走廊绿洲农作区近地面水汽均呈波动上升趋势,线性递增率为0．123 hPa·10a-1。夏、秋两季上升幅度最大,线性递增率分别为0．192 hPa·10a-1和0．198 hPa·10a-1,春季递增率仅为0．056 hPa·10a-1属最小;年水汽变化存在3 a主周期和30 a较长主周期,还有10 a较弱周期。春、夏季水汽变化有5 a主周期和20～30 a左右的较长周期尺度;秋季水汽变化有5 a主周期,还存在30～40 a长周期;冬季水汽变化存在5 a周期,随着时序延长,周期也在延长,2000年以后有15 a周期。年水汽含量在1985年出现突变;春季水汽含量在1980年出现突变;夏季水汽含量在1986年出现突变;秋季水汽含量1994年出现突变;冬季水汽含量在1983年出现突变。水汽含量对气候变暖响应明显,年、季水汽压与平均气温之间相关显著,年平均、春、夏、秋、冬季相关系数分别为0．592、0．192、0．551、0．532、0285。说明河西走廊年、夏、秋、冬季近地面水汽变化与河西走廊平均气温有显著正相关。     

近58年河西走廊地区气温变化及突变分析

根据河西走廊地区敦煌、瓜州、酒泉、张掖、武威及乌鞘岭6个地面气象站1951-2008年的逐月平均气温、月平均最高、月平均最低气温资料,运用线性拟合、滑动平均和Mann-Kendall方法进行趋势和突变分析。研究表明:近58年来河西走廊地区年平均气温、最高气温、最低气温均呈上升趋势,其中最低气温的增温趋势明显大于平均气温和最高气温的上升趋势。年平均气温和最高气温暖突变均出现在20世纪90年代中后期,最低气温暖突变出现在1994年,气温年较差呈减小趋势。就各季而言,冬季气温的递增率最大,暖突变出现在80年代中后期,早于其他各季,说明河西走廊地区的增暖首先是从冬季开始的。     

甘肃外繁种子检疫现状及其对策

甘肃省对境外繁育种子工作已有20年的历史,到1998年为止外繁种子业务已遍及河西走廊的酒泉、张掖、武威3地区.有15家育种单位承担着欧、美、亚、非4大洲14个国家或地区的33家境外种子公司的种子繁育任务,繁育瓜类、蔬菜和花卉种子55种,1367个品种(组合).     

甘肃处繁种子检疫现状及其对策

甘肃省对境外繁育种子工作已有 2 0年的历史 ,到 1998年为止外繁种子业务已遍及河西走廊的酒泉、张掖、武威 3地区。有 15家育种单位承担着欧、美、亚、非 4大洲 14个国家或地区的 33家境外种子公司的种子繁育任务 ,繁育瓜类、蔬菜和花卉种子 5 5种 ,136 7个品种 (组合 )。面积     

河西走廊降水及其干旱特征研究

根据河西走廊20个气象台站1971～2006年降水资料,基于Z指数干旱指标,应用EOF数理统计方法深入探讨4～9月、4月、5～6月3个关键期的干旱特征.研究表明:河西走廊降水普遍减少,但降水变化具有差异性.干旱特征高度一致,中西部对干旱变化响应敏感.3个关键期的旱灾区域分别集中在西部、中东部(尤其是张掖)、东西两端,并...     

河西走廊干旱区农业气候资源变化特征

以1960~2005年河西走廊地区19个气象站46年的气候资料为基础,运用气候变化倾向率方法对该地区年及春、夏、秋、冬四季的光、热、水等主要农业气候资源要素进行诊断分析,并应用Mann-Kendall方法对主要农业气候资源要素的突变性进行了检测和分析。结果表明,近46年来,河西走廊区域内的气温呈平缓上升趋势,热量资源比较丰富,特别是平均最低气温增温幅度明显,冬季增温大于春、夏、秋季,但总体增温幅度低于我国平均增温水平,温度等热量资源在20世纪90年代中期同步发生突变。降水量变化比较平缓,呈略有增加的趋势,且季节性明显,夏季降水增加的贡献最大,与降水有密切关系的蒸发潜力自60年代起一直呈上升趋势,并在90年代中期发生突变,增速加快,降水蒸发差从70年代起呈缓慢下降趋势,不存在突变现象。太阳辐射与日照时数变化趋势一致,总体呈上升趋势,变化倾向率均为正值,从地域分布上看,北部及中部走廊绿洲区数值增加明显。河西走廊区域内总体的农业气候变化以"气温升高,降水略增、日照增加"为主要特点。文章最后简要分析讨论了农业气候资源的变化给河西走廊农业生产带来的主要影响。     

