Properties of Thai cooked rice and noodles differing in glycemic index in noninsulin-dependent diabetics

Glycemic index responses of two cooked rices and six types of cooked noodles consumed by eight noninsulin-dependent diabetics correlated positively within vitro starch digestibility of food slurry and negatively with amylose content of the food. Glutinous (waxy) rice had the highest values, and mung bean noodles the lowest.     

Relative nutritional value of some rices for growth ofTribolium castaneum larvae

Growth of red flour beetleTribolium castaneum (Herbst) larvae with brown or milled rice as the carbohydrate source was faster on diets containing milled rice than on those with brown rice. Larval growth was negatively correlated with amylose content of both brown and milled rice. Among high-amylose (>25%) milled rices, heavier larvae were obtained with rices of low gelatinization temperature (alkali-spreading values 6–7) than with those with higher gelatinization temperature (alkali-spreading values < 6). The differences in larval growth reflected relative digestibility of raw rice starch granules.     

Effect of Grain Structure and Cooking on Sorghum and Maize in vitro Protein Digestibility

Uncooked and cooked sorghum showed improvement in in vitro protein digestibility as the structural complexity of the sample reduced from whole grain flour through endosperm flour to protein body-enriched samples. This was not the case for maize. Cooking reduced protein digestibility of sorghum but not maize. Treating cooked sorghum and maize whole grain and endosperm flours with alpha -amylase to reduce sample complexity before in vitro pepsin digestion slightly improved protein digestibility. The reduction in sorghum protein digestibility on cooking was not related to the total polyphenol content of samples. Pericarp components, germ, endosperm cell walls, and gelatinised starch were identified as possible factors limiting sorghum protein digestibility. Electrophoresis of uncooked and cooked protein-body-enriched samples of sorghum and maize, and prolamin fractions of sorghum under non-reducing conditions showed oligomeric proteins with molecular weights (M_r) 45, 66 and >66 kDa and monomeric kafirins and zeins. Protein-body-enriched samples of sorghum had more 45–50 kDa oligomers than those of maize. In cooked sorghum, some of these were resistant to reduction. Pepsin-indigestible residues from protein-body-enriched samples consisted mainly of α-zein (uncooked and cooked maize) or α-kafirin (uncooked sorghum), whilst cooked sorghum had in addition, β- and γ-kafirin and reduction-resistant 45–50 kDa oligomers. Cooking appears to lead to formation of disulphide-bonded oligomeric proteins that occurs to a greater extent in sorghum than in maize. This may explain the poorer protein digestibility of cooked sorghum.     

Protein and lysine digestibility and protein quality of cooked Filipino rice diets and milled rice in growing rats

The protein quality of typical rice-based menu of Filipino preschool child and adult and cooked milled rice was assessed for true digestibility (TD), biological value (BV) and net protein utilization (NPU) in growing rats. Lysine and energy digestibilities were also determined. For the preschool child diet, TD was 88.8%, BV 90.0%, and NPU 79.9%. For the adult diet, TD was 87.3%, BV 86.6%, and NPU 75.5%, whereas cooked rice had 90.0% TD, 82.5% BV and 74.3% NPU. Lysine digestibility was 95.4% for preschool child diet, 95.7% for adult diet, and 100.0% for rice. Digestible energy was 91.3% for preschool child diet, 93.0% for adult diet, and 95.3% in rice. Amino acid scores were 100.0% for preschooler diet, 92.1% for adult diet, and 62.2% for rice. Protein quality based on amino acid score corrected for TD was 88.8% for preschool child diet. 80.4% for adult diet, and 56.0% for rice. If based on lysine digestibility instead of TD, protein quality would be 7.1% higher.     

The influence of milling on the nutritive value of flour from cereal grains. 4. Rice

Brown and milled rices were prepared from rough rice, and the nutritive value of the rices was studied by chemical analyses and in balance experiments with growing rats. The concentration of essential nutrients decreased with the degree of milling, but the energy density of brown and milled rices was similar. In the highly refined white rice the protein content was reduced to 86% and the mineral content to 23% of corresponding levels in brown rice. The zinc concentration was halved. The amino acid composition was rather unaffected by the degree of milling, but the lysine concentration was slightly lower in white rice than in brown rice. Milling was accompanied by an increase in true protein digestibility and a corresponding decrease in biological value. Thus net protein utilization of the different rices was remarkably uniform. A total of 33% of the utilizable protein and 22% of the digestible energy in brown rice was removed during milling. Rats fed rough, brown and lightly milled rices were unable to maintain their femur zinc concentration; deposition of calcium and phosphorus also appeared to be affected. Factors present in the outer part of the rice kernel interfere strongly with zinc utilization. Phytate and/or fibre are not solely responsible for this effect. Unless rice was milled into highly refined white rice, zinc status of rats was adversely affected. The results suggest that zinc might be a limiting factor in rice-based diets.     

Effects of added water and retrogradation on starch digestibility of cooked rice flours with different amylose content

Flours derived from rice varieties with different amylose content possess distinct physicochemical and molecular properties. The aim of this study was to determine optimal processing conditions for preparing rice flour-based foods with reduced starch digestibility. To do so, we evaluated the in vitro starch digestibility of rice flours with five varieties. Reducing the amount of water (from 10-fold to 4-fold of rice flour) used for cooking rice flour lowered its starch digestibility, and the magnitude of the decrease was positively correlated with amylose content. When retrogradation of cooked rice flour proceeded for 7 days, the digestibility of high-amylose rice flours declined rapidly in the first 3 days, whereas the digestibility of low-amylose rice flours declined continuously. Our analysis also demonstrated that the chain length distribution of starch molecules and the final and setback viscosity pasting properties were the most important parameters affecting the digestibility of rice flours. Based on our results, it appears possible to reduce rice starch digestibility by establishing optimum processing conditions for different varieties. We suggest a 7-fold addition of water and retrogradation for 1 day for high-amylose rice varieties and a 4-fold addition of water with 3 days of retrogradation for low-amylose rice.     

Protein and energy utilization of rice milling fractions by rats

Brown rice (variety IR32), bran, and polish had higher protein content and lysine content in protein than milled rice. Nitrogen balance in growing rats showed that brown rice had lower true digestibility, but similar biological value and NPU as milled rice. Undermilled rice had similar true digestibility, but higher biological value and NPU than milled rice. Bran and polish had lower true digestibility, but higher biological value than brown and milled rice, but polish had higher NPU than bran and the three other milling fractions. The percentage of digestible energy in the rats was lowest for bran.     

Protein utilization of pigmented and nonpigmented brown and milled rices by rats

The protein of pigmented brown rices had similar lysine content as that of nonpigmented brown rices, but it was less digestible in rats. Because of higher biological value, only the purple rice, but not red rice, had lower net protein utilization than two nonpigmented rices. Milling, which removed bran-polish and reduced pigment and phenolic content, improved the digestibility of the pigmented rices.     

稻米蛋白质组分及总蛋白质含量与淀粉RVA谱特征值的关系

 利用低谷蛋白含量（low glutelin content, LGC）粳稻品种W1721与大面积应用的杂交粳稻恢复系轮回422构建了重组自交系群体。根据种子总蛋白质的SDS PAGE带型,推断各单株LGC位点的基因型。在排除脂肪的影响下,比较了基因型LGCLGC（谷蛋白含量较醇溶蛋白低）与基因型lgclgc（谷蛋白含量较醇溶蛋白高）在RVA谱特征值上的差异,以及同一基因型内总蛋白质含量与淀粉RVA谱特征值的关系。结果表明基因型LGCLGC的崩解值和回复值的平均值分别显著和极显著大于基因型lgclgc;LGC对崩解值和回复值的相对加性效应分别为3.91%和4.45%,贡献率分别为4.81%和12.81%。LGCLGC型的稻米,总蛋白质含量与崩解值和消减值分别存在显著的负线性回归和正线性回归关系,贡献率分别为9.86%和11.48%;lgclgc型的稻米,总蛋白质含量与消减值和回复值都存在极显著的负线性回归关系,贡献率分别为1341%和27.88%。结合前人研究认为,稻米食味品质受谷蛋白相对于醇溶蛋白的含量以及总蛋白质含量的影响;而总蛋白质含量对食味品质的影响因谷蛋白相对于醇溶蛋白的含量的不同而异。因此,育种工作中应当把谷蛋白相对于醇溶蛋白的含量以及总蛋白质含量同时作为选择指标。     