河西走廓中部干热风气候特征分析及其预报方法

依据张掖，高台，临泽，山丹４县的有关气象资料，分析了河西走廓中部１９５６年－１９９５年近４０年干热风灾害天气的气候特征及演变趋势，干热风对春小麦的危害，并利用模糊多元回归方法给出了干热风天气的中期预报方法。     

啤酒花霜霉病发生规律及防治

啤酒花霜霉病是甘肃省河西地区啤酒花主要病害,受害株可造成大量球果干枯,一般减产20％～40％,严重流行时几乎绝收。为此我们在武威、张掖、酒泉等地对其发生规律进行调查,分析了影响发病的主要因子,并提出防治办法,现简报如下。     

中国西北干旱区1981～2001年NDVI对气候变化的响应分析

气候变化在不同的区域有着不同的特征,对植被也带来不同的影响,对不同地区气候变化特征的认识及植被变化的相应分析,可使我们对全球变化对干旱区的影响有更深入的认识。本文通过定量分析西北干旱区1981~2001年NOAA/AVHRR数据和同期的气象资料,借助于遥感技术和数理统计知识,分析了1981~2001年我国西北干旱区NDVI变化及其与气候变化的关系。结果显示:1981-2001年间西北干旱区年际最大NDVI的变化与气候变化具有明显的相关性,尤其是对新疆的南、北疆来说,NDVI的变化受到年降水量、年均温和空气相对湿度的影响比较显著,NDVI与年降水量和相对湿度的相关程度要明显比与年均温的相关程度高。甘肃内蒙古的河西走廊和青海的柴达木地区NDVI没有明显的变化趋势,同时这两个地区也是年降水量变化最小的地区。从而得出一个结论:降水资源是我国西北干旱区植被生长和生态建设的最重要气象因子,只有充分、合理地利用"降水"这种天然水资源才能最终实现中国西北干旱区环境、社会与经济的可持续发展。     

中国北方荒漠区近50年降水变化特征分析

运用水文序列轮次分析理论、极差理论、随机水文理论,对奇台、和田、酒泉、鄂托克旗、银川等站点1955~2002计48年降水资料进行分析,剖析我国北方荒漠区降水的丰枯周期、干旱历时、缺水量的变化特征及其变化规律。结果表明:河西地区及内蒙古高原降水波动平稳,丰枯程度不剧烈,周期也相对稳定;新疆南部降水丰枯波动大,历时长,周期较大。各地平均缺水量占多年平均降水量的16.7%~33.2%,发生干旱的概率可达52%~61%,干旱历时期望值为2~3年。     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.     

Characterization of potato potyvirus Y (PVY) isolates from seed potato batches. Situation of the NTN, Wilga and Z isolates

A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVY^N strain and six to the PVY^O strain. No PVY^C was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVY^O, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Ny_tbr gene and probably represent the PVY^Z group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVY^O and PVY^N and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVY^O, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVY^N-Wilga. Some PVY^N isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVY^NTN group. The PVY^NTN, PVY^N-Wilga and PVY^Z groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVY^N and PVY^O, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.     

The autumn leafroller: Phenology,damage and parasitoids in a Dutch apple orchard

The phenology of the autumn leafroller,Syndemis musculana, a local pest of apple, was studied in order to forecast larval emergence. From 1983–1986, peak flight as determined with sexpheromone traps was always between 13–18 May. The duration of embryonic development was determined at various constant temperatures and used to estimate the periods of egg hatch in these four years. Each year, most eggs should have hatched in the second decade of June.Differences in attack rates between apple cultivars seem to be explained largely by the variation in picking time. Larvae are only half grown at the beginning of harvest (cv. James Grieve), and have gone into hibernation when the latest variety (cv. Golden Delicious) is picked. Moreover, the varieties Cox's Orange Pippin and Belle de Boskoop, picked about half time, are liable to receive additional damage by caterpillars brought with the picked fruits into storage.Various hymenopterous parasites were reared from caterpillars. As the only leafroller in the orchard which hibernates as mature larva,S. musculana may promote winter survival of some parasitoids, like the eulophidColpyclypeus florus.Samenvatting De fenologie van de herfstbladroller (Syndemis musculana Hübner), een incidentele plaag op appel, werd nader bepaald met het doel het uitkomen van de eieren te kunnen voorspellen. In 1983–1986 viel de piekvlucht, bepaald met behulp van feromoonvallen, steeds tussen 13 en 18 mei.De ontwikkelingsduur van de eieren bij verschillende constante temperaturen werd gebruikt om de periode van uitkomen te schatten. De meeste eieren zullen ieder jaar in de eerste helft van juni uitkomen.Geconstateerde verschillen in schade tussen appelrassen blijken goeddeels terug te voeren op verschillen in pluktijdstip. De rupsen van de herfstbladroller zijn pas half-was als de eerste appels eind augustus geplukt worden, terwijl tegen het einde van de oogst begin oktober de meeste al in winterslaap zijn. Met name tussentijdse rassen, als Cox's Orange Pippin and Schone van Boskoop, lopen extra schade op doordat grotere rupsen met de geplukte vruchten in de kist terecht komen.Uit de rupsen werden negen, al van andere boomgaardbladrollers bekende, sluipwespen gekweekt, Omdat deze bladrollersoort, als enige in de boomgaard, als volgroeide rups overwintert, lijkt zij bij uitstek geschikt als winterwaard.This study was carried out at the Experimental Orchard De Schuilenburg, Schuilenburg 3, 4041 BK Kesteren, the Netherlands, to which address correspondence should be addressed.     