食用稻米米饭质地及适口性的研究

 通过对米饭压缩及拉伸应力曲线的测定及研究,确定了米饭硬性、松弛性、凝聚性、粘附性、粘度等5个质地指标的表达式,并对籼（36份）、粳（30份）的米饭质地指标与感官评分作了相关分析和回归分析。结果表明,籼、粳稻的米饭适口性与用Instron测得的米饭的硬性、凝聚性呈极显著负相关,与松弛性、粘附性、粘度呈极显著正相关,籼、粳米饭质地5项指标对适口性的回归方程的决定系数分别为0.673和0.630,达极显著水平;运用所建立的回归方程对籼（6份）、粳（14份）的适口性得分进行预测,预测得分与感官评分的相关性分别达显著、极显著水平。多重比较分析结果表明在区别米饭适口性优劣时,米饭质地指标较直链淀粉含量、胶稠度更具有参考价值。     

不同类型水稻品种稻米蛋白质含量与蒸煮食味品质的关系及后期氮肥的效应

【目的】为揭示不同类型水稻品种稻米蛋白质含量与其蒸煮食味品质间的关系及其对不同后期施氮水平的响应。【方法】以3个常规籼稻品种和3个常规粳稻品种为供试材料，在抽穗期实施不同氮肥水平的处理，分 析稻米蛋白质及其组分含量与蒸煮食味品质的关系。【结果】不论籼粳亚种，后期氮素肥料均显著增加了稻米蛋白质含量，品种对氮素的反应存在明显不同，但肥料处理效应大于品种间差异。随着后期氮肥水平的提高，稻米中四种蛋白组分含量也显著增加，以醇溶蛋白和谷蛋白对氮肥的施用反应较大；直链淀粉含量有所下降，胶稠度显著变短；淀粉糊化特征值中最高黏度、热浆黏度、崩解值和最终黏度下降，而回复值、消减值呈上升趋势；食味值显著下降。相关分析显示，籼﹑粳稻总蛋白质含量与胶稠度呈极显著负相关；籼稻蛋白质含量与食味值(r=?0.975**)﹑最高黏度呈极显著负相关，与崩解值呈负相关，与回复值﹑消减值呈正相关或显著正相关；粳稻蛋白质含量与食味值(r=?0.923**)和崩解值呈极显著负相关，与最高黏度呈显著负相关，与回复值﹑消减值的关系和籼稻基本相同。籼、粳稻食味值均与球蛋白、醇溶蛋白和谷蛋白显著负相关，与清蛋白(即比例最小的组分)的关系，籼稻呈极显著负相关，而粳稻相关性未达显著。【结论】后期氮肥水平的增加显著提高稻米蛋白质及其组分含量。稻米蛋白质含量的增加，显著劣化稻米蒸煮品质和适口性。四种蛋白组分的增加均会不同程度地劣化稻米食味，其中，尤以球蛋白和醇溶蛋白的负效应较为显著，谷蛋白对食味的负效应也不可忽视，在籼稻品种中表现更明显。     

不同类型水稻品种稻米蛋白质含量与蒸煮食味品质的关系及后期氮肥的效应

目的 为揭示不同类型水稻品种稻米蛋白质含量与其蒸煮食味品质间的关系及其对不同后期施氮水平的响应。方法 以3个常规籼稻品种和3个常规粳稻品种为供试材料,在抽穗期实施不同氮肥水平的处理,分析稻米蛋白质及其组分含量与蒸煮食味品质的关系。结果 不论籼粳亚种,后期氮素肥料均显著增加了稻米蛋白质含量,品种对氮素的反应存在明显不同,但肥料处理效应大于品种间差异。随着后期氮肥水平的提高,稻米中四种蛋白组分含量也显著增加,以醇溶蛋白和谷蛋白对氮肥的施用反应较大;直链淀粉含量有所下降,胶稠度显著变短;淀粉糊化特征值中最高黏度、热浆黏度、崩解值和最终黏度下降,而回复值、消减值呈上升趋势;食味值显著下降。相关分析显示,籼﹑粳稻总蛋白质含量与胶稠度呈极显著负相关;籼稻蛋白质含量与食味值(r=-0.975^**)﹑最高黏度呈极显著负相关,与崩解值呈负相关,与回复值﹑消减值呈正相关或显著正相关;粳稻蛋白质含量与食味值(r=-0.923^**)和崩解值呈极显著负相关,与最高黏度呈显著负相关,与回复值﹑消减值的关系和籼稻基本相同。籼、粳稻食味值均与球蛋白、醇溶蛋白和谷蛋白显著负相关,与清蛋白(即比例最小的组分)的关系,籼稻呈极显著负相关,而粳稻相关性未达显著。结论 后期氮肥水平的增加显著提高稻米蛋白质及其组分含量。稻米蛋白质含量的增加,显著劣化稻米蒸煮品质和适口性。四种蛋白组分的增加均会不同程度地劣化稻米食味,其中,尤以球蛋白和醇溶蛋白的负效应较为显著,谷蛋白对食味的负效应也不可忽视,在籼稻品种中表现更明显。     

云南光壳稻籼粳分类与形态性状的相关性研究

以程氏籼粳分类和俞履圻的变种变型分法对20份云南光壳稻品种及籼粳测验种02428、Dular进行籼粳亚种、变种变型分类,并对其形态性状进行相关分析。结果表明,20份云南光壳稻包括13个变种69个变型,以偏粳型品种占较高比例,籼粳分类品种中偏粳型品种的广亲和性较好。籼粳分类性状间及其与其他形态性状尤其是花药长度、穗下节长和株高存在极显著的相关性,推断原始的云南光壳稻的籼粳分化取决于温度,并与纬度和海拔密切相关。     

不同水稻品种种子耐超干性差异及其热稳定蛋白的研究

 以不同水稻品种（籼稻、粳稻、杂交稻等）为材料，研究了品种之间种子耐超干能力的差异及其与热稳定蛋白的关系。结果表明，供试的粳稻品种（春江15和春江683）不耐超干，当含水量降低至4．5％以下，种子发芽率和活力指数极显著下降，而籼稻品种（J106和J174）耐超干能力强，含水量降低至3．5％以下对种子发芽率和活力指数没有影响，杂交稻（汕优63）和中香糯介于两者之间。耐超干的品种存在一特异性的热稳定蛋白条带，其分子量为36.3 kD，而不耐超干的品种种子无此条带，这表明水稻的耐超干性与该热稳定蛋白有关     

稻米出饭特性QTL分析及遗传研究

 米粒长、饭粒长和饭粒延伸系数等性状与米饭品质密切相关。以籼稻台中本地1号（TN1）与粳稻春江06为亲本构建的加倍单倍体群体为材料,利用全基因饱和分子标记连锁遗传图谱对多个稻米出饭特性相关的性状进行QTL定位, 共检测到14个QTL。其中,米粒长和米粒浸长QTL各1个,均位于第2染色体上,分别可以解释性状变异的15.20% 和1850%;1个米粒浸泡膨胀率QTL,位于第6染色体上,可解释性状变异的1339%;1个煮饭粒长QTL,位于第9染色体上,可解释性状变异的1360%; 3个蒸饭粒长QTL,分别位于第1、3和12染色体上,共解释性状变异4500%;4个煮饭延伸率QTL, 分别位于第3、6、9和10染色体上,共解释性状变异6130%; 3个蒸饭延伸率QTL分别位于第1、3和6染色体上,共解释性状变异4910%。在已知的Wx和ALK基因所在区域都检测到了米饭延伸性相关的QTL。相比较而言,覆盖ALK基因的QTL对出饭特性的影响更大,LOD值达到了635。该研究结果可为稻米出饭特性相关调控基因的克隆奠定基础,同时对稻米品质的改良及高产优质稻品种的分子标记辅助选育提供理论参考。     

In vitro starch digestibility,degree of gelatinization and functional properties of twin screw prepared cereal-legume pasta