Diagnostics,genetic diversity and pathogenic variation of ascochyta blight of cool season food and feed legumes

Molecular diagnostic techniques have been developed to differentiate the Ascochyta pathogens that infect cool season food and feed legumes, as well as to improve the sensitivity of detecting latent infection in plant tissues. A seed sampling technique was developed to detect a 1% level of infection by Ascochyta rabiei in commercial chickpea seed. The Ascochyta pathogens were shown to be genetically diverse in countries where the pathogen and host have coexisted for a long time. However, where the pathogen was recently introduced, such as A. rabiei to Australia, the level of diversity remained relatively low, even as the pathogen spread to all chickpea-growing areas. Pathogenic variability of A. rabiei and Ascochyta pinodes pathogens in chickpea and field pea respectively, appears to be quantitative, where measures of disease severity were based on aggressiveness (quantitative level of infection) rather than on true qualitative virulence. In contrast, qualitative differences in pathogenicity in lentil and faba bean genotypes indicated the existence of pathotypes of Ascochyta lentis and Ascochyta fabae. Therefore, reports of pathotype discrimination based on quantitative differences in pathogenicity in a set of specific genotypes is questionable for several of the ascochyta-legume pathosystems such as A. rabiei and A. pinodes. This is not surprising since host resistance to these pathogens has been reported to be mainly quantitative, making it difficult for the pathogen to overcome specific resistance genes and form pathotypes. For robust pathogenicity assessment, there needs to be consistency in selection of differential host genotypes, screening conditions and disease evaluation techniques for each of the Ascochyta sp. in legume-growing countries throughout the world. Nevertheless, knowledge of pathotype diversity and aggressiveness within populations is important in the selection of resistant genotypes.     

Characterization of Sclerotinia minor populations in Texas peanut fields

In the summer of 2004 an epidemic of sclerotinia blight of peanut, a disease caused by Sclerotinia minor, occurred in Texas in fields where the disease was never previously detected. The disease was observed on many plants within one of the fields (>3000 disease foci), although most foci were <1 m. It is hypothesized that these observations were inconsistent with the recent introduction of a monocyclic pathogen, even if disease developed under conducive environmental conditions. The pattern of disease is most suggestive of the presence of foliar (ascospore) infections, although air temperature was above the known limits for apothecia development if the pathogen had arrived in the field in 2004 peanut seed. To further examine this epidemic, 232 isolates were collected, across a variety of spatial scales spanning this field and other Texas peanut fields, and evaluated for aggressiveness, fungicide sensitivity and genotypic diversity. There was wide variation among isolates for the phenotypic characteristics measured, but there was no evidence that a genotypically unique, highly aggressive, and fungicide resistant isolate had been introduced or evolved. The predominant genotype, TX1, which contained 154 isolates, was found in every county and field population.     

Eyespot of Cereals Revisited: ITS phylogeny Reveals New Species Relationships

Four species so far classified in Pseudocercosporella or Ramulispora (hyphomycetes) are associated with eyespot disease symptoms of cereals. Two of these have been linked to teleomorphs that were described in Tapesia. Sequence data derived from the Internal Transcribed Spacer region (ITS1, 5.8S and ITS2) of the rDNA operon showed, however, that the eyespot fungi associated with Tapesia are not congeneric with Ramulispora sorghi, the type of Ramulispora. The genus name Tapesia is now rejected in favour of the conserved name Mollisia, which appears to comprise heterogeneous fungi. Tapesia yallundae is not closely related to the type of Mollisia, M. cinerea, but clusters separately, being more closely allied to species with Cadophora anamorphs. A new holomorph genus, Oculimacula, is therefore proposed for teleomorphs of the eyespot fungi, while the anamorphs are accommodated in Helgardia gen. nov.