The investigation explores the possibility of utilizing legume flour (pigeon pea:10–30%) and brown rice flour (35–45%) for production of pasta using twin screw extruder. RSM was used to analyse the effect of feed moisture (28–36%), barrel temperature (70–110 °C) and legume:brown rice ratio on quality responses (in vitro starch and protein digestibility, degree of starch gelatinization, cooking quality, pasting properties, color and textural properties) of pasta. Extrusion processing significantly enhanced in vitro starch and protein digestibility of prepared pasta. The in vitro starch and protein digestibility of pasta ranged between 15.00 and 26.77 g/100 g and 50.34–84.82 g/100 g respectively. Addition of brown rice flour and pigeon pea flour exhibited dominating positive effect on cooking quality of the pasta. Degree of gelatinization of prepared pasta was found in range of 52.13–90.10 per cent. Color characteristics viz. luminosity, redness and yellowness of pasta enhanced with feed moisture. Pasting properties revealed lower peak and final viscosity at higher processing conditions. Firmness of cooked pasta elevated with an increase in the barrel temperature. Acceptability score of health based pasta on the basis of sensory attributes was 8 as inferred from 9 point hedonic scale.     

Protein and energy utilization of boiled rice-legume diets and boiled cereals in growing rats

In growing rats, boiled milled rice-legume diets (2:1 N ratio) had lower energy digestigibility than boiled milled rice and equal if not better true digestibility, biological value, and net protein utilization (NPU). Rice-soybean diets showed better NPU than the other rice-legume diets. Boiled whole-grain corn and sorghum had lower digstible energy and NPU than boiled milled rice. NPU of the diets did not follow strictly the trend of the amino acid score of the diets; phenol (tannin) content reduced energy and protein digestibility of all diets, but sugars reduced energy and protein digestibilities of rice-legume diets only.     

我国江浙地区粳稻品种间的植酸与蛋白质组分差异及其相关性

选用我国江浙地区近期育成的晚粳稻品种（系）29个,对它们在浙江杭州相同栽培条件下籽粒中的植酸、蛋白质含量与其组分差异及其相关性进行了分析。供试29个品种(系)植酸含量的平均值为0.868%,变化幅度为0.699%~1034%,其中秀水系列品种的植酸含量一般较低,而武育粳系列和淮字系列品种（系）的植酸含量则相对较高;供试29个品种材料总蛋白质含量的平均值为8.722%,其含量大致呈正态分布。在4种蛋白质组分中,谷蛋白、球蛋白和清蛋白在品种间的变异系数较大,而醇溶蛋白则相对较小,且在分布频率上也表现出品种类型间的差异特征;除谷蛋白与总蛋白质之间存在着极显著的正相关外,供试29个品种(系)的植酸含量与蛋白质含量及4种蛋白质组分含量间并无密切的关系。     

水稻籽粒钾和蛋白质含量的基因型差异

采用对低钾胁迫敏感程度不同的3种水稻基因型进行田间试验, 以研究水稻籽粒中钾和蛋白质含量。结果表明,低钾胁迫降低水稻籽粒中钾含量和粗蛋白含量,谷壳中钾含量高于米粒中钾含量,米粒中钾含量与粗蛋白含量呈显著正相关。钾高效基因型在低钾胁迫下谷壳和米粒中具有较高的钾相对含量,其米粒中的粗蛋白相对含量也较高。     

Protein,energy and mineral utilization in rats fed rice-legume diets

Protein, energy and mineral utilization were examined in growing rats fed cooked, dry legume seeds in combination with polished rice. The legumes tested included 3 varieties of common beans, black, white and brown (Phaseolus vulgaris), lentils (Lens esculenta) and peas (Pisum sativum). The rice:legume mixtures (1:1 N ratio) were the only dietary sources of protein, Zn, Fe and Cu. The rice:black bean mixture was also tested at a 4:1 N ratio. Nutrient utilization was studied by balance trials and mineral utilization was further assessed by tissue analyses. True protein digestibility (TD) and energy digestibility of the rice:legume (1:1) mixtures were high. Biological value (BV) varied only little but was lowest in the rice:lentil mixture. The rice:brown bean mixture had the lowest amount of utilizable protein (UP). The (1:1) rice:legume mixtures did not adversely affect Fe status, as measured by liver Fe content and blood hemoglobin and hematocrit, or Cu status, as measured by liver Cu content and plasma ceruloplasmin. However, femur zinc content indicated a sub-optimal Zn status. Increasing the dietary N from rice in combination with black beans resulted in a substantial improvement of BV, NPU and Zn status of the animals but had a negative effect on UP and Fe status of the rats.